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145677 • • U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice

This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating It. Points of vieW or opinions stated In this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been gra~~~ti tute for Research to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyright owner.

• " , '41!'~- • \..s " t CONTENTS

Preface Quiz

Parents Schools

Marijuana Hashish Hashish Oil

Opium Dilaudid

~2'1:>':'S-t'Jhm~·';"la"·~¥s'"r.':Jt,r;\;~)'!(,"iii,,';~,:j~'i:l;:i~;i~iJ\t:~.. ~~ ,,'~ - H :'" • i' b ":l,' ~~,,] .• :;<",,\/,,::'y,'.P\ '-1';;. ;;~'''1.W'··· .:'t''''';~'l;>;-·:t.lW;i~:\·~/~;~~;;;:~i·' ~ Cocaine / Clandestine

LSD·25 PCP Psilocybin· Psilocyn Mushrooms [4zTnhalants~'-',,-'~~--- ~~

Steroids Prescription Most Abused Designer Drugs The Look-alikes

Alcohol Plus Other Drugs Warning Signs of Alcoholism

Tobacco Smokeless 65 Glossary of Slang Terms 67 References ~~~~~~~------,.-----

The following true story was related by Mrs. Chantal Devine, wife ofthe Honorable Grant Devine, Premier of Saskatchewan, at the PRIDE Canada National Conference on Youth and Drugs in May, 1988 in Ottawa. The story was told to Mrs. Devine by Father Lucien Larre, a priest in Saskatchewan and a founder of Bosco Homes, a home for delinquent boys.

"WHY DIDN'T WE HOLD HANDS SOONER?"

The story takes place in southern Saskatchewan in the fall of the year, just prior to harvest, when the wheat grows to a height of three to four feet.

A few years ago a young farmer was working out in the field on his combine. He was putting in some new teeth while his four-year old son played in the dirt. After a while the father looked up and noticed that his son was not in the same place where he saw him last. He put down his tools and walked around trying to locate him. He looked out across the field and realized his son had wandered out into the wheat. The young father then went out and started to look for the child, calling his name over and over again. After a short time, the father began to worry and went back into the house to tell his wife. They walked around the field until noon, calling the boy's name with no success. The parents returned to the house and put in a long ring. For those of you who still remem­ ber the party line, a long ring would alarm everyone in the area of an emergency or something of importance. People came from miles and miles around to help this young couple look for their son. They looked all afternoon, all night and the entire next day. On the third day, they were standing in the yard. The young father had his hands down in despair; his shirt was open, and he was obviously exhausted. In frustration he said, "Why don't we all join hands and walk out into the wheat?" There was complete silence as the people joined hands. They then walked out arm-in-arm into the wheat field. They had gone no more than 10 steps when they found the boy. It was too late; he was gone. The young man came back into the yard, looked to his wife and said, "If only we had held hands sooner."

Printed with permission from Mrs. Grant Devine Reprinted from PRIDE Quarterly, National Parents' Resource Institute for Education, Inc., Ati:'inta, Georgia. Summer 1988 vol 9, no 4

First Printing, 1985 Fourth Printing, 1988 Revised Seventh Printing, 1991 Revised Second Printing, 1987 Revised Fifth Printing, 1989 Revised Eighth Printing, 1992 Revised Third Printing, 1988 Revised Sixth Printing, 1990 Revised Ninth Printing, 1993

© Copyright 1993 Institute for Substance Abuse Research (ISAR) P.O. Box 6837 Vero Beach, Florida 32961 (407) 569-3121

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permisSion in writing from the publisher.

ISBN 0935847-09-X Printed in the of America

ii PREFACE

ince the first War, enforcement alone to provide abuse. Perhaps, when this which lasted from 1839 to anything more than a holding occurs, some of the drug-related 1842, when the British de­ action. More citizens of our burdens can be shifted from law feated the Chinese in their coun,fry must get involved in the enforcement to mainstream attempt to win a monopoly fight against drug abuse. America, where the real opportu­ the' world opium trade, people After 25 years as a law en­ nities for success in defeating of many nations have waged forcement officer, it's clear to me drug abuse are to be realized. It battles over drugs. In the United that the majority of American is time for all Americans to join in States, the earliest combatants to people are uninformed about the battle. Law enforcement is engage in a different kind of drug drugs and rely too much on only the first line of defense. war were inducted the day the others to deal with this serious Greater public awareness through Harrison Act of 1914 national problem. It has also defensive education offers the became law. become evident that more em­ only permanent solution for These new defenders, a total phasis must be placed on educat­ rescuing our citizens from the life­ of 162 men, began the effort to ing Americans about drugs of threatening seduction of drugs. control the flourishing interna­ abuse and their destructive I wish to acknowledge my tional commerce in narcotics. effects on our society. Armed grateful appreciation to Adrian Assigned to the Bureau of Inter­ with knowledge, U. S. citizens will Swain for his writing and re­ nal Revenue, they were given the be better prepared to participate search. A special thanks to my task of controlling and regulating in the . wife Lynne for her editorial contri­ and coca products, the DIGEST was created to butions and tireless dedication in abuse of which had rfNlched provide concise, reliable and support of our efforts to accu­ epidemic proportions in America. easy-to-read information about rately inform our readers. From that humble beginning, drugs of abuse. This handy drug-enforcement today engages reference is intended to help tens of thousands of men and parents, educators, and emp/oy­ women in the struggle to sup­ ers to recognize symptoms of Allan R. Pringle press abusive drugs in this drug abuse, the hazardous country. effects of using drugs, and how to Deputy Regional Director U.S. Drug En­ Sadly, since those early effectively deal with drug-abuse forcement Administration (Retired). days of tax-regulated drug con­ problems. The major drugs of Former Director of Vice-Presidential trol, law enforcement and even abuse are categorized and color South Florida Task Force (Florida Task Group), a multi-agency effort to international agreements have coded to help the reader quickly interdict drugs and investigate drug . not achieved significant, lasting locate information regarding traffickers. success in curbing drug abuse in almost any drug-related question the United States. The almost that might arise. unrestrained use of some drugs is It is hoped that improved too widespread to expect law education will increase aware­ ness and understanding of the problems pertaining to drug

iii QUIZ

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT DRUGS OF ABUSE

Please read all the instructions before taking this quiz. 7. Hashish oil is derived from which of these natural plants: Before consulting DIGEST, attempt to answer all 25 ( ) () A) Opium poppy multiple choice or true/false questions. Use column 1 for ( ) () B) Peyote cactus the answers (X) () ( ) () C) Marijuana shrub ( ) () 0) It is now recommended that you study DIGEST and retake ( ) () E) None of the above the quiz. Use column 2 for the answers () (X). It is expected there will be a significant improvement. (An­ 8. or Quaalude is an addictive drug swers may be found on page 66 of this book.) () () A) True () () B) False Less than 20 correct answers indicates a need to further increase your knowledge about drugs of abuse. 9. Cocaine is often mixed with which of these dilu- ents to increase the amount that can be sold: 1. The primary mind altering substance found in ( ) () A) Procaine marijuana is: ( ) () B) Lidocaine ( ) () A) Hashish ( ) () C) Baking Soda ( ) () B) THC () ( ) () 0) All of the above ( ) () C) Sinsemilla ( ) () E) None of the above ( ) () D) Hashish Oil 10. Feelings of depression, irritability, and pessimism 2. Withdrawal from overdoses can be are aU associated with: more serious and mOl'e frequently fatal than with­ ( ) () A) The use of uncut or pure varieties of cocaine drawal from heroin: ( ) () B) Coming off a cocaine "high" () () A) True ( ) () C) Overdose of cocaine () () B) False ( ) () 0) None of the above

3. Sleeplessness, loss of , and an increased 11. and freebase cocaine are both base state of arousal are symptoms of the following: forms of cocaine hydrochloride: ( ) () A) Cocaine use () () A) True ( ) () B) abuse ( ) () B) False ( ) () C) Barbiturate abuse ( ) () 0) A and B 12. A twelve-ounce beer, a 11/2 ounce shot of whis­ ( ) () E) Band C key, and a f!ve-ounce of wine all contain the same amount of : 4. Heroin is up to ten times as addictive as mor­ ( ) () A) True phine: () () B) False ( ) () A) True () () B) False 13. Dexedrine. Ritalin, and Preludin are: ( ) () A) Slang names of amphetamines 5. Ways in which cocaine is abused include: ( ) () 8) Slang names of ( ) () A) Injecting ( ) () C) Trade names of amphetamines ( ) () B) Inhaling or sniffing ( ) () 0) Trade names of depressants ( ) () C) Smoking ( ) () E) None of the above ( ) () 0) All of the above () () E) Band C 14. The THC of a marijuana can remain in the liver, lungs and brain for two weeks, even up to 6. Darvon, Percodan, and Leritine are: two months: ( ) () A) Methadone compounds () () A) True ( ) () B) Addictive painkillers that are classified as () () B) False controlled substances ( ) () C) Over-the-counter painkillers available at any drug store ( ) () 0) All of the above ( ) () E) None of the above iv 15. Which of the following statements are true? 22. The use of -based drugs can result in: ( ) () A) 20 million Americans are estimated to abuse ( ) () A) The symptoms and effects of Parkinson's alcohol Disease ( ) () B) 20 percent of all ninth grade boys can be called ( ) () B) Permanent crippling problem drinkers () () C) Death ( ) () C) Over 5000 teenagers are killed yearly in auto ( ) () D) /\11 of the above accidents due to drunk driving () () E) A and B ( ) () D) All of the above are true ( ) () E) None of the above are true 23. Which of the following is not a true statement? ( ) () A) When cigarette smoke is inhaled. between 70 16. LSD possesses these characteristics: and 90 percent of the chemical substances in ( ) () A) A sweet taste smoke are retained in the lungs. () () B) A red color ( ) () B) Parental example has little or no influence on ( ) () C) A sickly-sweet odor whether or not their children smoke. ( ) () D) All of the above ( ) () C) A small amount of injected directly into ( ) () E) None of the above the bloodstream would kill a person. ( ) () D)Tobacco smoke contains such compounds 'as tar, 17. Like LSD, PCP can produce reactions similar to nicotine, carbon monoxide, . formalde­ schizophrenia and can cause "trips" long after the hyde, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. drug is processed from the body: () () A) True 24. The effects of alcohol on the body depend upon () () B) False these things: ( ) () A) Body weight, age. and sex of the individual 18. The smoke of one marijuana cigarette is as dam­ ( ) () B) The amount of , such as . taken aging to lung tissue as 16 ordinary : by the individual () () A) True ( ) () C) The amount and speed of alcohol consumption () () B) False () () D) A and B . () () E) A and C 19. Common aerosol products that are abused as in- halants include: 25. Cocaine is a highly addictive drug and smoking it ( ) () A) Paints can cause death: ( ) () B) Cookware coating sprays () () A) True ( ) () C) Hair sprays () () B) False ( ) () D) All of the above ( ) () E) None of the above

20. Common prescription drugs that are abused Answers to QUIZ can be found on page 66 include: ( ) () A) Valium or Librium () () B) Darvon ( ) () C) Seconal ( ) () D) All of the above ( ) () E) None of the above

21. "Look~alike" drugs are usually promoted as being safe and legal stimulants, diet-aids, or sleep-aids, but are actually harmful in large quantities: () () A) True ( ) () B) False

v WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT DRUG ABUSE

Drug abuse prevails today in every sector of our- society. Drug and alcohol abuse exists among all races and religions, all ages and both sexes. It has become commonplace in families, learning institutions, and industry.

1 ing. Allow your child to express been considerable in past years. and share his views, this is the The acceptance of alcohol and only way you can hope to know drugs is too often glamorized in what's going on in his life. Ac­ movies and on television, foster­ cepting his feelings doesn't mean ing the idea that personal prob­ you are condoning his habits or lems can be easily solved if one A large number of school­ attitudes. Impress on the child takes drugs or alcohol. Parents age children may be using drugs that drugs are not cool or accept­ and teachers can help negate this and alcohol for two or three years able, in fact, just the opposite is pro-drug process through active before a parent is aware of it. true. Drugs taken illegally and participation in community pro­ Educators are often unaware that improperly are hazardous to grams. their students are using and health and often deadly. Parents Protests from various public selling drugs, frequently on should set a good example by not groups, including more than school property. One out of every using drugs themselves. 55,000 Parade Magazine read­ 10 workers abuse drugs or alco­ Household rules regarding ers, prompted the Motion Picture hol to the extent that it affects drug use should be discussed, Association of America to adopt their job performance. Substance and then strictly applied. Limits stricter rating guidelines that abuse is costing the U.S. $140 for acceptable and unacceptable could result in some so-called billion annually and most experts behavior must be clearly under.­ "drug-favorable" movies being believe that lost worker productiv­ stood and agreed upon. When rated X. Jack Valenti, President ity amounts to more than $33 house rules are broken, ground­ of the Motion Picture Association billion. ing (or privilege curtailment) is in has stated, "We believe these Clearly we are facing an order. Explain why the grounding strictures on drug use in films will epidemic that is threatening and has occurred to your child's be applauded by parents even as destroying families, futures, and friends, and let all concerned we hope to see less exhibition of sapping the strength of the busi­ know that you care about the drug use in any form in films. ness community. welfare of your child. This new criterion is a tough rule, Limits and behavioral stan­ as we want it to be." dards need to be clearly outlined Parents and, whenever possible, rein­ forced by other parents in the Signs Of Drug Abuse It is vitally important for neighborhood. Parents need to parents to learn about the effects understand that to deny that a Parents should be aware of of drugs and to recogni.ze the drug problem exists only enables changing patterns of behavior, signs of drug use. This know­ the problem to become worse. appearance and performance ledge can be used to guide When parents minimize the which may indicate a problem youngsters and help them acquire problem or make excuses for the associated with drug or alcohol the strength to resist peer pres­ child, however well-intentioned, use. Some of these signs are: sure to use drugs. Strong family they only serve to protect the distinct personality changes, support and firm, caring direction child from the consequences of starting to use foul language, are necessary to help children his/her use, thereby contributing changes in friends, lowered develop confidence and to ac­ to the child's addictive disease school grades, fits of anger, quire a balanced sense of per­ which could end in death. sloppy dress, changes in sleeping sonal values. Tell your children Support teachers and admin­ or eating habits, money or valu­ you love them, accept them as istrators who are tough on drugs. ables miSSing from the house, they are not as you they Encourage the development of a increasing dishonesty, smell of should be. Encouragement and school policy with a strong no alcohol or marijuana, drug para­ praise can help children develop drug message. Contact television phernalia, or empty bottles hidden faith in themselves. stations and newspaper publish­ in bedroom, truancy from school, Talk to your children about ers and protest when TV pro­ and deteriorating family relation­ their interests and problems. Be grams or other media reporting ships. Some of these changes able to discuss drugs know­ portray drugs or drug use in a are part of the adolescent stage, ledgeably. Listen carefully when humorous or acceptable manner. but enough of them should raise your children are talking, give The adverse affect of TV the suspicion of chemical abuse. your attention and avoid interrupt- advertising on young minds has . Care must be taken to not

