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La Fórmula Καθάπερ Ὲκ Δίκης En Los Papiros Jurídicos Del Egipto Romano

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La Fórmula Καθάπερ Ὲκ Δίκης En Los Papiros Jurídicos Del Egipto Romano UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Griega y Lingüística Indoeuropea TESIS DOCTORAL La fórmula καθάπερ ὲκ δίκης en los papiros jurídicos del Egipto romano MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR José-Domingo Rodríguez Martín Directores Eugenio Ramón Luján Martínez Sofía Torallas Tovar Madrid, 2017 © José-Domingo Rodríguez Martín, 2017 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Griega y Linguísticä Indoeuropea TESIS DOCTORAL La fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης en los papiros jurídicos del Egipto romano MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR José-Domingo Rodríguez Martín Codirectores Dr. D. Eugenio Ramón Luján Martínez Drª. Dª. Sofía Torallas Tovar Madrid 2017 A mi familia, desde los más mayores hasta los más pequeños, porque la tranquilidad necesaria para realizar este trabajo proviene del regalo de saber que siempre están, y estarán, a mi lado. Agradecimientos La redacción de esta Tesis Doctoral se ha realizado principalmente en dos centros de investigación extranjeros que se caracterizan por su orientación multidisciplinar, lo que me ha permitido disfrutar de los instrumentos y del ambiente científico y humano ideales para su realización. Por ello quisiera dejar constancia en las primeras páginas de este escrito de mi agradecimiento por su amable asistencia y su constante apoyo a este trabajo. El primero de estos centros es el Leopold-Wenger-Institut für Rechtsgeschichte und Papyrusforschung (Abt. A) de la Ludwig-Maximilian- Universität de Múnich, centro que considero mi segundo hogar universitario desde hace ya tantos años. Sus excepcionales fondos bibliográficos en materia de Papirología jurídica han constituido la fuente principal de documentación de este estudio, y su excepcional ambiente humano de trabajo, que lo ha convertido en un centro de encuentro científico de referencia internacional, el ambiente inmejorable para comenzar su redacción. Conste por todo ello aquí mi agradecimiento a su director, el Prof. Dr. Johannes PLATSCHEK, y a todo el personal y compañeros del Institut. El segundo de los centros donde he tenido el privilegio de desarrollar mi investigación, y en concreto de finalizar la versión definitiva de la Tesis, es la École Française de Roma, donde he trabajado de febrero a mayo de 2017 como Chercheur Résident. La oportunidad que me ha brindado la Escuela Francesa de disfrutar de sus fondos multidisciplinares –entre los que se encuentra el magnífico fondo Volterra– así como de intercambiar reflexiones y materiales con colegas de otras disciplinas afines, me ha permitido acometer la redacción final del trabajo en las mejores condiciones imaginables. Mi sincero agradecimiento también, por tanto, a los profesionales de tan prestigiosa institución. Pero a lo largo de estos años de formación doctoral he tenido también el privilegio de recibir orientación, consejo y crítica de grande especialistas, quienes en congresos, seminarios o cafés han dedicado generosamente su tiempo y su atención a orientar mi trabajo por el camino adecuado. En este sentido quisiera agradecerles especialmente no sólo por sus amables consejos sino también por su tiempo y su paciencia a los profesores José Luis ALONSO (Universität Zürich), Jakub URBANIK (Uniwersytet Warszawski) y Kaja HARTER- UIBOPUU (Universität Hamburg), así como a Claudia KREUZSALER (Papyrussammlung de Viena) y a Nadine GROTKAMP (Göethe Universität de Frankfurt) por sus valiosas orientaciones. Y sobre todo a Serena AMMIRATI (Università degli Studi Roma Tre), por compartir conmigo su gran experiencia e intuición para resolver mis dudas paleográficas durante este trabajo, y por ayudarme a sobrevivirlo y disfrutarlo. De modo muy especial quiero expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a los codirectores de este trabajo, los profesores Eugenio Ramón Luján Martínez (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) y Sofía Torallas Tovar (The University of Chicago) por una dedicación tan generosa de tiempo, paciencia y atención que no sólo su vocación docente sino la sincera amistad puede explicar. Y cómo no, a los profesores, compañeros y amigos de la Facultad de Filología de la Universidad Complutense, donde siempre me he sentido tan cálidamente acogido, y en donde –independientemente de a dónde me pueda llevar mi carrera académica y científica– siempre me sentiré un alumno principiante. 2 Índice del trabajo Índice de tablas ............................................................................................................................... 7 Lista de abreviaturas .................................................................................................................... 9 English Summary ................................/ Resumen del ................................ trabajo ......................................................... 11 1. INTRODUCCIÓN: CONTEXTO Y OBJETO DEL TRABAJO ...................................... 