DOCSLIB.ORG

Imagining the Commune

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Imagining the Commune Imagining the Commune Democratic confederalist approaches to law and conflict resolution Author: Miran Kakaee Supervisor: Max Lyles Examiner: Merima Bruncevic Master Thesis, 30 credits Master of Laws Programme, LL.M. Department of Law University of Gothenburg, School of Business, Economics and Law 2 “If I don’t burn if you don’t burn if we don’t burn how will the light vanquish the darkness?” - Nazım Hikmet, 1930. 3 Table of contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Pêşgotin ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 9 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... ﯽﮐﮫﺷﭘ 10 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... ﺔﻣدﻘﻣ List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Research questions and delimitations .............................................................................................................................. 15 1.4 Methodological reflections ................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.5 Terminology ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.6 Outline................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 2. Theoretical and conceptual framework ............................................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Legal pluralism ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Written law and customary law ......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.3 The juridification of social relations................................................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Technical regulations and the abolishment of legal regulations.................................................................................. 24 2.5 The hurtfulness of law ........................................................................................................................................................ 26 2.6 Concluding thoughts .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 3. Democratic confederalism and law in North and East Syria .................................................................................... 32 3.1 Kürdistan devriminin yolu ................................................................................................................................................. 32 3.2 La commune (des communes) .......................................................................................................................................... 34 3.3 The revolution within a revolution .................................................................................................................................. 36 3.4 The first phase: the council system of North and East Syria ...................................................................................... 38 3.5 The second phase: Democratic Autonomous Administrations (DAAs) .................................................................. 41 3.5.1 Law under the social contract of 2014 ............................................................................................................................. 42 3.6 The third phase: the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) ........................................ 43 3.6.1 Law under the social contract of 2016 ............................................................................................................................. 44 3.7 Analysis and discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 44 4 4. The justice system of North and East Syria .................................................................................................................... 49 4.1 A dual system ....................................................................................................................................................................... 49 4.2 Reconciliation committees ................................................................................................................................................. 50 4.2.1 Structure and organization .............................................................................................................................................. 50 4.2.2 Procedure ......................................................................................................................................................................... 52 4.2.3 The case of the el-Berkhan and el-Tay tribes .................................................................................................................... 54 4.2.4 Some numbers ................................................................................................................................................................. 56 4.2.5 Analysis and discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 58 4.3 Court system ........................................................................................................................................................................ 62 4.3.1 Structure and organization .............................................................................................................................................. 62 4.3.2 Procedure ......................................................................................................................................................................... 64 4.3.3 Analysis and discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 66 5. Final reflections and further research................................................................................................................................ 71 List of references........................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Legislation ................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Books ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Book chapters ............................................................................................................................................................................. 76 Journal articles ............................................................................................................................................................................ 77 Newspaper articles ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Online resources ........................................................................................................................................................................ 83 Interviews ...................................................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Information and Liaison Bulletin N° 409