2 falsely accuse. Parents who clearly establish that drug use, suspect drug use must deal with possession and sale of drugs, their own emotions of anger and both on and off the school cam­ guilt. To deny the signs and pus, will not be tolerated. The postpone confronting the child polices may address such issues allows the problem to become as enforcement, and referrals for worse. Instead obtain sufficient treatment when necessary. Once Students facts, and then approach the these policies are adopted, they suspected drug abuser in a firm should be fairly and uniformly From their earliest school but rational manner. Do not enforced. years, stUdents begin to develop confront a child while he is under Teachers must have educa­ self-discipline and self-control. the influence of drugs. If war­ tion and training before working Realistic scholastic and social ranted, seek professional help. with the students. They should goals are set and achieved at all learn what drugs look and smell levels of the student's develop­ like, the effects on the body, and ment. Achievement requires Responses To Avoid behavior patterns associated with energy, brain power, mental drug use. In-service training by alertness, and hard work. In this When dealing with a drug­ law enforcement officials and drug process, there is no room for abuse situation at home, the ac­ and alcohol professionals to help alcohol or drugs. The student's cusatory approach, "You're lying school personnel gain an aware­ time should be devoted to study to me," only puts the child on the ness and understanding of the and to acquiring the knowledge, defensive and blocks further talk drug problem is necessary. social grace, and confidence between parent and child. Like­ Drug education programs in needed to meet the demands of wise, statements such as "Don't our schools should be designed the adult world. think for one minute you can hide to provide current and accurate Television, movies and /)ocial what you're doing from me," or information about drugs and influences continue to playa major saying, "How could you do such a alcohol. Programs should also role in making drug use attractive terrible thing?" are examples of deal with health, and social and to children. A Weekly Reader how to widen the communications economic consequences associ­ survey offers insights into why gap between parent and child. ated with the use of drugs and students take drugs. For all When a child is made to feel alcohol. children, the most important defensive and excluded from the Among the most successful reason for using marijuana is to "fit family, that feeling often translates programs are Drug Abuse Resis­ in with others." "To feel older" is the into drug abuse. Open and tance Education (DARE) and second main reason for children in regular communication among "Just Say No". Both programs are grades four and five, and 'to have family members is vital to growth widely used in school systems a good time" for those in grades six and understanding. throughout the United States. to twelve. Students need to learn Self-reproach should be These programs are conducted the harmful and sometimes deadly avoided as well. There is no by trained DARE law enforcement effects that drugs can cause. point in asking yourself or your officers and teachers. When drugs are offered, children child, "Where have I gone Achieving success in drug should have the self-confidence to wrong?" Start making positive education lies in training children turn them down without hesitation. changes now. What is past in the kindergarten and elemen­ When young persons have cannot be changed, but today can tary grades .. Prevention efforts established a good sense of be improved by all of us if we directed toward our young chil­ values, have a confident, positive become more positive, aware, dren are the most effective means attitude, and can establish goals informed, alert, and confident. to fight drug abuse. Positive, non­ that are within their grasp, they threatening drug information are becoming mature. 8elf­ imparted at these impressionable discipline, the ability to assess Schools levels should be provided regu­ one's moods and to complete larly in appropriate health-related assigned tasks, as well as to School officials, parents, and classes, and should be continued learn to postpone gratification of students should all be involved in through grade 12. desires are all further evidence of the development of policies that maturity. These skills are only acquired through education, 3 lenges. Participation in such 1. Number of employees programs will help in turning our in your business young people away from drugs. 2. 10 to 23% of employ­ Encourage children to satisfy ees with health or physical needs through spoFts personal problems X .10 activities. Fulfill emotional needs 3. Number of troubled training and time. Drug use through volunteer service, de­ employees in your firm blocks this process. velop talents, learn to express 4. Multiply line 3 by aver­ Students can help fight drug feelings openly, including nega­ age salary of your use by setting a positive example tive feelings and thoughts. Intel­ employees for other students and speaking lectual activities such as reading, 5. Troubled employees forcefully against drug use. writing poems or stories, or taking will cost your company Teach other students about the up a musical instrument are all approximately 25% of harmful effects of drugs and positive activities. their actual payroll encourage friends who have a Better understanding of the dollars X .25 drug problem to seek help. Re­ seriousness of drug use and 6. Total Cost To You port persons selling drugs to the vigorous pursuit of wholesome From Troubled principal or school resource alternatives is a key to winning Employees officer. the war on drugs. The outcome will decide whether our children In other words, a business Alternatives To Drug Use see drugs as a harmless kick, or with one hundred employees on whether they realize that illicit the payroll, with an average salary Parents, educators, and ex­ drug use can destroy their futures, of $18,000 probably wastes drug users can help ensure their families and their lives. $4,500 per annum on each constructive activities are avail­ chemically dependent employee. able to replace drugs as the Management Insurance actuaries revea.l over central focus in life. These half the financial losses are for school-sponsored activities or The employee is the most health and accident compensation parties should be planned care­ important asset and greatest made to employees and their fully and participation should be investment of any company. No families involved in drug abuse. dependent on an agreement not other asset is more costly or more American businesses, faced to use drugs. valuable to business than its with the increasing use of drugs Give students opportunities people. Drug abuse has moved on the job, are resorting to new for leadership. They can be into mainstream America taking measures for dealing with the trained to serve as leaders in drug root in the machine that drives our problem. Many companies have prevention programs for younger country. An epidemic has been established company policies students. Youth training pro­ created that is sapping the strength regarding drugs. Other tech­ grams are available from informa­ of the business community. niques include mandatory urine tion centers such as America's Until recently, employers testing, undercover investigations, PRIDE, 1-404-577-4500 and were primarily concerned with and electronic surveillance. NFP Reach America Training, alcohol abuse among employees. Many large companies or 1-505-345-7134. But now the problem of substance corporations provide Employee Local sports or social-club abuse has become more complex Assistance Programs (EAP) for activities such as the Big Brother and the economic consequences their workers. Medical or skilled and Sister programs, part-time are staggering. staff personnel capable of treating jobs, hobbies, religious programs, One out of every 10 workers drug abuse problems are a part of and other group activities are all abuses drugs or alcohol to the these services. What works best part of the constructive effort extent that it affects their job for one company may not always needed to combat the malaise performance. By using the work well at another company. caused by drug abuse. Parents, following formula, a company can For the smaller company teachers, and community leaders determine what chemically depen­ manager or supervisor, here are can help in providing these pro­ dant employees are costing their some suggestions that will help grams, which offer healthy, firm: improve employee performance optimistic, and beneficial chal- and company balance sheets:

4 • Know what is happening in None of these methods have Drug Use in the Workplace the drug world and include drug­ been very effective in reducing related topics in regular training the demand for drugs. Aware­ ~ 65 percent of young people sessions. ness through education is a more entering the workforce have used • Be sure all employees logical approach to the demand illegal drugs. know the company policy on drug problem. • The National Institute on abuse, and enforce this policy Drug education/awareness Drug Abuse estimates that one firmly and fairly. programs for management, out of eight workers between • Be available to all employ­ employees and their families ages 26 and 35 abuse drugs. ees, especially young persons should be viewed as preventive • 20 percent of workers 18- who may need confidential assis­ and corrective maintenance 25 use drugs on the job. tance for drug abuse matters. contracts, protecting investments • Drug users incur medical Don't duck the issues. Provide and productivity. costs that average three times needed help, or know where The cost to industry to higher than non using company skilled guidance can be obtained. educate the employer and em­ employees. • Be alert for signs of drug ployee, will be less expensive • Drug users are absent from use that may mean trouble for the than the cost of treatment, high work twice as often as non using company, managers, supervisors, insurance rates, and losses company employees. and employees. Confront drug through absenteeism, poor • Drug users are five times problems with knowledge. workmanship, and theft. The as likely to be involved in acci­ Considerable resources are bottom line is, employees are the dents when off the job. devoted to expensive treatment company, it costs less to help and to chemical testing of body employees and their families, fluids. Millions are spent on law than to lose them to the drug enforcement and prosecutions. epidemic.

WHAT OTHERS HAVE TO SAY ABOUT THE DRUGS OF ABUSE DIGEST

The Drugs of Abuse Digest was reviewed and found to be scientifically accurate, in conformance with public health principles and policies and approporate forthe intended audience. The book will be added to the Materials Database in the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. Director National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information Office for Substance Abuse Prevention

Drugs of Abuse Digest. A Prevention Guide for the Family. The Drugs of Abuse Digest is a well developed resource School & Workplace is interesting, technically correct, and which incorporates the latest research on drugs in an easily provides an insight the reader can easily grasp. It gets the read book. A wealth of information on drugs of abuse is message across without sensationalizing or causing undue packed in this book. It is a addition to schools, libraries, curiosity. In this era of searching for ways to tell the twe story parent groups and for those interested in becoming knOWl­ about drug abuse, this is probably the best handbool< around. edgeable about the subject of drugs and the hazards in­ volved. Tough on Drugs, Inc. National Parents' Resource San Diego, CA 92128 Institute for Drug Education, Inc.

Thank you for making the drug prevention material available. Thank you forthe fine training you developed and adapted for The Drugs of Abuse D!gest is the best and most interesting our Head Start staff. Your ANSWERS video and the Drugs of text on drugs of abuse that we ever read. We urge every Abuse Digest manual provided the best adult source of S.E.P.T.A. employee and their family to read it thoroughly. information that we came across during our extensive search for such materials. Employee Southeastern Pennsylvania Project Manager Transit Authority Hea.d Start Department Office of the County Administrator Hillsborough County, Florida

5 SATIVA L, the botanical name for marijuana, is a tall annual woody shrub with notched, hair-like covered leaves and separate male and female flowering tops. The leaves and flowers of the plant have the most potent THe content, marijuana's principal mind-altering ingredient. Smok­ ing marlj:uana produces a /thigh II or a false and exaggerated feeling of lIinner joy. II

6 Marijuana-History and Description

Marijuana is Indian , an annual plant that is grown in mild climates all over the world, and, while known to man for over 6,000 years, marijuana is the least understood of all natural drugs. Its tough fibers have been used to make twine, rope, cloth­ ing, and bags. Sterilized mari­ juana seeds are sold as bird Pipes, roach clips and other paraphernalia used to smoke Marijuana seed, its oil is used as an ingredi­ ent in paint, and more than 20 sold in the mid-1970s. than uncultivated marijuana. million Americans smoke its The primary substance tobacco-like leaf. obtained from the leaves and Slang or Street Names for Marijuana plants can grow to flowering tops of the marijuana Marijuana heights of 12 to 14 feet and grow plant is Tetrahydrocannabinol best in semitropical areas (THC). THC is one of 62 cannabi­ Marijuana is commonly called noids in the 426 or more known pot, grass, weed, tea, stuff, rope, chemicals that have been identi­ hay, joints, reefer, hemp, Mary fied in Cannabis Sativa. Jane, Texas tea, Acapulco gold, It is the THe content of the goof butt, pakalolo (Hawaiian), marijuana that determines its jive, stinkweed, bhang, ganja, Kef effect on the user. Marijuana can or Kif, smoke and whack. be either a (an upper) or a (downer), and it is How Marijuana is Used also a having some qualities. Generally, the The most common method of THC content varies from one to abusing marijuana is by smoking four percent depending on growth it in a cigarette or pipe. Sometimes Cannabis Leaves conditions and type of plant. a cigarette is rolled with tobacco throughout the world. Colombia, Most wild U.S. marijuana is and marijuana to make it burn Jamaica, Hawaii, Africa, South­ considered inferior because of a slowly and evenly. east Asia, the Middle East, and low concentration of THC, usually Marijuana cigarettes are certain areas of Mexico all con­ less than 0.5 percent. Much of the often used in a group situation, tribute to the estimated 30 million marijuana from Jamaica, Mexico, whereby one smoker passes the pounds of marijuana imported into and Colombia has a THC content cigarette on to the next. Each user this country every year. Domestic of from 0.5 to seven percent. holds the smoke in his or her lungs growers produce about 1,700 One of the most selective as long as possible to get the most metric tons of sinsemilla and marijuana products on the market effect of the THC into the body. commercial grade marijuana, today is sinsemilla (Spanish for The burned-out remnants of the approximately 12 percent of the without seed), cultivated from cigarette Uoint), known by the total U.S. supply. the un pollinated female plant. name "roach," are often saved Sinsemilla growers have The THC concentration in sin­ and smoked. Marijuana may be improved breeding techniques semilla ranges up to 20 percent consumed by mouth, but the and researchers say that it is up making this high potency effects achieved by smoking are to 250% stronger than marijuana marijuana more dangerous three times more powerful.

