Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms in the Environment, Volume 7
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Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in the Environment, Volume 7 in Biotechnology OECD CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms in the Environment, Volume 7 7 Volume Environment, the in Organisms Transgenic of Safety Assessment Safety Assessment This Series represents a compilation of the science-based consensus documents developed by the OECD Working Group on the Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology since 1995. The consensus documents are prepared by authorities of OECD members and other economies associated with this work. of Transgenic Organisms They contain information for use during the regulatory assessment of organisms produced from modern biotechnology - transgenic crops, trees, animals and micro-organisms - intended for release in the environment for agriculture, animal farming, forestry or other purposes. Information relevant to environmental risk in the Environment, Volume 7 assessment (biosafety) includes biology, reproduction, genetics, ecology, and other elements. Knowledge of the traits introduced in the organisms, and their biotechnological developments, is also critical. These documents OECD CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS are of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic organisms, to regulators and risk assessors in charge of granting approvals to their environmental release, as well as to the wider scientifi c community. Volume 7 of the Series compiles the OECD consensus documents for use in environmental risk assessment of transgenic organisms (biosafety) issued in 2016 and 2017. The fi rst two chapters cover the biology of plant species (sorghum and tomato) and include elements of taxonomy, centres of origin, reproductive biology, genetics, outcrossing, crop production and cultivation practices, interactions with other organisms, main pests and pathogens, and biotechnological developments. The third chapter relates to Atlantic salmon, the fi rst OECD biosafety publication to address an animal species. It describes the biology and ecology of wild salmon (including classifi cation, life stages, reproduction, centres of origin, geographical distribution, population dynamics, interaction with other organisms) and of the farmed form (domestication, aquaculture rearing practices, biocontainment, interactions with the external environment). It also provides elements of genetics, research on genetically engineered salmon and resources for its risk assessment. More information on this OECD series can be found at BioTrack Online: www.oecd.org/biotrack. OECD CONSENSUSOECD DOCUMENTS Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264279728-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-27971-1 97 2017 45 1 P 9HSTCQE*chjhbb+ Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms in the Environment, Volume 7 OECD CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2017), Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms in the Environment, Volume 7: OECD Consensus Documents, Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264279728-en ISBN 978-92-64-27971-1 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-27972-8 (PDF) Series: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology ISSN 2414-6854 (print) ISSN 2311-4622 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © Andrey Armyagov/Shutterstock.com Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2017 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD – 3 Foreword From their first commercialisation in the mid-1990s, genetically engineered crops (also known as “transgenic” or “genetically modified” plants) have been approved for commercial release in an increasing number of countries, for planting, entering in the composition of foods and feeds, or use in industrial processing. Up to now, the majority of these agricultural productions remain for soybean, maize, cotton and rapeseed (canola) bearing pest resistance and/or herbicide tolerance traits aiming to improve yields and reduce the costs of production, as outlined in the OECD study Farm Management Practices to Foster Green Growth. Other engineered crops might gain importance and come into play in the short to medium term. Despite differences in total estimates, all analyses and statistics concur in underlining the general increasing trend in volumes produced and traded, and growth potential for agriculture productivity. For instance, the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications reports in its annual Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops survey that the surface area of transgenic crops worldwide has constantly increased since the first commercial planting in 1996 to reach 185.1 million hectares grown in 26 countries in 2016. To date, genetically engineered varieties of over 25 different plant species (including crops, flowers and trees), and more recently of two animal species, have received regulatory approval in OECD and non-OECD economies alike. Such approvals for release in the environment usually follow a science-based risk/safety assessment before being granted. The five main producers of genetically engineered crops in 2016 were the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and India, covering together almost 91% of the total area. Interestingly, developing countries grew more of global transgenic crops (54%) than industrial countries, at 46%. Among the 26 countries having planted those crops in 2016, only 9 of them were OECD countries, listed by decreasing area as follows: the United States, Canada, Australia, Spain, Mexico, Chile, Portugal, the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic. This represents, however, a significant part of the total agricultural acreage in OECD countries: the OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators estimates that about 18% of the total OECD arable and permanent cropland area was sown to transgenic crops on average for the 2008-10 period. In addition, some countries do not grow genetically engineered plants but import commodities derived from them, for use in their feed industry in particular. This is the case in several European countries and some other economies worldwide: according to the ISAAA, from 1992 to 2016, a total of 40 countries gave approvals for such commodities to be used as food or feed, and/or cultivation. Information on the transgenic crops approved for commercial release in at least one country for use in agriculture and/or foods and feeds processing can be found in the OECD Biotrack Product Database (https://biotrackproductdatabase.oecd.org). Each transgenic product and its Unique Identifier are described, with information on approvals in countries. To date, this database covers about 255 approved genetically engineered plant varieties, and will be extended in future years to include additional species and information from a larger group of countries. SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: OECD CONSENSUS DOCUMENTS, VOLUME 7 © OECD 2017 4 – FOREWORD Modern biotechnologies are applied to plants, but also to trees, animals and micro-organisms. The safety of the resulting genetically engineered organisms when released in the environment for their use in agriculture, the food and feed industry, as biofuel or for other applications represents a challenging issue. This is already true for transgenic crops, and will be even more critical in the future as applications of biotechnologies widen to new species and new areas: a growing number of novel organisms will have to be assessed before their possible use and market release. Recent examples include animal species: since 2014, genetically engineered mosquitos have been used in several areas to control insect populations and contribute to fighting the diseases transmitted by them; an Atlantic salmon strain, modified for fast growth, was approved in a few countries in