    INSTITUT KURDDE PARIS E Information and liaison bulletin N° 409 APRIL 2019 The publication of this Bulletin enjoys a subsidy from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Ministry of Culture This bulletin is issued in French and English Price per issue : France: 6 € — Abroad : 7,5 € Annual subscribtion (12 issues) France : 60 € — Elsewhere : 75 € Monthly review Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN Misen en page et maquette : Ṣerefettin ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tel. : 01-48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01-48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: bulletin@fikp.org Information and liaison bulletin Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 409 April 2019 • ROJAVA: UNCERTAINTIES AFTER THE FALL OF ISIS • FRANCE: THE FRENCH PRESIDENT RECEIVES A SDF DELEGATION, PROVOKING ANKARA’S ANGER • TURKEY: AKP LOSES ANKARA AND ISTAN- BUL, ORGANISES “ELECTORAL HOLD-UP” AGAINST EIGHT HDP WINNERS IN THE EAST • IRAQ: STILL NO REGIONAL GOVERNMENT IN KURDISTAN, VOTERS GET IMPATIENT... • IRAN: BI-NATIONAL OR FOREIGN ENVIRONMENTALISTS ARRESTED IN KURDISTAN LITERALLY TAKEN HOSTAGES BY THE REGIME ROJAVA: UNCERTAINTIES AFTER THE FALL OF ISIS While the takeover by in an artillery fire exchange with Encûmena Niştimanî ya Kurdî li the Syrian Democratic the YPG. In addition, tension in Sûriyê), arrested on 31 March... Forces (SDF) of ISIS's the occupied area also increased last reduction in eastern following a new wave of abuses Kurdish clandestine groups con- W Syria does not mean the by jihadist militias holding the tinued their operations against the end of the jihadist organisation, it area, including kidnappings for occupiers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arid Soils of the Balikh Basin (Syria)
    THE ARID SOILS OF THE BALIKH BASIN (SYRIA) M.A. MULDERS ERRATA THE ARID SOILS OF THE BALIKH BASIN (SYRIA). M.A. MULDERS, 1969 page 21, line 2 from bottom: read: 1, 4 instead of: 14 page 81, line 1 from top: read: x instead of: x % K page 103t Fig» 19: read: phytoliths instead of: pytoliths page 121, profile 51, 40-100 cm: read: clay instead of: silty clay page 125, profile 26, 40-115 cm: read: silt loam instead of: clay loam page 127, profile 38, 105-150 cm: read: clay instead of: silty loam page 127, profile 42, 14-40 cm: read: silty clay loam instead of: silt loam page 127, profile 42, 4O-6O cm: read: silt loam instead of: clay loam page 138, 16IV, texture: read: 81,5# sand, 14,4% silt instead of: 14,42! sand, 81.3% silt page 163, add: A and P values (quantimet), magnification of thin sections 105x THE ARID SOILS OF THE BALIKH BASIN (SYEIA). M.A. MULDERS, 19Ô9 page 18, Table 2: read: mm instead of: min page 80, Fig. 16: read: kaolinite instead of: kaolite page 84, Table 21 : read: Kaolinite instead of: Kaolonite page 99, line 17 from top: read: at instead of: a page 106, line 20 from bottom: read: moist instead of: most page 109t line 8 from bottom: read: recognizable instead of: recognisable page 115» Fig. 20, legend: oblique lines : topsoil, 0 - 30 cm horizontal lines : deeper subsoil, 60 - 100 cm page 159» line 6 from top: read: are instead of: is 5Y THE ARID SOILS OF THE BAUKH BASIN (SYRIA) 37? THE ARID SOILS OF THE BALIKH BASIN (SYRIA) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE RIJKS- UNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF.DR.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East, North Africa
    MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA Views from the Frontline: ISIS Still Poses a Danger OE Watch Commentary: Despite losing its territorial control, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) still poses a threat. The accompanying articles from Kurdish sources based in Iraq and Syria shed light on ISIS’s resurgence and capabilities in the region. Many of the group’s fighters and sympathizers had dispersed across Iraq and Syria or gone underground before it received the final blow by opposing forces. Now, it appears that those fighters are resorting to insurgency, rather than striving to control territory, as evidenced by recent attacks in Iraq and Syria. The first article provides the views of Peshmerga commander Wasta Rasul on the situation of ISIS in Iraq. Peshmerga are the military forces of the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq and have been instrumental in fighting ISIS in Iraq. As the commander states, “ISIS has not really been uprooted. The group has only lost the territory it ruled. It has completely regrouped and is stronger than before.” The SDF firing on an ISIS camp, 4 March 2019. article points out that ISIS sleeper cells “continue to launch insurgent Source: VOA via Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SDF_MG_in_Baghuz,_4_March_2019.png, Public Domain. attacks” on Kurdish and Iraqi forces, noting “the towns of Rashad and Hawija west of Kirkuk in particular have seen an uptick in insurgent activity.” The commander notes that on 27 June, twin explosions hit Kirkuk city center, and “ISIS has also claimed responsibility for crop fires on the outskirts of Kirkuk city.” These indicate that ISIS sleeper cells are still present and active in Iraq, especially in Sunni neighborhoods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Euphrates River: an Analysis of a Shared River System in the Middle East
    /?2S THE EUPHRATES RIVER: AN ANALYSIS OF A SHARED RIVER SYSTEM IN THE MIDDLE EAST by ARNON MEDZINI THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON September 1994 ProQuest Number: 11010336 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010336 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract In a world where the amount of resources is constant and unchanging but where their use and exploitation is growing because of the rapid population growth, a rise in standards of living and the development of industrialization, the resource of water has become a critical issue in the foreign relations between different states. As a result of this many research scholars claim that, today, we are facing the beginning of the "Geopolitical era of water". The danger of conflict of water is especially severe in the Middle East which is characterized by the low level of precipitation and high temperatures. The Middle Eastern countries have been involved in a constant state of political tension and the gap between the growing number of inhabitants and the fixed supply of water and land has been a factor in contributing to this tension.