7 Because of the coarseness of that there is insufficient and in the marijuana, the cigarettes are many instances no reliable, cred- made with a heavy grade of ible, scientific evidence supported tobacco paper, hand rolled and by properly conducted scientific closed on both ends to hold the research to support a conclusion dry, loose fill. When burning, the that marijuana has a medical use joint gives off a distinctive, sweet to treat any ailment or disease. In Health Service had previously smell of burning rope or alfalfa. addition, there is a lack of scientific approved 13 patients to receive Cigars stuffed with marijuana evidence to support a conclusion federally grown marijuana. Under are now popular with our young that marijuana is safe for use the new ruling, they will no longer people. Philly Blunts, blunts for under medical supervision. The receive marijuana from the federal short, are cheap cigars that are Administrator further urged the government. hollowed out and packed with American public not to experiment marijuana. with a potentially dangerous, mind- Why People Start Smoking altering drug such as marijuana in Marijuana No Valid Medical Use of an attempt to treat a serious illness Marijuana or condition. Peer pressure is the greatest single reason people start using Marijuana, hashish, and Marijuana Therapy Rescinded marijuana. Most young people are hashish oil, three types of drugs introduced to marijuana by their derived from cannabis, are being In March of 1992, the U.S. peers, who can be brothers and distributed in illicit markets in the Public Health Service announced sisters, old or new acquaintances, United States. Having no officially that it would no longer provide or friends. A recent government accepted medical use, these drugs government supplied marijuana survey shows that 47 percent of are controlled under the Controlled to patients suffering from AIDS, male tobacco smokers use mari u Substances Act (CSA) of 1970. cancer or glaucoma. Scientists juana as compared to 7 percent of The American Cancer Society from the National Institute of Health nonsmokers. Federal health and the American Medical Asso- stated that existing evidence officials say they are worried that ciation have both stated that the does not support recommending young people who start out experi- results of clinical investigations are smoked marijuana as a treatment menting with alcohol and tobacco insufficient to warrant the decontrol of choice for any of the medical are more likely to try marijuana and or use of marijuana for medical conditions. Instead, the govern- other illegal drugs. Many young- purposes. The National Multiple ment advocates the use of legal sters, unknowing of the threat to Sclerosis Society has concluded medicines such as Marinol, a their mind and body, readily take that marijuana is not an accepted synthetic form of marijuana's the offered joint to be part of the medical treatment for spasticity. active ingredient. group. Evaluating marijuana against its Citing the harmful effects of Marijuana is the most widely !{ criteria for safety and effective- marijuana, the U.S. Public Health abused illegal drug in the U.S.; an ~'f ;: :,' ness, the Food and Drug Adminis- Service disclosed that the drug estimated 12 million people smoke ~; tration has concluded that there is may actually be dangerous to it once a month or more.

~;:;. inadequate scientific evidence to AIDS patients who are prone to ~': ti • \ support a finding that marijuana is pneumonia and other lung infec- Recognizing the Marijuana Abuser I. "I'c' safe and effective for treating tions. As to the claim that mari- nausea and experienced juana relieves pain caused by In the early stages of mari- by patients undergoing cherno- glaucoma by reducing pressure in juana use, smokers appear to be therapy. the eye, a Health Service spokes- more animated than usual. They ~: ~" The American Academy of man said, ''There simply isn't any exhibit loud talking and bursts of Ophthalmology has also concluded evidence that with the new drugs laughter, followed by sleepiness that insufficient data exists to that are available for glaucoma, and a lethargic period during demonstrate the safety and that smoked marijuana would be which the user often crashes or efficacy of using smoked marijuana any more useful or even as useful sleeps off the effects of the THC. in the treatment of glaucoma. as what is available legally." They may also experience dis- The Administrator of the Drug The Food and Drug Adminis- torted perception and some Enforcement Administration stated tration had previously approved hallucinations. ~r 28 patients and the U.S. Public ~ 8 it Very high doses can result in toxic The Immune Syste~: The psychosis or being out of touch capacity of the body to resist with reality. infection and other· foreign agents, Marijuana abuse is wide­ such as cancer cells, is the spread. Estimates of those who immune system. Medical re­ have used marijuana at least searchers report that marijuana, Pupils of the marijuana once range up to 50 million used in animal tests, suppresses smoker may be dilated and blood­ people. Medical researchers and the immune system and may do shot, they often wear sunglasses emergency room accounts report so in the case of humans. indoors as well as outside to findings that habitual pot users Nervous System: THC disguise their reddened eyes. don't want to hear; causes poor transmission of Heart beat and pulse rate go up Lungs: The smoke of one nerve impulses between cells. and the mouth and throat become marijuana cigarette (usually held This can cause impaired speech, dry. in the lungs longer than tobacco loss of memory, , lack of smoke) is as damaging to lung coordination, impaired vision, loss Effects of Marijuana Smoking tissue as smoi~ing 16 ordinary of muscle strength and unex­ on the Mind and Body Cigarettes. According to the pected mood changes. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Reproductive System: The effects of marijuana marijuana smoke contains some Studies show without a doubt that THC taken into the body can be of the same ingredients as to­ the sperm count in young men felt within minutes, reaching their bacco smoke that can cause diminishes as marijuana abuse. peak in 10 to 30 minutes. They emphysema and cancer. Those increases with some abnormality may linger for two to eight hours, who combine pot smoke with of sperm occurring in chronic depending on the potency of the tobacco smoke run an in­ marijuana users. Fortunately, THC and the expectation and creased risk. when the marijuana smoker being experiences of the user. Brain: When marijuana is tested returns to normal living Marijuana can impair or smoked, the THC ingredient is without marijuana, the level of reduce short-term memory and absorbed by most fatty tissues (male ) reduce ability to do jobs that and most organs of the body, returns to normal as well. Contin­ require concentration or swift including the liver, lungs, repro­ ued abuse of marijuana is a reaction time. Driving a car or ductive organs, and the brain. cause for grave concern, because operating other machinery is Unlike alcohol, the THC in the of possible genetic consequences hazardous as depth and time body is not readily washed out caused by abnormal sperm in the perception may be distorted. after use. THC may remain in the male user. Low doses of the drug tend body up to two weeks, in some Marijuana can increase to cause restlessness and an cases, up to 4.6 months. levels of testosterone in women, increased sense of well being, Tests indicate that the thereby increasing male charac­ followed by a dreamy state of toxicity of THC tends to be cumu­ teristics. It was reported in one relaxation and frequent . lative. This simply means that experiment that defective men­ Changes in sensory perception, because of its tendency to accu­ strual cycles resulted. That is, the such as a sharpened sense of mulate in fatty tissues, including failure to ovulate or have regular sight, smell, hearing, touch and the brain, regular use of mari­ menstrual periods proved three taste, may also occur. Stronger juana can result in brain damage. times greater in marijuana users doses intensify these reactions. Heart: Use of marijuana than in non-marijuana users. Use The mental makeup of the increases the heart rate as much during pregnacy can result in user is crucial. One smoker may as 50 percent, depending on how premature babies, increased birth be relaxed; another more talka­ potent the THC content is in the defects and infant mortality. tive; and a third disoriented, filled cigarette smoked. Chest pain There are many excellent with rapidly fluctuating emotions may occur in those people who resources available for more in­ and disturbed associations. A have poor circulation, this is depth information regarding the fourth user may become zombie­ similar to the pain caused by effects of marijuana on the mind like, stoned, or "out of it." High heavy cigarette smoking. Mari­ and body. See References. doses may result in image distor­ juana users increase their risk of tions, a loss of personal identity, heart attack. fantasies, and hallucinations. 9 Marijuana Burnout mature cultivated plant yields up to 2.4 pounds of a marketable prod­ Burnout describes the effects uct. The average marijuana grower of prolonged marijuana use. Such produces approximately 250 plants people become dull, inattentive, per growing cycle, realizing a profit slow in their movement, and are of approximately $750,000. sometimes so unaware of where ago must realize that marijuana is they are that they do not respond A Solution to the Marijuana Threat now 250% stronger than the when friends speak to them. marijuana sold in the mid-1970s. Worst of all, they do not realize Our young children should be Educators need to continue to do they have a problem. taught to resist peer pressure in their part from the elementary whatever form it comes. They grades through the high school need to be more informed about years. With proper drug education, Ability to Drive what happens to their bodies and young men and women in our minds when they take drugs of any school systems, leaders of future Marijuana smokers invite kind. Parents should be continu­ generations, will know and under­ problems when they take to the ally involved in learning all they can stand that marijuana (or any other road. Pot smokers are overly about the dangers of drugs, includ­ drugs) should not be allowed to represented in fatal highway ing marijuana, in order to teach influence or affect the mind, educa­ crashes that can be traced to poor their children as much as possible tional training, personal integrity, depth perception and impaired about the hazards of using drugs. and strength of character needed motor coordination, causing Parents who may have tried to playa positive, productive role in slowness in responding to traffic marijuana more than a generation the adult world. signa!s or other traffic conditions on the road. Driving while under the influence of marijuana is dangerous. The combination of marijuana and alcohol increases the risk of a fatal crash.

Indoor Marijuana Cultivation

Statistics indicate that indoor marijuana cultivation is becoming the preferred method of producing sinsemilla. Growing marijuana indoors provides a controlled environment to produce a stronger Female marijuana flower drug in a shorter time period and minimize detection by law enforce­ ment officers. It is reported that the price of marijuana has doubled to as much as $8,000 a pound, this in spite of a dramatic increase in the production of home-grown marijuana and one billion dollars worth of marijuana being illegally harvested in our national forests each year. Marijuana is a dangerous drug that reaps tremendous profits for the grower and/or trafficker. A Field of marijuana

10 Hashish oil is produced by a The threat presented by this process of distilling or fluxing powerful concentrated product is ground-up marijuana plants inside serious. The THC content ranges a container filled with a solvent. from 30 percent to a potential of When heated, the solvent perco­ 90 percent. In the past, mari­ lates through the plant SUbstance juana users smoked a cigarette Hashish producing a solution that be­ with a two to 10 percent THC comes hashish oil. Of course, the content. The relatively naive Hashish or hash is the dark process is not as simple as marijuana user can no longer brown resin obtained from the described, but the theory is predict what effect one or two tops of the Cannabis Sativa or correct. The more often the drops of the concentrated hallu­ marijuana plant. When the hashish oil solution is percolated cinogenic drug on his next ciga­ secretions are collected, dried, through the container, the more rette will produce. In the slang and compressed into flat bricks or powerful it becomes. expression of today, the possibili­ soles, the result is a concen­ In laboratory tests, one ties literally blow the mind. trated, compact product that is process yielded 2 112 quarts of easy to smuggle. The THC hashish oil with about 35 percent concentrated in the product is as THC content from 82 pounds of high as 10 percent, which is marijuana. One or two drops of several times the percentage of hashish oil on a regular tobacco normal marijuana leaves pre­ cigarette would be as strong as pared for smoking. Hashish can one regular marijuana joint, be formed into balls, cakes, or perhaps more. cookie-like sheets depending on what the customer orders. Hashish Oil Laboratories

Hashish oil laboratories have been located in several parts of the United States, in Central and South America, in , and in the Middle East. Laboratories have been seized in the middle and western parts of the United Hashish Oil States, in Mexico, and in South America. The majority of hashish oil originates in India or Afghanistan. In the past, some shipments have Hashish been made by air freight to the United States or Canada, but this Hashish Oil pattern may very well change as Americans acquire the skill to Hashish oil contains the process their own hashish oil at most concentrated form of THC home. that can be made. It has been analyzed as having a THC con­ tent as high as 63 percent, and it is possible that even higher concentrate levels can be reached.

11 NARCOTICS are natural opium derivatives that are ob­ tained from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L, or opiates, which are synthetic drugs. This latter group of drugs is derived from coal tar or petroleum. Use of all nar­ cotics causes dulling of the senses, induces sleep and can result in addiction.

12 gummy, brownish substance. States under strict controls. This gum is laboriously scraped The most modern method of off by hand and stored for proc­ processing opium today is known essing after the harvest. Opium as the opium poppy-straw con­ gum has a sweet, pungent aroma centrate method, a procedure like the smell of hay; not unpleas­ where the whole poppy pod and ant at a distance but nauseating stem is harvested, dried, and then at close range. all 25 or more alkaloids in the pod The raw opium is formed into are processed into either , a ball, wrapped in leaves, then solid, or powder form. (Alkaloids with cellophane to keep it moist. are organic bases occurring in Finally, it is covered with water­ seed plants that contain proof wrapping paper. The odor and usually oxygen). Incised Seedpod is now almost undetectable. Medical uses of the various Opium Poppy Cultivation and After the opium gum has alkaloids of opium include pain Field Laboratories been collected by the opium relievers and cough suppres­ buyer, it is ready for conversion sants, such as and The majority of the world's into morphine base in makeshift codeine, as well as anti- diarrhea opium, from which morphine, laboratories that are concealed in preparations such as paragoric heroin, and·other alkaloids are the hills or hidden in houses or and similar medicines. Virtually produced, comes from poppy out-buildings away from the eyes all of the controlled opium im­ plants cultivated in the narrow of government law enforcement ported into this country is broken belt of mountains that range agents. The raw opium is soaked down into its natural alkaloid along the southern rim of the in water and filtered, treated with constituents, morphine and great Asian land mass. These lime and ammonium chloride and codeine. mountains extend from Turkey's made into crude morphine base. Heroin, on the other hand, is Antolian Plateau, through the This base is then further refined not a natural product. It is a reaches of the Indian subconti­ into heroin through heating, synthetic that was first made from nent, and into the remote moun­ filtering, and treatment with other opium alkaloids in 1874, and then tains of Burma, Thailand, and chemicals in.cluding , , commercially produced in 1898. Laos. Lesser amounts of poppy and acetic anhydride. Acetic Heroin is a strictly 'cont~olled plants are also grown illegally in anhydride, commonly available, is substance in the United States .. the mountain ranges of Mexico. a commercial chemical used in In the fall or early spring the making polyester fabrics, ciga­ opium farmer sows his poppy rette filters, aspirin, plastics, Opium Derivatives seeds. He plants on remote perfumes, and dyestuffs. hillsides that have been roughly As a general rule of thumb, Including morphine and cleared by slash-and-burn meth­ 10 pounds of opium gum are heroin, there are 25 alkaloids that ods. Sometimes plants are needed to produce one pound of can be extracted from opium. concealed between rows of corn morphine base, and one pound of Codeine is one of the more or other legitimate crops. In morphine base converts into one common opium alkaloids. Co­ some European countries, poppy pound of heroin. Purity of the deine was first isolated in 1832 as seeds are legally cultivated in heroin can range up to 96 percent an impurity in morphine. Be­ areas assigned to the poppy crop or higher, depending on the skill cause of the abuse potential of and closely monitored by govern­ level of the laboratory chemist. codeine, this drug is classified as ment agents, much like tobacco a controlled SUbstance. Most crop allotments are managed in codeine today is produced from the United States. Legally Imported Opium to the morphine. About three months later, the United States Codeine is used for relief of poppy plant is waist high and in moderate pain. It comes in the bright flower. When the petals For medicinal purposes, form of tablets, capsules, liquid drop, the bare, unripened, egg­ more than 400 tons of opium, or cough preparations, and to a shaped pod is ready for lancing or its equivalent in opium poppy lesser extent in injectable form. cutting. A milky sap oozes out straw concentrate are legally Combining codeine and aspirin and slowly hardens into a imported yearly into the United