17 1.1 El problema de la pervivencia de la fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης en los papiros jurídicos romanos ........................................................................................................................ 17 1.2 Objeto del presente estudio y plan de trabajo ............................................................ 24 2. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS ASPECTOS FILOLÓGICOS DEL PROBLEMA ............ 27 2.1 Cuestiones filológicas relacionadas con la base textual de la investigación .... 28 2.2 Cuestiones filológicas en relación con la interpretación jurídica de la fórmula ............................................................................................................................................................ 33 3. CONFECCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DEL CORPVS DE TESTIMONIOS ................................ 39 3.1 La fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης en la documentación papirológica romana ...... 42 3.1.1 Cuestiones previas: la fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης y sus variantes ortográficas y redaccionales en los papiros ................................................................................................................ 42 a) Variantes ortográficas del adverbio καθάπερ ..................................................................................... 42 b) Variantes ortográficas de la preposición ἐκ ......................................................................................... 44 c) Variantes ortográficas del sustantivo δίκης ......................................................................................... 46 d) Variante redaccional mediante inserción de términos en la fórmula ...................................... 47 3.1.2 Confección del corpus de papiros jurídicos romanos que contienen la fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης ....................................................................................................................................... 49 3.1.3 Análisis de la distribución diacrónica, geográfica y contextual de la fórmula .... 63 a) Distribución cronológica de la cláusula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης ............................................................ 63 b) Distribución de los papiros en función de su lugar de origen ...................................................... 69 c) Distribución del uso de la fórmula por contextos jurídicos ........................................................... 72 3.1.4 Análisis del contexto sintáctico en que se inserta la fórmula ..................................... 78 a) Inserción de la fórmula en cláusulas de πρᾶξις .................................................................................. 79 b) Contexto de la fórmula fuera de la cláusula de πρᾶξις .................................................................... 87 b1. Uso de καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης junto con la fórmula "ἐνεχύρου λόγῳ καὶ ὑποθήκης δικαίῳ" ................................................................................................................................................................. 88 3 b2. Uso de καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης junto con la fórmula "χωρὶς τοῦ κύρια εἶναι τὰ συγκεχωρημένα" ............................................................................................................................................. 93 b3. Uso de καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης junto con la fórmula "ὑποκειμένων σοι..." ............................. 101 b.4 Uso de καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης junto con la fórmula "τὸν … ἐπελευσόμενον…" .................. 110 b.5 Otros usos aislados de la fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης ............................................................ 120 3.2 Precedentes de la fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης antes de la época romana ...... 125 3.2.1 Documentación papirológica ptolemaica .......................................................................... 126 a) Elenco de testimonios y análisis de su distribución ...................................................................... 126 a.1 Análisis desde el punto de vista cronológico ............................................................................ 130 a.2 Análisis desde el punto de vista geográfico ............................................................................... 132 a.3 Análisis desde el punto de vista de la materia jurídica ......................................................... 134 b) Inserción de la fórmula καθάπερ ἐκ δίκης en los textos jurídicos ptolemaicos ................ 136 c) Dos testimonios singulares: P.Hal. 1 y P.Eleph. 1 ............................................................................ 139 3.2.2 Testimonios epigráficos griegos ...........................................................................................
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