    [Show full text]
  • National Museum of Aleppo As a Model)
    Strategies for reconstructing and restructuring of museums in post-war places (National Museum of Aleppo as a Model) A dissertation submitted at the Faculty of Philosophy and History at the University of Bern for the doctoral degree by: Mohamad Fakhro (Idlib – Syria) 20/02/2020 Prof. Dr. Mirko Novák, Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften der Universität Bern and Dr. Lutz Martin, Stellvertretender Direktor, Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Fakhro. Mohamad Hutmatten Str.12 D-79639 Grenzach-Wyhlen Bern, 25.11.2019 Original document saved on the web server of the University Library of Bern This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No derivative works 2.5 Switzerland licence. To see the licence go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ or write to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA Copyright Notice This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No derivative works 2.5 Switzerland. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch/ You are free: to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must give the original author credit. Non-Commercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.. For any reuse or distribution, you must take clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights according to Swiss law.
    [Show full text]
  • The Euphrates in Crisis: Channels of Cooperation for Channels of Cooperation the Euphratesa Threatened in Crisis: River Research Paper M
    The Euphrates in Crisis:The Euphrates a Channels of Cooperation for Research Paper M. Nouar Shamout with Glada Lahn Energy, Environment and Resources | April 2015 The Euphrates in Crisis Threatened River Threatened Channels of Cooperation for a Threatened River M. Nouar Shamout withM. Nouar Glada Lahn Chatham House Contents Summary 2 Introduction 7 The Euphrates’ Characteristics and Infrastructure 10 What is Happening to the Euphrates? 19 Shared Future Challenges 21 The Way Forward 26 Conclusion 35 Appendix A: Indicators and Methodology 37 Appendix B: The History of Interstate Negotiations 39 Over the Euphrates River About the Authors 42 Acknowledgments 43 1 | Chatham House The Euphrates in Crisis: Channels of Cooperation for a Threatened River Summary The Euphrates River is of critical importance for water, food and energy security in Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Flowing south-east for 2,700 kilometres from eastern Turkey to the Persian Gulf, it supports over 60 million people and – along with the Tigris, with which it runs almost in parallel – has a rich history of sustaining civilization on the Mesopotamian plains. This vast water resource is in crisis. Degradation of the river from over-exploitation, population growth, pollution and other factors has been a serious problem for many years. Now war and violent upheaval in Syria and Iraq are worsening the situation: threatening key infrastructure and preventing policy cooperation. Without urgent attention, stresses on the river’s resources will add to the already catastrophic humanitarian crisis created by the conflict. In the longer term, a vision for cross-border coordination is essential if the river is to retain its vital role in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Oil in Syria Between Terrorism and Dictatorship
    social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article Oil in Syria between Terrorism and Dictatorship Hussein Almohamad * and Andreas Dittmann Department of Geography, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen 35390, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-641-993-6290 Academic Editor: Martin J. Bull Received: 14 January 2016; Accepted: 9 May 2016; Published: 17 May 2016 Abstract: The sale of oil and gas is one of the most important components of the Syrian economy. Unfortunately, since the discovery of these resources, the Syrian people have not benefited from the revenues earned. This study deals with the development of oil and gas production and the geographical distribution of fields, as well as production control, deterioration of production, refining and selling mechanisms, and the resulting health and environmental impacts following Islamic State’s (IS) control of the majority of oilfields in Syria. Since summer 2015, IS controls 80% of the fields with a production of 65,000 barrels per day (b/d); the Assad regime controls 8% of fields with 10,000 b/d; and Kurdish forces dominate the remaining 12% with 25,000 b/d. IS depends on oil as a major source of financing for its military and civilian activities, and has also managed to set up an extensive network of middlemen in neighbouring territories and countries, with the aim of trading crude oil for cash and other resources. IS produces and exports within its areas of control and sells part of the oil to the Assad regime, and another portion to the liberated areas, as well as to Iraq and Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Household Water Crisis in Syria's Greater Damascus Region
    The Household Water Crisis in Syria’s Greater Damascus Region ElieElhadj SOAS Water Research Group Occasional Paper 47 SOAS/KCL Water Research Group School of Oriental & African Studies and King's College London University of London May 2004 Damascus residents talk in recent years of long periods of daily water shut-offs for most months especially between June and the following January. “ In 2001 … stringent water rationing was in force in Damascus… the authorities … shut off the capital’s piped water supply for 20 hours each day (compared with 16 hours previously) from July of that year. Europa Publications (2002: p.979).” This study coincides with the debate currently raging on how to solve and finance the deepening domestic water crisis of the Greater Damascus Region and that of the country’s other urban centers. The debate is conducted within the boundaries set by the country’s four-decade old discourse that considers generous water allocation to agriculture as sacrosanct policy. It centers on expensive inter-basin water transfer schemes from the Euphrates River or the Mediterranean Coast to the Damascus Region (Sections 2.B and 2.C below) so that the volume of water currently used in irrigation will not be reduced. This study contributes a different solution. It advocates abandoning inter-basin transfer schemes altogether. Instead, it emphasizes a local solution to a local crisis. It argues that reallocation of water away from agriculture to householders’ use, supplemented by efficient modern irrigation technology is the efficient solution to Damascus Region’s water crisis in terms of economic feasibility and water availability.
    [Show full text]
  • North and East Syria´S Arab Regions
    BEYOND ROJAVA: NORTH AND EAST SYRIA´S ARAB REGIONS JUNE 2021 BEYOND ROJAVA: THE ARAB REGIONS OF NORTH AND EAST SYRIA JUNE 2021 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 0 METHODOLOGY AND REMIT 6 0.1 METHODOLOGY AND LIMITS OF THE INVESTIGATION 0.2 AUTHORS 0.3 KEY FINDINGS 1 OVERVIEW OF THE REGIONS 8 1.1 DEIR EZ-ZOR 1.2 RAQQA 1.3 TABQA 1.4 MANBIJ 1.5 THE SYRIAN REVOLUTION IN NES 2 PRESENT-DAY SITUATION 16 2.1 GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION 2.2 GOS PRESSURE ON ARAB REGIONS OF NES 2.3 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION 2.4 INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE (IDPS) 3 NEW PARADIGM 35 3.1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 3.2 MILITARY STRUCTURES 3.3 ECONOMY AND RESOURCES 3.4 OIL 3.5 JUSTICE 3.6 EDUCATION 3.7 HEALTH SERVICES 3.8 WOMEN’S AUTONOMY AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 3.9 MINORITIES IN THE MAJORITY-ARAB REGIONS 4 SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE 82 5 CONCLUSION 99 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 2 BEYOND ROJAVA: THE ARAB REGIONS OF NORTH AND EAST SYRIA JUNE 2021 INTRODUCTION The political project popularly known as the ‘Rojava revolution’ started in Kurdish-majority (though ethnically diverse) regions of Syria, but soon spread to Arab-majority regions as a result of successive campaigns by the YPG, YPJ and allied forces against ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra. Victories against these forc- es in Arab-majority cities and regions led to the creation in 2016 of what was then known as the Democratic Federation of North-Eastern Syria (DFNS) and is today united as North and East Syria (NES) under the leadership of the Au- tonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).