13 (Empirin), codeine and acetam­ through depression of the central « • inophen (Tylenol) or codeine, nervous system. Both heroin and aspirin, phenacetin and morphine are extremely addictive (A.P.C. and Fiorinal), results in a drugs. variety of pain-killing tablets and Morphine, a standard pain capsules in different milligram reliever long used as a measure dosages. Antitussives such as of the effectiveness of other luggage on board aircraft, as well Robitussin AC, Cherocol and narcotic drugs, was first isolated as in vehicles or other innocent­ terpin hydrate are combined with from opium poppy gum in 1803 appearing packages. codeine and sold as cough by German scientists. Because Most shipments are in bulk medicines. These preparations morphine was widely used during quantities to a distributor or' are exempt from strict control the American Civil War to treat dealer who sees that the heroin is regulations, are less addictive wounded soldiers, some 45,000 diluted, to improve his profit than morphine or heroin and less of them unknowingly became margin, before sending it further potent in terms of inducing eu­ addicts. Since then, the use of down the distribution ladder to the phoria. All are useful medicines morphine as a medical treatment addict on the street. when taken as directed. has been strictly controlled. Heroin flows into America Synthetic heroin was com­ across the northern borders from mercially produced in the labora­ Canada hidden in vehicles that Origin of Heroin tory by the Bayer Company in often clear checkpoints unde­ Germany in 1898, and was tected. It comes across the Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) is intended for use as a cure for southern borders from Mexico, a potent derivative of morphine, a morphine addiction. But, to the and into the east and west coasts narcotic drug that induces sleep dismay of all concerned, heroin by publicly and privately owned was found to be up to 10 times ships and airplanes. No border is more addictive than morphine. immune to profit-motivated nar­ Today, production of mor­ cotics organizations serving the phine and heroin for medicinal demand for narcotics in America. purposes is carefully regulated by An estimated six metric tons the U.S. government. Specific of heroin will be smuggled into production records and strictly the United States this year, regulated security measures are according to State Department enforced by the Drug Enforce­ reports (one metric ton equals ment Administration (U.S. DfJpart­ 2,204.6 pounds). It is estimated ment of Justice). there are 500,000 users of heroin in the United States at this time.

Heroin Smuggling Routes

Heroin is smuggled to mar­ kets in Europe and into North American cities and towns by complex networks of expert smuggling organizations. Operat­ ing in time-tested ways, these smugglers have great patience and are willing to take some losses as part of their cost of doing business. Smugglers dispatch their product by land, sea, and air shipments concealed in freight cargoes, on the bodies of travelers (known as mules), in

Codeine

14 Heroin-Appearance and Purity

Most heroin found on the streets of the U.S. is a brown or white flour-like substance. In its pure state, it has a bitter taste. When first exposed to air from its sealed container, a smell of vinegar often can be detecteu. Street heroin usually has been mixed with a variety of additives or to make more product to sell. Some of these additives include milk sugar or lactose, quinine, starch, talcum powder, cocoa, brown sugar, and other food coloring. The percentage of street heroin purity is usually about five percent, but could range down­ ward to two percent or less depending on how many times the dealer steps on, cuts, or dilutes his product. Heroin is known by a number of street names, including but not limited to Big H, Boy, Black Tar, Brown, Brown Sugar, Caballo, Chiva, Crap, Estuffa, H, Heroina, Hombre, Horse, Junk, Mexican Mud, Polvo, Scag, Smack, Stuff, and Thing. A rough example of how the price of opium gum grown in the poppy fields of Southeast Asia escalates on the streets of Amer­ ica is as follows: Ten kilograms of ~~ t "" raw opium gum (22 pounds) is l';;: It It •

Heroin

15 sold for $350 to a merchant who Opium production worldwide collects it when the harvest is has doubled in the past two years. over. This opium gum can then The supply of heroin to the U.S. be converted to about 45,000 has steadily increased over the bags of five-percent pure heroin last four years. worth $5 per bag, a total street value of about $225,000 or more. Mexican Brown Heroin Black Tar Heroin

Illegal Heroin Imports According to Federal authori­ A deadly new form of Mexi­ ties in the United States, 40 can heroin has been discovered Illicit heroin trafficking into percent of all heroin seizures in American cities and may be North America can be called a reported in 1972 were brown responsible for a sharp rise in phenomenon of the post-war heroin from Mexico. And, by the heroin overdoses. Called black world. Law enforcement agencies mid-to-Iate 1970's, heroin from tar because of the tar-like appear­ up to this time were able to deal Mexico had increased in a volume ance of the drug, this heroin is 45 with the heroin problem which, for estimated as high as 89 percent times as pure as conventional the most part, was confined to the of all heroin removed from the heroin and sells for one-tenth the ghettos and slum areas of our streets of North America. price of powdered Mexican major cities. It wasn't until the There followed a remarkably heroin. According to federal heroin epidemic of the sixties effective joint effort between the reports, addicts can obtain black broke out that heroin addiction Mexican Government and the tar for as little as $2.50 a dose but began to receive nationwide United States in 1976, in which unaccustomed to such high attention. the two governments agreed to potency, they frequently overdose Primary sources of supply for use herbicides in an air and on it. pure white heroin were identified ground operation against the Black tar is manufactured in as sophisticated, underground Mexican poppy crop. The heroin a crude, short cut process that laboratories in the south of France threat was subsequently reduced leaves many contaminates such that received morphine base from to manageable proportions as a as plant by-products in the fin­ Turkish sources. result of those efforts. However, ished materials. Various diluents The turning point in dampen­ by the mid 1980's, U.S. State ing this phase of the heroin Department reports indicated epidemic was the remarkable Mexico had once again become success enjoyed by the Turkish one of the chief sources of heroin government when it instituted a (and marijuana) despite eradica­ ban on poppy cultivation in 1972. tion efforts. In the Middle East, despite The name Mexican Mud is , vigorous crop substitution efforts derived from the brown color of sponsored (in 1981) by the United the finished product. This heroin Nations Fund for Drug Abuse is produced in crude laboratories Control, heroin is still exported located on the remote slopes of from Pakistan, Iran, and Afghani­ the Sierra Madre Mountains near stan. It is estimated that almost Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Black Tar half the heroin reaching the Durango. Using a simple proc­ United States and Europe comes ess, laboratory operators make are used-to cut black tar, however from these areas. morphine hydrochloride by adding regular users have come to prefer And now, DEA reports that water, lime, salt, and hydrochloric and tolerate the more potent, Colombia is growing opium. The acid to the poppy opium gum. The undiluted form of the drug. c:!imate is conducive to poppy resultant product is filtered by Black tar is also called ball, plant cultivation and the morphine squeezing it in a cloth. This goma (Spanish for gum), tootsie content of this opium is higher removes impurities leaving heroin roll and a variety of other names. than other heroin producing areas hydrochloride, the "brown mud" or It is usually sold on the street in worldwide. Iranian and Thai "Mexican Brown" of street fame. golf ball size weighing less than chemists are training Colombian an ounce. It is referred to as a chemists in techniques to process piece or Mexican ounce (25 opium into heroin. grams). Black tar can appear as 16 by needle into the veins of the produced is less intense. arms or elsewhere on the body, The addiction is satisfied until the tracks or needle scars are com­ craving for the next fix is felt. mon signs of heroin abuse. In South Vietnam, American military Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms personnel learned to smoke a dark brown to black sticky almost pure heroin, which they Withdrawal symptoms sUbstance or it can be hard like Ci. sprinkled on marijuana Cigarettes usually begin about eight to 12 piece of coal. or on regular cigarettes to achieve hours after the addict's last fix Because of a fear of Ac­ a high without lea.ving tracks or and, if heroin is withheld, gradu­ quired Immune Deficiency Syn­ marks on the body. ally increase over a period of 36 drome (AIDS), some of the heroin Heroin can also be taken by to 72 hours. The addict experi­ population has switched from mouth or injected just under the ences a recurring cycle of body injecting to smoking or sniffing skin, a method called "skin pop­ pangs, hot and cold flashes, black tar heroin. Others are ping." However, when taken this nausea and nervousness, ab­ experimenting with cocaine way, the high experienced is less dominal cramps, and diarrhea. freebasing and tar smoking. To intense and occurs more slowly. These symptoms gradually counteract cocaine withdrawal, Users or junkies who regularly subside within seven to 10 days, some users take black tar heroin use any of the variety of heroin but sometimes sleeplessness and to overcome the effects of severe mixes on the street (called "junk") a craving for drugs can last for depression. This differs from often go on the nod, or exhibit months. speed balling which combines alternating cycles of dozing and Medical assistance is advis­ cocaine and heroin to enhance awakening. After very large doses able during the withdrawal period, the heroin reaction. or high-purity fixes, the junkie since the addict is usually uncon­ cannot be awakened; his pupils cerned with his nutrition or health Heroin Abuse and Its become smaller; his skin be­ in general. In fact, his only con­ Symptoms comes cold, moist, and bluish in cern is satisfying his craving for color; breathing slows; and death heroin. Complaints and pleas by Because heroin is 10 times may occur. the addict for his drug are evident. more powerful than morphine, the Signs of narcotics abuse Other signs are restlessness, euphoric high produced when include red, watering eyes; runny irritability, loss of appetite, insom­ heroin is taken into the body has nose; and sniffles accompanied nia, heavy perspiration, yawning, made it the most popular narcotic by a cough that disappears when and sneezing. Pains in the back among addicts. the next fix is obtained. Narcotics muscles and in the bones are Heroin in solution is usually users often scratch themselves a common, and muscle spasms injected by hypodermic needle lot, eat candy and other sweets, cause kicking movements, which into a vein, a process called and drink sweet . may be why withdrawal is called mainlining. The drug addict or All heroin addicts run the risk kicking the habit. Specific anti­ heroin junkie's kit often consists of of AIDS from non-sterile needles. dotes for narcotic poisoning are a teaspoon with a bent handle, a Other risks include blood poison­ available at hospitals. syringe or medicine dropper, a ing, hepatitis, and abscesses of hypodermic needle (often not the liver, brain, and lungs. The sterile), and a piece of cotton. euphoria caused by a dose of The heroin is put into the spoon (a heroin lasts only a few minutes, bottle cap will do in a pinch), depending on the strength of the mixed with water, and heated by a dosage and on the tolerance level match or other flame to form a of the user, which builds up with solution. This solution is then prolonged use. drawn through the cotton into the When heroin is not available syringe and injected into a vein. to the addict, morphine, codeine, The vein is made to stand out by or Dilaudid are widely used as applying a tourniquet made from a substitutes, even though the belt or any kind of rope or cord. Because heroin is often injected

17 KING HEROIN

Behold my friend for I am Heroin, known to all as the destroyer of man. Where I come from no one really knows. But I'm from the lands where the poppy grows.

I am seldom pure and often diluted. Once in your blood, I will make it polluted. Whole nations have gathered to plot my destruction. For I am a breeder of crime and corruption.

I entered this country without a passport. Dlluadid Ever since, I have been hunted and sought. Dilaudid In cellophane bags, I have found my way. To great men in office and children at play. Dilaudid is the second oldest, semi-synthetic narcotic Men profit by me, amassing great sums. painkiller on the market. When Even though I am sold in the lowest of slums. abused, it has a high potential A mere school boy will forget his books. for producing physical as well as A world famous beauty will forget her looks. psychological dependence. Therefore, it is regulated by the While in China, I financed an Army. Controlled Substance Act of I'm honored in Turkey and respected in . 1970. Be you Italian, Irish, Negro or Mex. . Some narcotic addicts prefer I will make most of you forget about sex. the narcotic Dilaudid, which is available in either tablet or an Some try to renege, but I won't let them kick. injectable form. Dilaudid is the Denied the needle, I will make them sick. most highly acceptable drug after I take gold from the rich man and make him destitute. morphine, from the heroin user's And make the foolish young maiden a prostitute. viewpoint. Dilaudid is considered to be more of a sedative than I chastise the wives and destroy the meek. morphine, yet it is two to eight I misuse the fool and make a strong man weak. times more powerful. And now you are sick and lain in jail. According to a U.S. Drug I can't get to you by visit or mail. Enforcement Administration spokesman, the price for Dilaudid You will twist, turn, vomit and cough. on the street reached an all-time After six nights of this madness, you may throw me off. high in 1984, with tablets selling When you have returned to a normal state. from $60 to $80 each. This drug I will be waiting at the gate. reaches the abuser through diversion from legitimate sources. Go ahead run, I will not chase. Thefts from pharmacies, forged As sure as I'm Heroin, you will come for your taste. prescriptions, and unscrupulous Put your foot in the stirrup and ride me well. doctors account for almost all For the white horse of Heroin is taking you straight to Hell! illegally obtained Dilaudid. Possible effects of using Author unknown Dilaudid include euphoria, drowsi­ ness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, and nausea. Effects of an overdose of Dilaudid include slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convul­ sions, coma, and possible death.

18 When withdrawing from abuse of Dilaudid, the user will display watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, irritabil­ ity, tremors, panic, chills, sweat­ ing, cramps, and nausea.

