“Good to See the Mandem from the Endz Doing Their Ting” Multicultural London English in the Tweets of Grime Artists

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“Good to See the Mandem from the Endz Doing Their Ting” Multicultural London English in the Tweets of Grime Artists “Good to see the mandem from the endz doing their ting” Multicultural London English in the tweets of Grime artists Ilari Raiski Master’s Thesis Master’s Program in English Studies Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki 2021 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Nykykielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Ilari Raiski Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title “Good to see the mandem from the endz doing their ting” – Multicultural London English in the tweets of Grime artists Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englannin kielen ja kirjallisuuden maisteriohjelma Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2021 59 s. + liitteet Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tämä sosiolingvistinen tutkielma pyrkii selvittämään Lontoossa kehittyneen kielivarieteetin, Multicultural London Englishin (MLE), käyttöä kirjoitetussa muodossa. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, käytetäänkö tämän niin kutsutun multietnolektin piirteitä myös kirjallisessa ilmaisussa. Multietnolektit sekoittavat monia eri kieliä ja yksinkertaistavat valtakieltä. Multietnolekteja on syntynyt moniin Euroopan monietnisiin kaupunkeihin vuosituhannen vaihteessa, ja ne ovat olleet sosiolingvistiikan tutkijoiden mielenkiinnon kohteita jo pitkään. Tämä tutkielma keskittyy kolmeen MLE:n piirteeseen: slangisanojen käyttöön, fonologisten piirteiden toteutumiseen kirjoitetussa muodossa sekä man-sanan käyttöön pronominina. Aineistona tutkimuksessa käytettiin grime-artistien twiittejä. Twitter-aineistot ovat tulleet viime vuosina yhä suositummiksi kielentutkijoiden parissa. Tähän tutkimukseen se valikoitui, koska epästandardeja varieteetetteja esiintyy sosiaalisessa mediassa verrattain paljon. Aineisto kerättiin 20 grime-artistin twiiteistä, ja kokonaisuudessaan aineistoon kuuluu noin 60 000 twiittiä ja noin 600 000 tuhatta sanaa. Aineistoa käsiteltiin käyttäen SketchEngine-nimistä korpustyökalua. Löydöksiä verrattiin MLE korpukseen, joka koostuu puhutusta MLE-aineistosta. Suurin osa analyysista oli määrällistä, mutta kielenpiirteitä käsiteltiin esimerkkien avulla myös laadullisesti. Aineistosta etsittiin avainsanoja, sanojen yleisyyttä sekä niiden kollokaatiota (sanoja, jotka esiintyvät yhdessä). Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että monet MLE:n piirteet ovat siirtyneet puhutusta kielestä myös kirjallisen ilmaisun piiriin. MLE:n fonologisia piirteitä sisältäviä ilmaisuja löytyi aineistosta jonkin verran. Ilmaisut, kuten dem, dat, da ja ting, olivat yleisiä suurimmalla osalla artisteista, mutta monissa tapauksissa fonologisten ilmaisujen käyttö rajoittui muutamaan ihmiseen. MLE:n slangisanoja käytettiin aineistossa hyvin runsaasti, joten voidaan todeta, että niiden käyttö on vakiintunutta myös kirjallisessa muodossa. Myös man-pronominin käyttö oli hyvin yleistä tutkimusaineistossa. Sekä slangisanojen että man-pronominin käyttö oli yleisempää Twitter-ainestossa kuin puhutun kielen korpuksessa. Vertailu puhutun kielen korpuksen kanssa oli kuitenkin haastavaa, sillä se oli vanhempi kuin Twitter-korpus ja koostui nuorempien ihmisten haastatteluista. Tästä syystä jatkotutkimusta vaaditaan, jotta puhutun ja kirjallisen muodon välisiä eroja voidaan tutkia tarkemmin MLE-puhujien keskuudessa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Multicultural London English, multietnolektit, sosiolingvistiikka, Twitter, Grime, korpuslingvistiikka, Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto HELDA (E-thesis) Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Multiethnolects........................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Multicultural London English .................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 History ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.2 Definition of MLE .............................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Attitudes towards MLE .............................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Features of MLE ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.4.1 Phonology ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.4.2 Morphosyntactic and discourse features ........................................................................... 10 2.4.3 Lists of features ................................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Grime & MLE .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.6 Non-standard varieties in written form .................................................................................... 14 3. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Data .......................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Data collection ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Ethics ........................................................................................................................................ 19 3.4 Methods .................................................................................................................................... 20 3.4.1 Keyword analysis .............................................................................................................. 20 3.4.2 Analysis of features ........................................................................................................... 21 4. Results ............................................................................................................................................ 23 4.1 Keywords ................................................................................................................................. 23 4.1.1 Grime corpus compared to the English Web 2018 corpus ................................................ 24 4.1.2 Comparison of subcorpora ................................................................................................ 28 4.2 Phonological elements ............................................................................................................. 29 4.2.1 Dh-stopping ....................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Th-stopping ....................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.3 Th-fronting and Dh-fronting ............................................................................................. 34 4.3 Slang words .............................................................................................................................. 34 4.4 Man pronoun ............................................................................................................................ 38 4.4.1 Sample ............................................................................................................................... 38 4.4.2 Gender differences ............................................................................................................ 42 5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 43 5.1 Discussion of phonological elements ....................................................................................... 43 5.2 Discussion of slang words ........................................................................................................ 46 5.3 Discussion of man .................................................................................................................... 46 6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 48 References .......................................................................................................................................... 50 Appendices ......................................................................................................................................... 60 Appendix 1. Keywords of the whole Grime corpus (Reference corpus: EnTenTen) ........................ 60 Appendix 2. Keywords of tweets and replies -subcorpus (Reference corpus: EnTenTen) ............... 64 Appendix 3. Keywords of the retweets subcorpus (Reference corpus: EnTenTen) .......................... 69 List of Tables Table 1. Phonological features of MLE ............................................................................................. 12 Table 2. Morphosyntactic
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