    [Show full text]
  • Protest Held in Amuda City on 10 February 2021, Demanding the Release of Teachers Detained by Asayish Forces of the Autonomous Administration
    Protest held in Amuda city on 10 February 2021, demanding the release of teachers detained by Asayish forces of the Autonomous Administration. Credit: Buyer Press. www.stj-sy.org Northeastern Syria: Group of Teachers, One Activist Arbitrarily Detained by the Autonomous Administration In January and February 2021, Asayish forces arrested 30 teachers at least in northeastern Syria for teaching the Syrian government curricula, while the Anti-Terror Units arrested a media and civil activist Fanar Tammy. All detainees, including the activist, were subsequently released. Page | 2 www.stj-sy.org Introduction In this report, Syrians for Truth and Justice (STJ) documents a series of arbitrary arrests in different areas across northeastern Syria, carried out by security forces affiliated with the Autonomous Administration— the Internal Security Forces (Asayish) and Anti-Terror Units (YAT). These arrests were all aimed at civilians, 30 teachers and a media activist, who were all subsequently released. Additionally, STJ discusses the illegal dimensions of the arrests, as the involved security services did not present arrest warrants, adhere to legally established procedures, nor observe relevant international treaties during any of the reported arrests. STJ documented the arbitrary arrests of 30 teachers over January and February 2021 in the cities of al-Darbasiyah and Amuda, as well as the towns of Rmelan and Maabadah/Girkê Legê in northeastern Syria. These teachers— all subsequently released—were arrested by the Autonomous Administration’s Internal Security Forces (Asayish) for providing high and middle school students with private lessons using the Syrian government curriculum without obtaining an official permit from the administration. In a separate incident, STJ also documented the arrest of activist Fanar Mahmoud Tammy, 38, on 23 January 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • The PYD's Separatist Project
    The PYD’s Separatist Project in the Syrian Euphrates Region Abdullah Al-Najjar Political research Hermon Center for Contemporary Studies is a non-profit organization, focused mainly on producing studies and research on the Syrian situation, implementing and managing projects, activities and initiatives to rebuild Syria on the foundations of democracy, freedom, social justice, human rights, human dignity and equal citizenship values. For Contacts: e-mail: [email protected] Harmoon Center For Contemporary Studies The PYD’s Separatist Project in the Syrian Euphrates Region January 2020 Abdullah Al-Najjar Authors This study was conducted by Abdullah Al-Najjar, with the help of former col- leagues and acquaintances who assisted him in collecting and verifying the infor- mation. Three of them had submitted three background papers: two on education, and one on the oil issue. In light of the positions of these individuals where they live, we will not be disclosing their names, but would like to thank them very much. Abdullah Al-Najjar is a former officer at the Political Security Directorate, with a degree in law. He worked in Hasakeh Province for 12 years, including nine and a half years in Qamishli district, as an assistant and head of the Qamishli police station, and head of the Amuda police station. He defected from the Political Se- curity Directorate in 2012 with the rank of major. He currently works in the field of studies and research related to east of the Euphrates, and on issues related to security and the military. Harmoon Center For Contemporary
    [Show full text]
  • THE EUPHRATES TRIANGLE Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project
    by Frederick M. Lorenz and Edward J. Erickson THE EUPHRATESTRIANGLE Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project THE EUPHRATES TRIANGLE Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project by Frederick M. Lorenz and Edward J. Erickson with the collaboration of Brian R. Shaw, Aaron T. Wolf, and John F. Kolars ~--L National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. 1999 Institute for National Strategic Studies The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is a major component of the National Defense University (NDU), which operates under the supervision of the President of NDU. It conducts strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and unified commanders in chief; supports national strategic components of NDU academic programs; and provides outreach to other governmental agencies and the broader national security community. The Publication Directorate of INSS publishes books, monographs, reports, and occasional papers on national security strategy, defense policy, and national military strategy through NDU Press that reflect the output of NDU research and academic programs. In addition, it produces the INSS Strategic Assessment and other work approved by the President of NDU, as well as Joint Force Quarterly, a professional military journal published for the Chairman. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or any other U.S. Government agency. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this book may be quoted or reprinted without permission, pro- vided that a standard source credit line is included.
    [Show full text]