Methadone-its Origin

German scientists made methadone synthetically during World War II because of a mor­ phine shortage. While chemically unlike morphine and heroin, methadone nevertheless pro­ duces many of the same effects. It does not produce the same high or euphoric effect as mor­ phine or heroin, but, when used by a narcotic addict, it prevents withdrawal pangs and other painful symptoms and lessens the addict's craving to use other opiates. Thus, when used as a treatment of narcotics addiction, it serves to break the cycle of dependence on illegal drugs such as heroin. Methadone was introduced into the United States in 1947 as an or painkiller under such names as Methadone, Amidone, and Dolophine. It has been used to treat narcotic ad­ dicts since the 1960's. Metha­ done is substituted for heroin in a controlled program of treatment that allows patients in the pro­ gram to lead more normal, pro­ Methadone ductive lives.

19 Administration and Effects of ~·-···,, '~~ <~., '. .0 ' . partial antagonists. 1's and :-,1.,'),." ..... -. "'-, -.'. Methadone

20 STIMULANTS, sometimes called /tuppers," refer to those drug compounds that affect the central nervous system by . accelerating its activities. They tend to increase alertness and physical activity.

21 form. These salt may be Cocaine as pure as 90 to 100 percent. Cocaine, when ready for the illicit Cocaine, the most potent marketplace, is usually a fluffy stimulant, is a powerful drug white, almost odorless, c(ystalline obtained from the leaf of the coca powder. plant (Erythroxylon coca). Co­ The U.S. Drug Enforcement caine is harvested in the hills of Administration (DEA) has taken South America, in the countries of steps to prevent illegal drug man­ Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, ufacturers from obtaining ether, and Chile. There the coca plant is another key chemical for purifying grown and trimmed to three to six­ cocaine. However, benzene, a foot heights for ease of leaf cancer causing carcinogen, may picking. Leaf harvesting occurs be a ready substitute for ether several times a year, since the according to recent DEA reports. plant is an evergreen. Benzene is banned from con­ For centuries the Indian sumer products in the United farmers of the area have chewed States because it has been Coca plant the coca leaf, or made tea from it shown to cause leukemia. to relieve muscle aches and pains The group of drugs that and to help them endure long, directly stimulate the central exhausting hours of labor without nervous system are known as apparent fatigue and with little stimulants. The two most preva­ nourishment. This practice lent, non-controlled and socially continues to this day, except acceptable stimulants are nico­ lately the harvests are increasing tine, found in tobacco products, in size. More and more of the end and caffeine, found in coffee, tea, product, illicitly manufactured and cola. There are other more cocaine, is being delivered to potent stimulants whose use must American and European be controlled because they are so marketplaces. powerful and so often abused. These are the closely related drugs amphetamines, metham­ Cocaine Production phetamines, and synthetics. The Cocaine Lab most potent of all stimulants is Cocaine being prepared for Cocaine-its Early Use cocaine. distribution to the illicit market­ Controlled stimulants are places of the world is made in Pure cocaine, the mind­ legally available by medical crude, but effective ways. Coca altering ingredient of the coca prescription. Unfortunately, many leaves in large quantities are leaf, was first isolated in the Americans obtain these drugs placed in a drum, a pit in the 1880's, and used principally as an illegally, since they are manufac­ ground, or in some other home­ for eye operations. No tured in vast quantities at home made press device. The leaves previously known drug had been and abroad for distribution on the are then mixed with a solvent, satisfactory for these operations. illicit market. The market value of often kerosene (readily available Cocaine also proved effective for this business has been estimated in the hills and in village markets), of the nose and throat to generate in excess of $30 to make a pulpy paste. This mass because of its ability to constrict billion in street sales of cocaine is then treated with a solvent, blood vessels and limit bleeding. alone. hydrochloric acid, which serves to Today, less dangerous synthetic separate out impurities and other drugs have replaced cocaine as undesirable chemicals. After all an anesthetic. These new drugs purification steps are completed, include procaine, novacaine, and essentially what remains is co­ xylocaine. caine hydrochloride in salt-

22 During the early days of couriers or passengers, or patent medicines (tonics and a brought in by privately owned sea variety of soft drinks), a number and air transportation means. of cocaine-containing products A bizarre body-smuggling appeared on the market. These technique was first reported by included ointments, nose pow­ Dr. Charles V. Wetli of the Dade ders, suppositories, throat loz­ County Medical Examiner's Office hydrochloride, caffeine, quinine, enges, sprays, wines, and coca in Miami, Florida. Three cocaine or morphine. There obviously is cigarettes. They were touted as smugglers from Colombia swal­ no quality control. When cocaine cures for all sorts of disorders, lowed a number of cocaine-filled is mixed with heroin, the potent including alcoholism, asthma, condoms before they passed combination is known as a colds, corns, eczema, neuralgia, through U.S. Customs inspection venereal disease, and opiate for incoming passengers in addiction. The most famous Miami. Later, one or more of the coca-containing product of this condoms ruptured inside the period (1886-1903) was the alimentary canals of these smug­ internationally known drink Coca­ glers, releasing high-purity co­ Cola. By 1903, Coca-Cola no caine and causing death by longer contained cocaine syrup, respiratory collapse. In each of but had been changed to a these instances between 27 to 75 flavoring derived from de-co­ condoms had been swallowed. cainized coca leaves. The victims apparently were The initial wide acceptance convinced that the cocaine would of cocaine soon became tem­ not harm them. They thought it pered with the realization that would pass through their bodies, cocaine produced undesirable and afterwards be prepared for side effects, such as dependence street distribution. in susceptible individuals, and Trade patterns include that death could result from routes from Peru through Ecua­ improper use. Therefore, the dor and Panama, then to Mexico Cocaine Harrison Narcotics Act was and the United States. Another passed in 1914 restricting the route starts in Chile, extends "speedball," a powerful blending availability of cocaine.· through Latin America to Pacific­ of stimulant and relaxant drugs. coast ports, Mexico and into the Allergic reactions to some or United States. A third route can all of these have been Routes to Illicit Marketplaces be traced from Bolivia through reported, especially quinine, Brazil to the West Indies and then which has been reported as a Cocaine traffic bound for the to North America. factor in the heroin sudden-death United States from clandestine syndrome. laboratories in the mountains of Cocaine is known by many South America is smuggled Cocaine on the Street names: coke, snow, toot, flake, through Miami, New York, Los girl, lady, , blow, nose candy, Angeles, along the Southwest By the time cocaine reaches happy dust, snort, base, crack, border and through other interna­ the streets, it has been diluted by rock, gravel, blinky, white tor­ tional air and seaports. The coke a variety of substances such as nado; white, big C, and is hidden in airplane baggage or lactose, mannitol, procaine, snowbirds. ships cargo, carried along by lidocaine, inositol, glucose,

23 bloodstream. Much confusion exists over Less common, and for terms used to describe the vari­ heightened effect, the drug is ous forms of cocaine being injected directly into a vein to smoked. However, the conse­ achieve the desired high more quences of using any form of quickly and intensely. base cocaine are the same, The amount of time before addiction and possible death. Cocaine-How it is Abused the user achieves his high varies with the tolerance his body has Cocaine, the most popular built up, as well as with the drug among all social and eco­ volume of coke he takes and the nomic groups, has become method of ingestion. It varies increasingly popular due to a from about three minutes when false and misleading belief the coke is snorted to about half among many first-time users that that time when it is injected di­ Crack it is no more harmful than tobacco rectly into a vein, and within or alcohol. (Recent experiments seconds if inhaled into the lungs Cocaine Smoking Products and with monkeys and rats indicate via the smoking method. Other Terms pure cocaine is more addictive than heroin.) It is estimated there Crack, a name for cocaine are 3 to 5 million users of cocaine Smoking Cocaine which has been converted to a in the United States at this time. base form from cocaine hydro­ These users are easily seduced Smoking cocaine rocks or chloride salt or powder using by the most powerful and most free base is the most dangerous baking soda or ammonia and pleasurable drug readily available and addictive form of using water. Cocaine hydrochloride salt on the street. cocaine. is ordinary street cocaine that is Cocaine is taken by snorting Cocaine smoking has gained snorted or injected. As a base it it through the nostrils, but it can sudden and widespread popular­ is used for smoking. Crack is be injected when dissolved in ity across the United States. similar in appearance to pieces of water. It can also be smoked in a Dependent cocaine abusers and wall plaster or slivers of soap and base form. The cocaine base has . first-time users have turned to more recently as small rectangu­ a low and quickly new forms of cocaine base lar slabs. In some parts of the turns to which is readily smoking. Crack is preferred by country, police have discovered absorbed into the lungs. The most cocaine smokers because it crack pills. The crack in pill form effects on the central nervous is readily available and conven­ is smooth on one side and scored system are almost immediate and ient to use. Much of its popularity on the other, is beige in color and last for a very short time-a also stems from its low price slightly smaller than an aspirin. matter of minutes-producing an which makes the drug attractive The crack pill is not meant to be intensely pleasurable high or to the general public and espe­ swallowed, it is smoked. Crack euphoric reaction. The user feels cially to our youth. Smoking may be sprinkled on a cigarette a sense of increased strength and cocaine is also considered the but is more likely to be smoked in psychic well-being, accompanied "safer" alternative to cocaine an ordinary pipe, a glass water by reduced fatigue. injection because of possible pipe, or a pipe fashioned from a Many users inhale or sniff exposure to the AIDS virus beer or soft drink can. Some the cocaine powder, which is associated with the use of con­ users say the name "crack" came ritualistically arranged on a taminated needles. from the crackling sound it makes smooth, glassy surface in thin Cocaine smoking produces a when smoked. Rock, gravel, slab lines about one inch long. These rapid and intense state of eupho­ and cooked cocaine are syno­ lines are sniffed into the nose ria which lasts about 3-5 minutes. nyms for crack cocaine. through a rolled-up paper tube. This euphoric effect creates a Sometimes a nasal spray is used powerful compulsion to repeat the to assure the cocaine mixture sensation, an almost insatiable reaches the nasal membranes in craving for more of the drug ... thus a form readily absorbed into the making it highly addictive.

24 lead petroleum and sulfate by­ products. Lidocaine is an utilized in the process of convert­ ing cocaine hydrochloride salt to "crack". Lidocaine also increases the amount of "crack" produced pears to be the most popular from cocaine; however when because the package need not be smoked along with crack it has opened to examine the crack. serious health effects. Lidocaine, Prices for vials of crack vary benzocaine and procaine as well according to the size ordered. In as stimulants such as ampheta­ most cities, crack sells for ap­ mine and , when com­ proximately $10.00 to $50.00 in bined with cocaine cause life quantities ranging from one-tenth threatening reactions due to the of a gram to one-half of a gram Crack disruptive effects of these drugs (one gram:::: about 1/28 of an on blood pressure and heart ounce). Other sources indicate Rock Cocaine, not to be rhythm. prices as low as $2.00 to $5.00 confused with crack or rock, is for a "one hit" vial containing produced when a bonding agent approximately one grain of crack. is added to cocaine hydrochloride Packaging and Prices Pieces of crack (rocks) weighing powder. This mixture is then 300 milligrams generally sell for compressed and stamped with a Packaging and pricing $5.00 -$10:00. Crack pills sell for punch press to create a product variations have been noted in $6.00 each. Bazooka is sold in of uniform size. Rock cocaine is different areas of the United folded white paper. It is the most generally white to off-white in States. Crack has been pack­ inexpensive form of cocaine, color and about the size of a aged in small vials similar to over­ selling for as little as $1.00 per pencil eraser. the-counter cold or diet capsules dose. Freebase is the purified which are either clear or multi­ base form of cocaine hydrochlo­ colored. Some vials are similar to ride salt. It is a colorless, odor­ those used for perfume samples. Selling Methods less, transparent crystalline The vials, some with plastic substance. Freebase, when stoppers at one end, come in a A Cracl< House is generally mixed with volatile chemicals, variety of sizes. an apartment or house but can usually ether, is smoked in a Glassine envelopes contain­ also be a storefront or club room special alcohol-filled glass pipe ing a viallvials with brand names where crack can be purchased. using a high temperature flame such as White Cloud, Cloud 9, The definition of what constitutes source such as a torch. and Super White are becoming a crack house varies from city to This method of smoking cocaine common. The glassine bags city. is extremely dangerous as ether containing the vials of crack are A crack spot is a take-out is highly flammable and easily secured with scotch tape and only service, operated from a ignited. then stamped with the brand fortified premise or apartment; a Coca Paste, Bazooka, name on the scotch tape. Crack small hole in the door permits Basuco or BCiZUCO is a crude vials are also being hermetically goods and money to be ex­ extract of the coca leaf. Known sealed in small one inch plastic changed without the need for as cocaine sulfate, paste or base, baggies. visual contact. it is the intermediate form of Crack is also being sold in Base houses are compa­ cocaine; one step away from ready-to-use two to six inch pyrex rable to opium dens or heroin coca leaves and one step before tubes approximately 114 inch "shooting galleries." These loca­ cocaine hydrochloride salt. Ba­ wide. A screen is placed on one tions are usually a club room, zooka is light tan in color, is end so the pellet will not fall out. apartment, or private home. mixed with tobacco or marijuana Small foil wrapped packets There is usually an admission and smoked in a cigarette. This are also used in some parts of the charge to enter the base house is the most contaminated form of country to distribute crack, how­ and a separate charge for the use smoking cocaine often containing ever, the clear plastic vial ap- of a pipe and torch. Other

25 cause death by failure of the to support their habit. Law en­ respiratory system, convulsions forcement officers are admitting and heart attack. Prolonged use they are losing the war and law can lead to psychosis and strong makers are calling for tougher paranoia. penalties for the dealer and the Smoking crack may cause user. houses do not sell the drug on the the abuser to think he sees There must be a united effort premises, they simply provide a "halos" surrounding objects on to stop this epidemic. Educators room and a device for smoking. which he attempts to focus. The are recommending drug educa­ Abusers must bring their own halo effect is often called tion in our schools beginning as crack. "snowlights" by users. early as kindergarten. Parents Groups of persons or indi­ Withdrawal symptoms have the ultimate responsibility to viduals who are seen signaling or include loss of energy and appe­ teach the child to abstain from shouting that they have crack to tite, difficulty in sleeping and deep mind-altering drugs. If we want to sell are said to be "hawkers." depression. It is noted that some prevent chemical abuse, we must "Hawking" locations range from cocaine users have used black work together as a community, the roadside to selling openly tar heroin, a new low cost form of parents, schools, law enforce­ on.the street. Many of these Mexican heroin, to overcome ment agencies, all committed in "hawkers" are children. These severe depression associated fighting the drug epidemic which children are usually school drop­ with cocaine smoking. has already destroyed one gen­ outs with no skills or vocational eration of our children and is training. For a desperately poor threatening the next. kid, the streets sing a siren song Profile of Cocaine Smokers of fancy cars and designer jeans. There's easy money and fast The majority of crack users Effects and Symptoms of drugs. appear to be between 20 to 35 Cocaine Abuse years old, however, increased teenage abuse has been noted. The effects of cocaine abuse Hazards of Smoking Cocaine It is also reported that children as are well-defined. Following a Products young as 10 or 11 years old are dosage of cocaine into the blood­ being introduced to crack. These stream and brain, the user experi­ Crack may have a low children are afraid of needles, ences a short-lived rush of pleas­ introductory price, but the de­ and don't like swallowing pills but urable feeling. There follows a mand for continued use can make do not hesitate to take a puff of a temporary abolishment of all self­ the practice one of the most cigarette laced with cocaine base. doubt and an increased feeling of expensive drug habits. There is fear that the crack self-esteem and self-confidence. Some cocaine smokers have epidemic is reaching children There are also increased esti­ become paranoid immediately under the age of 10. One story mates of one's self-creativity, after using crack, hearing strange indicated that a five year old had competence, productivity, and things or se~ing things move that been given crack by his nine year power. The user often becomes are not in motion; others believe old brother. While there does not excited in his behavior and is people are after them and be­ appear to be many abusers in this talkative. He is stimulated into come violent. Some users hallu­ age category, the potential exists increased activity, and can go cinate and feel little insects, for children of those addicted. without sleep for long periods of "cocaine bugs," are crawling time. under their skin. Unfortunately, the high or Health problems include Finding Solutions pleasurable experience is fol­ sore throat, hoarseness, parched lowed more often than not by tongue and lips, respiratory The problems associated feelings of depression, irritability, problems, chronic coughing and with smoking cocaine extend far impatience, and pessimism. spitting up black phlegm. Long beyond the user. Crimes of Since this period of depression, term abusers are said to lose violence have increased. People known as "crashing," can be weight, and may acquire oily skin talk of depleting life savings to cured by taking another stimulant, that may turn a yellow or gray buy crack. Scores have turned to an abuse pattern of repeated tinge. Smoking cocaine can dealing, stealing, and prostitution dosages often begins. It's a

26 pattern that is increasingly difficult substance is required. to break. Heavy users may resort Cocaine has been known to to taking larger dosages at in­ cause death by convulsions, by creasingly frequent intervals until failure of the respiratory system, all they can think of is getting their and by heart attack. Prolonged next dose. use of cocaine can lead to psycho­ Another noticeable, outward sis, feelings of suicidal despair, training on an out-patient basis effect of the cocaine user is pupil and strong paranoia brought about are provided. For those who dilation. Sometimes the pupils by the cocaine and other drugs require regular medical or profes­ become fixed. Some habitual with which it has been mixed, such sional supervision, in-patient care cocaine users suffer from severe as quinine, ephredrine, metham­ in a cocaine-free, controlled , anxiety, and halluci­ phetamines, and heroin. environment with appropriate nations. They sometimes imagine counseling is advisable. the sound of footsteps approach­ Persons seeking confidential ing, and often feel bugs or insects Help is Available expert advice about cocaine may crawling under their skin. In this contact the National Cocaine condition, a person should be Treatment for cocaine­ Helpline at i-aOO-COCAINE. This handled with care and caution, related illness is best accom­ toll-free hotline is available nation­ because an addict may some­ plished on the basis of symptoms wide 24 hours a day. The National times behave like a frightened shown. For acute anxiety, a Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) animal and attack the individual sedative such as Valium can be HOTLINE, 1-aOO-662-HELP, is a trying to help him. prescribed. For a severe over­ confidential information and referral Occasional use of cocaine dose situation, hospitalization and line that directs callers to cocaine causes a stuffy or runny nose, respiratory assistance is recom­ abuse treatment centers in the while chronic snorters develope mended to avoid death by respira­ local community. an ulceration to the mucous tory arrest. Once the critical membranes of their nose. Those period of possible cardiac failure who inject cocaine with an unster­ or respiratory arrest is past, a Will the Cocaine Epidemic ile needle run the risk of contract­ recovery prognosis is favorable, Continue? ing AIDS or infecting themselves although the cocaine abuser may with hepatitis (inflammation of the suffer persistent headaches and At a White House conference liver). Smoking cocaine increases general listlessness for periods of in December, 1990, President the rate of heartbeat and blood days and even weeks. After George Bush said, "Virtually every pressure. Worst of all, the abuse recovery, psychological support is piece of information we have tells of cocaine in this fashion in­ of the utmost importance. us that drug use trends are creases the risk of addiction. The four basic ways cocaine headed in the right direction - The number of infants born dependence is treated are similar down. Nevertheless, as long as to drug-addicted mothers is to the techniques used by heroin there are hospital rooms filled with becoming a crisis, according to addicts. Some persons are drug addicted babies, neighbor­ Brian Udell, M.D., chief neona­ strong and determined enough to hoods ravaged by drug violence tologist at Broward General kick the habit by themselves, cold or children threatened byaddic­ Medical Center in Fort Lauder­ turkey, by simply not taking any tion, a declaration of victory would dale, Florida. Hospitals are more of the addicting drug. But be premature." . reporting an increasing number of for the majority of cocaine-de- The 1990 Omnibus Crime sickly newborns dubbed "cocaine . pendent persons trying to cure Bill substantially increases law babies." A mother using cocaine themselves, the support of others enforcement resources at the is, in effect, smothering the fetus. is necessary. There are groups federal and local levels. Despite Cocaine babies suffer from similar to Alcoholics Anonymous, our law-enforcement efforts at various problems, from to appropriately called Cocaine home and on the border areas, heart attacks. Anonymous, willing to offer the supply is up as growers in Withdrawal from cocaine is support to anyone needing help. South America continue to keep very painful and the user is often In addition, there are other profes­ their cash crop on the move. driven back for more cocaine. sionally supervised and highly Tolerances to cocaine build over structured programs available in time, so more and more of the which counseling and other 27 According to estimates by the House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse, up to 150 tons of cocaine could enter the United States this year. Cocaine is prevalent throughout America. Users beget users, friend turns on friend, workers supply co-work­ ers, and professional colleagues supply fellow colleagues, that is the way this drug is distributed in this country. So what is the best way to put an end to this epidemic? There is no simple answer. Americans need to understand that the use of cocaine causes psychological and physical de­ pendency, a feeling that causes the user to feel that he can't function without the drug. Learn about the effects of cocaine on the mind and body and don't use it. Students in high school or in college, homemakers, and men and women in the workplace or at leisure, should be encol!,raged to stand by their convictions when pressured to use cocaine. The best thing to do when offered cocaine is to politely refuse. We must all work together, parfmts, law enforcement agencies, term basis), for some. forms of depression and to curb app'etites, community groups, and schools depression, treatment of certain their abuse has increased. Since in sending a firm message: types of hyperactivity in children, the World War II days of the mid- cocaine use is wrong, harmful, and to treat , a rare 40's, Americans have been and sometimes deadly. disorder marked by uncontrolled buying amphetamines in quanti­ sleep patterns. ties that currently run in the The benefits of ampheta­ billions of tablets each year. Amphetamines and mines (often referred to as uppers Because of their medical Methamphetamines or speed), are many, and so are side effects, physicians are Manufactured Stimulants the temptations to abuse their careful in prescribing ampheta­ stimulating qualities. mines as diet-control agents to Amphetamines and metham­ their patients. Despite their being phetamines are synthetic sub­ Amphetamine Abuse is listed as a controlled substance stances, made in pill or capsule Widespread regulated by the CSA, and de­ form, that increase the reactions spite being classified in the same of the central nervous system Amphetamine, dextroam­ category as morphine and co­ when taken into the body. Regu­ phetamine, and methamphetam­ caine (having a high abuse lated by the Controlled Sub­ ine are all so similar in induced potential and little medical value), stances Act of 1970, ampheta­ effects that they can be differenti­ the abuse of amphetamines is a mines, when properly used, have ated from one another only by serious problem today. been beneficial to the treatment laboratory analysis. of Parkinson's disease, for help­ Since 1935, when ampheta­ ing to control (on a short- mines were produced to treat

28 It has been estimated that as Crystal Meth Ice appears in two forms; much as half of all the legally Ice, crystals water-based ice is translucent, manufactured supply of ampheta­ batu (Filipino) oil-based ice is yellow. Ice looks mines find their way into illegal, shabu (Japanese) like rock candy or rock salt. non-prescribed channels. Addi­ hiroppon (Korean) Ice is usually sold in papers, tionally, black- market laborato­ clear, heat sealed cellophane ries at home and abroad turn out Methamphetamine packets or opaque glass vials. imitation pills and capsules that One hit, (.10 of a gram) sells for only skilled technicians in labora­ Methamphetamine is known $50 with an ounce going for as tory surroundings can detect from on the street as "crank", "crystal" much as $7,000. One gram of ice the real thing. or "ice". Crank or crystal, a is said to produce 10-15 hits. Ice Clandestine laboratories that powdered form of methamphet­ seized in Hawaii has been ana­ manufacture illicit methamphet­ amine, has been around for years lyzed at 98-100 percent pure. amine have proliferated because and is the most prevalent, clan­ of the ease of production and the destinely manufactured controlled limited skills needed to run them. substance in the United States. Because many of the chemicals This powerful stimulant drug has used in production have industrial effects of intoxication similar to or household uses, they are easy cocaine. Crank is being referred and inexpensive to obtain. Most to as the poor man's cocaine and laboratory operators are "cooks" according to the National Institute Ice Pipe rather than trained chemists and on Drug Abuse, crank looms as a their recipes are usually pub­ potential national drug crisis in While the powdered form of lished or handwritten. the 1990's. The drug is often methamphetamine is snorted or injected intravenously but can be taken orally, ice is usually snorted or taken orally. smoked in a glass pipe. Ice is Ice, a crystalline, smokeable Amphetamines and metham­ odorless and can be smoked in phetamines are known by a wide form of methamphetamine, first public with little danger of detec­ variety of slang names: appeared in Hawaii in 1985 and tion. A telltale sign of a meth-pipe has now spread from Hawaii to user are burn marks on fingers Amphetamines the U.S. mainland. used to seal the vent hole in the Bennies pipe chamber during heating. Black Beauties Called "amping" for the Roses amplified euphoria it gives them, White Cross ice smokers experience a high Pep Pills that can last up to 14 hours. Wheels The drug tends to keep the Dexies user awake and alert. The effects Oranges of coming off an ice high can be Football much worse than coming off a Cartwheels crack high and can last for days Coast to Coast or until the next smoke. L.A. Turn-abouts or Use of ice can lead to vita­ West Coast Turnarounds min and mineral deficiencies, Uppers Ice rapid weight loss, lowered resis­ Ups The ice trail goes back to South Korea, a major exporter of tance to disease, strokes, heart Copilots attacks and pulmonary edema; Bumblebees this drug. The Koreans learned abusers virtually drown in their Hearts about methamphetamine from the Japanese who invented it in own body fluids. Methamphetamines This drug seems certain to Speed 1893. During World War II, the Japanese supplied meth to their become more destructive than a Meth second Ice Age. Crystal workers and weary soldiers. It Bombida was banned in Japan in the Crank 1950's but Japan remains the largest market for ice. 29 Effects on the User aches, shakes, anxiety, and ciencies. Sleeplessness, weight dizziness. loss, and depression also result Illicit use of amphetamines, People who have used large from regular use. Frequent use methamphetamines and dex­ amounts of amphetamines over of large amounts of the drug can troamphetamine closely parallels long periods of time also develop cause brain damage evidenced that of cocaine in the range of its hallucinations. They see, hear, by slurred speech and thought short-term and long-term effects. and feel things that do not exist. disturbances. Amphetamines make a They have irrational thoughts Injection of amphetamines is person feel alert and lively. Truck (delusions) and feelings that life threatening because of non­ drivers on all-night runs, students people are out to get them (para­ sterile equipment and contami­ studying for an exam, entertain­ noia). People in this state should nated, self-prepared solutions. ers, athletes who need to be up be treated with caution. They for a performance, and people frequently display violent and trying to lose weight are known to unpredictable behavior. Methods of Abuse take speed. Others take them just to get high. The first reaction How Stimulant Abuse Affects Amphetamines may be used after popping a pill or capsule is a The Body in a social setting, although there feeling of heightened awareness are many solitary users, some of and well-being. Users become Amphetamines stimulate the whom combine this stimulant with more talkative, and may even try central nervous system by in­ alcohol. Most users simply pop to answer questions before they creasing the amount or availabil" the pill or capsule and experiment are asked. They feel any chal­ ity of adrenalin to the nerve-cell with the various effects obtained lenge can be met and solved connections. This is particularly from a wide variety of combina­ easily. No problem! The student true of areas in the brain associ­ tions. Use of amphetamines cramming for an examination or ated with vigilance, heart action, usually begins with an average the athlete who wants to excel in and mood. Such stimulation is dose of 2.5 milligrams or 15 to 30 an athletic contest, may find that normal in emergency or life­ milligrams per day. As tolerances this kind of abuse leads to real threatening situations, but if the increase, the user tends to in­ difficulties. Instances of death stimulation is prolonged exces­ crease the dosage until feeling during athletic contests have sively by amphetamines, other compelled to change to the been traced to amphetamine use. undesirable side effects occur. intravenous injection route. When the stimulation of the It is easy to understand why Those on a speed binge have amphetamine pill or capsule amphetamines are called uppers been known to inject as much as wears off, the feeling of being or speed. Amphetamines keep 1,000 milligrams every two or able to solve any of the big you awake. Heart action and three hours. problems in life fades as well. breathing rates increase as does Upon withdrawal, the speed The user feels tired, and his jaw blood pressure. Appetite de­ freak feels terribly depressed and muscles are tight from clenching creases and there exists a feeling lethargic, yet he can't sleep. This his teeth. He remembers that it's of well-being and heightened condition leads the user to other been a long time since he had awareness. drugs that temper the effect, such anything to eat, but his appetite is Other less desirable effects as barbiturate drugs commonly gone. Sleeplessness sets in. of amphetamines include a dry called "downers," and the cycle Dizzy, sweaty, tired to exhaus­ mouth, sweating, headaches, continues. tion, he must keep moving or he blurred vision, dizziness, anxiety, The addicted amphetamine will crash. The easy solution­ and sleeplessness. Extremely speed freak is not very cool. In incorrectly perceived-is to pop high doses can cause skin to fact, he is a social failure who another pill. become flushed or pale, rapid or can't stop talking and doesn't When the collapse does irregular heartbeat, loss of coordi­ make much sense. He is continu­ come, and it surely will, the nation, and even physical col­ ally on the move, often belliger­ helpless feeling of losing all the lapse. ent, unstable, sexually inept, and strength in his muscles sets in, Long-term effects on the jittery. Like the cocaine or heroin and it's frightening. Symptoms body caused by heavy use of addict, the speed freak will do similar to the flu are common. amphetamines can lead to malnu­ anything to obtain his supplies. They include sickness, head- trition, skin disorders, ulcers, and diseases related to vitamin defi-

30 Clandestine Lab Dangers Impurities found in some drugs Prevention have resulted in severe and Several chemicals involved permanent neurologic disability Obviously, the elimination of in the production of amphetamine following intravenous injection. large-scale, illicit suppliers of and methamphetamine present If you suspect that a clan­ amphetamines and better appli­ danger from fire or explosion. destine laboratory is operating in cation of controls over legitimate Risk of injury or toxicity from your community, don't ignore it, production and distribution of chemical exposure depends on report your suspicions to a law these drugs is part of the answer. the toxic properties of the chemi­ enforcement agency. Danger of More importantly, the complica­ cal, quantity, concentration and explosion and fire comprise the tions and consequences of abuse duration of exposure. Chemicals greatest risk from chemicals of amphetamines must be made classified as solvents or corro­ stored in the lab. An active more widely known through sives produce the greatest poten­ laboratory that is supplied with improved educational approaches tial for danger. Some common chemicals presents a great risk of at all levels, starting in the ele­ chemicals used in the laboratory adverse health effects for occu­ mentary grades. are: hydrogen cyanide, acetone, pants and emergency personnel The user needs help if he is , ether, and responding to a fire or health call. hooked on amphetamines. This thorium. Inhalation of hydrogen Some lab operators set up chemi­ usually means skilled treatment, cyanide can cause coma, respira­ cal "booby traps" in an effort to since all too many of those ad­ tory failure and death. Thorium is disable or injure intruders. An dicted will be difficult to rehabili­ an alpha emitting radioactive unsuspecting or curious child tate. Close support from the material. could suffer chemical exposure. user's friends and family is neces­ If a home or building is discov­ sary, plus medical and psycho­ ered to be a clandestine drug lab, logical help. Hospitalization may it should be considered unsafe for be required. Unfortunately, the entry and reported to the proper speed freak who wants to stop his authorities. habit may continue to be attracted to the enormous chemical high he has experienced. This may Appetite Suppressants-·The cause a relapse after seemingly Drugs having broken the habit. Group therapy in which In recent years, diet-control ex-speed freaks can interact drugs somewhat less potent than with others undergoing recovery amphetamines have been manu­ treatment has been successful in factured. These drugs, the so­ many cases. Those who have called anorectic drugs, have been come through the speed scene found to produce many of the themselves are trusted, and their effects produced by ampheta­ counsel is more likely to be mines. They also are on the list accepted by the user who really of controlled substances for wants to kick his destructive safety purposes. Some of these drug habit. drugs are known by the trade Clandestine lab names noted here: Children living near a labora­ tory environment are subject to Didrex Tanorex accidental skin or inhalation Pre-Sate lonamin exposure in addition to accidental Voranil Adipex-P ingestion of chemicals. Symp­ Tenuat,g Dexedrine toms may include burns to the Pondimin Cyclert skin, intoxication, dizziness, loss Sanorex Bacarate of coordination and nausea. Plegine Ritalin Drugs produced in clandes­ Meffiat Preludin tine labs contain an excess of Statobex contaminants and by-products.

31 DEPRESSANTS, also called IIdowners, II refer to those drug compounds that affect the central nervous system by decelerating its activities. Synthetic or natural depressants include those used to induce sleep (), produce a relaxed state leading to sleep (), or relieve anxiety without sleep (tranquilizers).

32 ------

an onset time within 15 to 40 minutes after taking the drug (usually by mouth) and a duration lasting up to six hours, an attrac­ tive period of time to the abuser, hence this group is most sought after:

Generic name: Trade name: Nembutal Seconal Amytal Butisol Lotusate Dial A lura te Delvinal

3) Long-acting with an onset time of up toone hour and a duration of up to 16 hours. These are normally used as sedatives, hypnotics, and . They include: Barbiturates Generic name: Trade name: Barbiturates create physical as well as psy­ Veronal chological dependence. They are Luminal Barbiturates, commonly also controlled by the CSA. mephobarbital manufactured in pill or capsule or methylpheno- form, are the most widely abused barbital Mebaral of the synthetically produced Classification of Barbiturates Gemonil depressant drugs. Chronic users of these drugs in high dosages There are three generally There are about 2,500 seek a feeling of elation, tranquil­ different kinds of barbiturates derivatives of barbituric acid that ity, and well-being. available, classified according to have been synthesized, but of Barbiturates depress or calm the speed of the drug onset and these only about 15 remain in the c;:entral nervous system, just the duration of its reaction time in medical use. the opposite of the stimulant the body. The following are drugs. Barbiturate drugs are examples. Jaluable in the treatment of 1) Ultra-short onset time, iilsorpnia, , anxiety, usually within one minute after hypehhyroidism, and high blood administration of the drug and pressure. They are used to treat with a relatively short duration mental as well as physical ill­ that makes them unattractive to nesses, since their essential the drug abuser. These are: effect is to be a sedative rather than to relieve pain. It is not Generic name: Trade name: surprising then that barbiturates Evipal are often called downers. Other Brevital slang narT}es are taken from the Surital color of the capsule, such as thiopental Pentothal blues or yellow jackets, or the shape of the tablet, such as 2) Short-acting and interme­ peanut. Barbiturates, like heroin, diate-acting barbiturates, having

33 Trade Names and Slang Terms Depressants

Generally, barbiturates are called sleepers, downers, candy, goof balls, goofers, peanuts, beans, Christmas trees, and barbs. Other names relate to the brand or particular classification of the barbiturate. Amytal Nembutal

Slang/Street Trade or Names Other Names Yellow jackets Pentobarbital Yellows . sodium Nimbys Blues Amobarbital Blue heaven sodium Lotusate Blue birds Blue devils Reds Secobarbital Red birds sodium Red devils Seccy or Seggy Pink Red and Blues Amobarbital Rainbows and Noludar SK· Bamate Double trouble Secobarbital in Effects of Heavy Barbiturate number of uppers and more combination Usage downers to achieve the desired feeling. All too often the situation Continued and excessive gets out of control. It has been Barbiturates Are Addictive use of barbiturates results in recorded that as many as 50 pills slurred speech, staggering, loss per day have been consumed by Because use of barbiturates of balance, quick-tempered people addicted to sleeping pills. can be habit forming a.nd addic­ responses, and a quarrelsome The sleeping-pill sedative tive, these drugs must be taken disposition. The appearance of can prove fatal when combined according to a physician's instruc­ drunkenness without the smell of with the depressant effect of tions. Regular use over a long alcohol clearly points to barbitu­ alcohol, because the total effect period of time results in increased rate intoxication. of botll depressants is multiplied tolerance, so that larger and People who use more barbi­ more than two times. The list of larger dosages are needed to turates than they should include celebrities who have overdosed achieve the same effect. those who have difficulty dealing on a combination of alcohol and When regular users stop with anxiety, or simply those who sleeping pills includes Marilyn taking barbs, they feel physical have trouble sleeping. Some are Monroe, Judy Garland; Dorothy withdrawal pangs manifested by under excessive stress and find it Kilgallen, Alan Ladd, Janis Joplin, simple restlessness, anxiety, and easier to bear if sedatives are and Elvis Presley to name a few. insomnia leading sometimes to taken. Sometimes those taking Accidental deaths have convulsions and death. Those pep pills or uppers find they need occurred by taking sleeping pills who become psychologically barbiturates or downers to get in larger numbers than intended. dependent feel they must have them back to feeling normal. Sometimes a person wakes up their drug supply to function. Only that doesn't work too well as after taking the usual dose of one Their one aim in life becomes the two drugs do not actually or two pills at bedtime, forgets sharply focused on getting more balance each other. Soon, the having taken the earlier dose, and of the drug. user is taking an ever increasing takes more.

34 that kills. Withdrawal from barbitu­ rate overdoses can be more serious than withdrawal from heroin. For this reason alone, medical supervision is needed when an addicted person is with­ Methods of Abuse and drawing from barbiturate abuse. Recognizing Symptoms A dangerous part of with­ Methaqualone-What is it? drawal is lack of muscular coordi­ Barbiturates are cJmmonly nation, similar to epileptic seizures Methaqualone is yet·another taken in pill or capsule form. which can also occur. Respiratory synthetic sedative, one that is Barbiturates in solution have been failures can happen during with­ chemically unrelated to all other taken into the muscle or intrave­ drawals as well. depressants. Once mistakenly nously by injection. The duration The goal of treatment is to thought to be nonaddictive and of the se.dative effect lasts from assure stabilization of the patient effective as an aphrodisiac, one to 16 hours, depending on to prevent such extreme with­ methaqualone, known as Quaa­ the dosage and the kind of barbi- drawal symptoms, and to allow ludes, Ludes, 714's, and 747's, turate used. \.. gradual recovery. has caused many cases of seri­ Too much of the drug taken ous poisoning. into the body results in slurred Once marketed under brand speech, drunken behavior, and Other Abused Sedative­ names such as Quaalude, Parest, disorientation. An overdose of Depressant Drugs Optimil, Somnafac, and Sopor in barbiturates often results in coma, the United States, pharmaceutical accompanied by cold and clammy There are other depressant manufacturers in this country skin, rapid and shallow breathing, drugs being abused, including have voluntarily stopped making dilated pupils, and a weak and . Examples of methaqualone. Countries in rapid pulse. If not treated, death these products are Europe and other parts of the could result. (Valium), (Lib­ world that previously ~upplied the When a person stops taking rium), and chlorazepate raw powder for producing barbiturates, withdrawal symp­ (Tranxene). All are being sold on counterfeit methaqualone (mostly toms are indicated by feelings of the street in illegal channels as in Columbia, South America) are anxiety, sleeplessness, tremors, downers. now withholding these materials. , and convulsions. Again, Other depressants include· As a result of these self-imposed death is possible if treatment is (Doriden), ethchlor­ controls by the legitimate drug not available. vynot (Placidyl), methaqualone industry, illegal street sales of the (Sopor, Quaalude), and drug have virtually dried up, hydrate (first made in 1862), which according to the Drug Enforce­ Breaking the Habit is available in liquid form or in ment Administration. gelatin capsules. Quaaludes are administered Barbiturate addicts must be , first made in by mouth. When too much is helped through withdrawal under 1950, is used as a mild tranquilizer taken, overdosing can occur. close medical supervision. Con­ and is identified in the marketplace This is evidenced by convulsions vulsions (and possible death) may by brand names such as Miltown, and thrashing movements, typical occur up to the 16th day of with­ Equanil, Kesso-Bamate, and of grand mal seizures. drawal. SK-Bamate. Barbiturate overdose has been a factor in nearly one-third of all reported drug-related deaths, including suicides and accidental drug pOisonings. The danger lies in the fact that with barbiturates there is little differ­ ence between the amount it takes to induce sleep and the amount

35

------In 1981, Ouaaludes were reported as being the popular drug of choice with adolescents, ranking next to marijuana. As with most depressants, using Ouaaludes creates a feeling of well-being, similar to an alcoholic high. The user feels more outgoing, pleasantly friendly, and less inhibited. The effects of a heavy sedation of Ouaaludes can soon cause walking and talking difficulties. Additionally, the use of Ouaa­ ludes is dangerous, because it causes severe distortion of judgment and depth perception. Driving a car while under the influence of methaqualone is dangerous and suicidal. Chloral Nydrate

36 1---

HALLUCINOGENS refer to that group of drugs that affect the central nervous system) causing thought disrup­ tion) distortion of ego) emotional changes) and alterations in perception. Most of these natural or synthetic substances (some are extracted from a fungus)) have no medical value and pose special dangers to users because of the high potency in very small doses.

37 Diethylamide)' has been found in says there has never been a sugar cubes, candy, paper, aspirin, documented incident in which LSD­ liquor, cloth, and on the back of soaked tattoos have been given to postage stamps. children. LSD is usually taken by mouth, but can be injected. It is LSD 25 seldom diluted, in fact, it is so powerfully concentrated that weak­ LSD is a colorless, odorless, ening of the product is not easy. and tasteless chemical made from Tolerance to taking LSD develops lysergic acid derived from the ergot rapidly. However, there appears to fungus that grows on rye grain. It be little or no can be found in liquid or powder on the drug. Blotter paper form. First produced in 1938, its psychedelic qualities were first The third general category of discovered when a chemist acci­ Effects of LSD on the User dangerous drugs, in addition to dentally ingested some LSD in stimulants and depressants, is the 1946 and took a hallucinogenic During the first hour after , so-called because trip. He experienced light intensifi­ taking LSD, the user may experi­ they may produce illusions or cation and with his eyes closed ence visual changes and extreme hallucinations of the various saw a stream of fantastic images changes in mood. In this hallucina­ senses. of extraordinary vividness, accom­ tory condition, the user may see When experiencing an illu­ panied by a rapidly shifting display distortions in objects, and experi­ sion, a person's ability to perceive of colors. His trip lasted two hours. ence distortion in depth and time is distorted, disoriented, and no A dosage of LSD in liquid perception. He is no longer able to longer related to the real world. form no larger than enough to make sensible judgments, to Marijuana is classified basically as cover the point of a pin (50 to 200 recognize common dangers, or to a hallucinogenic drug, but is also a micrograms) is sufficient to take a see objects in a normal context. - stimulant and a depressant. (See user on a trip for approximately Physical evidence of LSD Cannabis section). eight to 16 hours. LSD is the most usage may include dilated pupils, Most hallucinogenic drugs in potent of all hallucinogenic sub­ lowered body temperature, nausea, the illicit trade are manufactured in stances used by man. A minute goose bumps, increased blood secret laboratories. Some are amount reaching the brain pro­ sugar, and rapid heart beat. Often legitimately made, but then illegally duces striking effects in mental the hands become clammy and diverted or stolen for purposes of functioning. trembling, breathing is labored, and profiteering. Some hallucinogenic chills may develop. products are made from naturally LSD is totally unpredictable, grown plant parts, such as Mesca­ How LSD is Sold and Used and its decline in popularity since line, which is obtained from the the late 1960's is certainly under­ peyote cactus and Psilocybin from LSD is most often sold on the standable. LSD has been aban­ the mushroom. street as a tablet, on blotter paper doned by most of its earlier users Although irresponsibly pro­ (impregnated with liquid LSD), as because too many bad trips or moted as a means of expanding window panes (~mall square bummers were being experienced. consciousness, hallucinogens gelatin sheets), and microdots The good trip that made one feel all have yet to be proven medically (small balls of powder on a paper). knowing and able to solve any valuable. Hence, there are no The similarity between childrens' problem all too often turned into standards of quality control in decals and decorated blotter paper hours of dread and terror. Too existence. has led to warnings that tell par­ many users were hurting them­ Illegal labs produce their ents to be aware of blue star selves physically, and some died product in capsules, tablets, pills, tattoos and postage stamp-size while hallucinating. powders, and liquids. Peddlers pictures of Superman, Mickey then transport the drug to market in Mouse and other characters that a multitude of ways. For example, are impregnated with LSD. The LSD-25 (lysergic acid Drug Enforcement Administration

38 Flashback Experiences often called "Angel Dust." It is available in many illegally manu­ Regular users of LSD report factured forms, including tablets, the experience of flashbacks, or capsules, or as white, crystal-like reoccurrence of some of the LSD powder. When sold on the street experiences that happened days it may appear in any color e.g. or months after the previous (red, green, blue). It can be Effects of PCP on the User dose. Often a flashback experi­ smoked, inhaled, sniffed, or ence can result in considerable injected. PCP is sometimes Physical reactions to PCP depression and a fear that one is sprinkled on marijuana (called depend on how much of the drug going mad. Such occurrences SuperPot), or sprinkled on pars­ is taken by an individual and how have been known to lead to ley and smoked. it is used. The heart beat is suicide. The flashback experi­ elevated as well as blood pres­ ence may be related, in part, to sure, while flushing, sweating, the extremely high potency of the dizziness, and numbness also chemical and its structural rela­ occur. Large doses can cause tionship to a chemical present in death from repeated convulsions, the brain. Because of these heart and lung failure, or ruptured factors, LSD is used to study the blood vessels in the brain. mechanisms of mental illnesses. Reported effects of PCP on Flashback experience may the abuser are varied. For some, be triggered by physical or psy­ PCP is a stimulant (when taken in chological stress, or by medica­ small amount.s) speeding up body tions such as , or functions. Other users report by marijuana. their own bodies and objects Slang terms include LSD, around them are changed. Acid, Cubes, Sugar, 25, The Big Speech, muscle coo~dination and 0, the Cube, Lucy in the Sky with vision are also affected. Diamonds, Green or Red Dragon, Dulled to the sense of pain Blue Heaven, White Lightning, and touch, with users' body and Microdot. -PCP movements slowed and the While physical dependence sense of time spaced out, some does not appear to be a problem users are essentially in a state of Street Names (as in other drugs), the danger of tranquilization. psychological dependence on Some users report numb­ PCP is sold on the street by LSD is certainly present. And as ness, slurred or blocked speech, a variety of names that reflect the tolerance to LSD or Acid, as it is and loss of coordination, which range of bizarre and volatile commonly called, builds up, so may be accompanied by a feeling will psychological dependence. effects it causes. These names of great strength and invulnerabil­ are: Angel Dust, Supergrass, ity. A blank stare, rapid and Crystal, Killer Weed, Embalming involuntary eye movement, and Fluid, Hog, Lovely, Loveboat, PCP (Phencyclidine) an exaggerated gait are among Rocket Fuel, Devil Stick, Elephant the more common, observable Juice, and Dummy Dust. It has PCP was first developed as effects of the PCP abuser. Audi­ been sold as LSD, THC, and an anesthetic in the 1950's, but tory hallucinations, image distor­ Mescaline. was found to cause side effects tion as in a house-of-mirrors, and such as confusion and delirium in severe personality disorders may patients. In the 1960's, PCP was occur, producing acute anxiety, a commercially used in veterinary feeling of impending doom, and, medicine, under the trade name in some, paranoia and violent Sernylan, to tranquilize animals. hostility. Because of continued side-effect PCP can produce reactions problems, production was halted similar to schizophrenia, a mental in 1970. PCP, known by a variety of names on the street, is most

39 to respiratory collapse. Suppor­ Psilocybin-Psilocyn tive medical care is recom­ Mushrooms mended in a quiet and reassuring environment. Valium is often Psilocybin and psilocyn are used to reduce or relieve muscle obtained from mushrooms grown spasms and as a sedation. in many parts of the world includ­ disorder characterized by halluci­ ing the United States, but mostly nations and delusions of persecu­ from mushrooms grown in Mex­ tion. Although such extreme Mescaline ico. Like mescaline, mushroom­ psychic reactions are associated derived hallucinogens have been with repeated use of the drug, Mescaline, the primary used in Indian religious rites for they have been known to occur in hallucinogenic ingredient of the centuries. some cases after just one dose peyote cactus, comes from the When eaten, these "sacred" and to last or recur intermittently fleshy parts or buttons of the or "magic" mushrooms affect the long fifter the drug has left the plant, and for centuries has been mind and perception in a manner body. used by various Indian tribes of similar to that of LSD. The mush­ Central America and the south­ rooms are also dried and used in western United States as part of capsules or pills. Others drink the Dangers to PCP Users their traditional religious rites. water in which the mushrooms The Native American church has have been cooked. The effects PCP users can have flash­ used peyote in its ceremonies last up to six hours depending on backs or recycling effects, which since earliest recorded times, and the dosage. have occurred for up to 30 days has been exempted from certain The active ingredients of the after a single dose, without provisions of the Controlled mushroom, psilocybin and psilo­ apparent re-exposure to the drug. Substances Act. cyn, are chemically related to PCP has caused violent and Usually ground into powder, LSD, and while occurring natu­ erratic behavior in people who are mescaline is taken by mo·uth. A rally, they may also be syntheti­ not normally that way. Such dose of 350 to 500 milligrams cally produced. behavior has led to drownings, produces hallucinations and Unfortunately for the user of I falls from high places, burns, and illusions lasting from five to 12 the mushroom hallucinogen, the automobile accidents. Regular hours. product being sold on the street PCP users find their memory, Mescaline is not likely to often contains other chemical perception, concentration, and cause physical dependence, but it compounds. Strangely enough, judgment adversely affected. may cause psychological depend­ street users who want nothing to Others may show signs of para­ ence. do with LSD will pay for mush- noia, fearfulness, and anxiety. Mescaline is also known as rooms because they are organic. During these times, the users Mesc, Buttons, and Cactus. Another problem with psilo­ may become aggressive, while Some of the possible effects on cybin or psychedelic mushrooms others withdraw and can't com­ the user include illusions and is that any look-alike mushroom fnunicate very well. Long term hallucinations. Poor perception of can be substituted for the real users suffer memory and speech time and distance often results. thing. This could result in mush­ difficulties as well as hallucina­ With an overdose of mescaline, room poisoning. Unless the user tions, seeing and hearing that the user experiences longer, really knows his mushrooms, which does not exist. more intense trip episodes, buying psilocybin on the streets is psychosis (lost contact with a risky business. reality), and sometimes death. The effects of psilocybin on Medical Treatment of PCP Users report the peyote­ the user are the same as those Patients button hallucinogenic drug tastes described for Mescaline. bitter and often causes vomiting. The combination of PCP with It is considerably less potent than other drugs makes the manage­ LSD, hence its reputation as a ment of drug-overdose situations mellow psychedelic. a critical problem. PCP and barbiturates are often a fatal combination, sometimes leading

40 Why Try Hallucinogenic Drugs?

Many reasons are given for trying LSD and other hallucino­ genic drugs, ranging from curios­ ity to a desire to know oneself. Most people take the drug for the high or to feel better, because they are unable to deal with life's frustrations or perhaps because they are left out of things. It is clear that without the high created by LSD, the drug would never have been popularized. PCP is an extremely unpre­ dictable and powerful drug. When smoked in a marijuana or regular cigarette, it is a very risky proposition. There is no way to measure the quality or potency of Angel Dust (PCP) being sprinkled on a cigarette. Quality control for Peyote cactus any of these illicitly produced drugs does not exist. The user never knows for certain what he is taking into his body, A word to the wise: watch out for PCP, it can drive you crazy.

Psilocybe mushroom

41 r~

I L~._

INHALANTS are chemicals, the vapors of which are breathed in to achieve n7ind-altering effects. Solvents, aerosols, and are the most common inhalants abused. They tend to act in slowing down body functions:

42 another way to get high. method used, inhaling chemical Anesthetics include nitrous fumes is a dangerous and some­ (laughing gas), , times lethal practice. amyl nitrite, and butyl nitrite. Amyl nitrite is a clear, yel­ lowish liquid sold in a small, cloth­ The Inhalant Abuser Sniffing Abuse covered, sealed bulb. When the bulb is opened it makes a snap­ Inhalant abusers are gener­ The practice of inhaling ping or popping sound; thus the ally between the ages of 7 and 17 vapors for their psychoactive nicknames, "snappers" and and from low income neighbor­ effect goes back to ancient "poppers". Because amyl nitrite hoods. Most youngsters start Greece. The psychoactive dilates the blood vessels and sniffing inhalants because of peer effects of inhalants such as makes the heart beat faster, it is pressure and because inhalants and chloroform were used in the treatment of heart are readily available and inexpen­ noted in the early 1800's. Ether patients and for diagnostic pur­ sive. Inhalant abuse is an inter­ was first inhaled at the beginning poses. Prior to 1979, amyl nitrite national problem. In America it is of the twentieth century. Sniffing was available without prescrip­ estimated that about 7 million of solvents began in the late tion. When it became available people from all segments of 1950's and aerosols in the by prescription only, many abus­ society have experimented· 1960's. ers switched to butyl nitrite. with inhalants. Inhalants have been de­ Butyl nitrite is packaged in scribed as breathable chemicals. small bottles and sold under a They include solvents, aerosols, variety of names such as Satan's Sniffing Death and some anesthetics. Solvents Scent, Locker Room, Climax, commonly abused include model Rush, Bolt and Bullet. When The medical profession calls airplane glue, nail polish, cleaning used as an inhalant, it produces a it sudden sniffing death. Inhaling fluids, and . When high that lasts from a few sec­ highly concentrated amounts of inhaled into the lungs, these onds to a few minutes. Its aerosol sprays can cause heart chemicals produce a psychoac­ effects on a user are decreased failure and instant death. Striking tive or mind-altering condition that blood pressure followed by quickly, death can occur any time can be anesthetic in its effect, or increased heart rate, flushed face a person sniffs. slow down body functions. and neck, dizziness, and head­ Non-aerosol inhalaQts can Inhaling low doses produces ache. Some researchers believe cause death from suffocation by slight stimulation. Inhaling higher that butyl nitrite depresses the displacing the oxygen in the amounts produces a lessening body's immune system, lungs. Inhalants may also pro­ of inhibitions, and the user feels weakening its ability to ward off duce suffocation by depressing less in control. Inhaling high the AIDS virus or any infection, the central nervous system to a doses can result in loss of perhaps irreversibly. point that breathing slows and consciousness. then stops. Aerosol products (available The risk of overdose in­ in the marketplacG1) that are often Methods of Abuse creases when inhalants are used inhaled include , paints, while taking other depressants cookware coating agents, hair The type of chemicals and such as alcohol, tranquilizers or sprays, and other products. how they are abused are limited sleeping pills. Loss of conscious­ Butane is one of a variety of only by the imagination and ness, Goma or death can result. hydrocarbon derivatives such as ingenuity of the user. Aerosol Persons experiencing inha­ correction fluid or the coolant sprays al"·$ released into a pop­ lant overdose should receive Freon. Butane abusers risk loss top, beer or soft drink can and the immediate medical attention. of coordination, confusion, lung, vapors inhaled through the small While waiting for help, those in liver, bone marrow and brain hole at the top of the can. Other attendance should make sure that damage and possible death. For chemical vapors are trapped in a the person's mouth arid throat are most people, butane is the paper or plastic bag and then free from any obstructions. propellent that fuels cigarette inhaled from the bag. A cloth Efforts should also be made to lighters. For a growing number of may be moistened with a chemi­ keep the person awake by having teens who inhale it, butane is cal and the fumes inhaled directly him/her walk and talk. from the cloth. Regardless of the 43 Effects of Inhalant Abuse effects are immediate and they products for legitimate purposes, can last from 15 to 45 minutes it is best to do so in a well-venti­ Initial effects of deep breath­ after inhaling has stopped. lated room or outdoors. ing these various chemical vapors Continued abuse of these Long-term use of inhalants include nausea, sneezing, nose­ inhalants can result in loss of develops a tolerance to the bleeds, bloodshot eyes, feeling weight and self-control, violent product. Inhalants can cause and looking tired, bad breath, lack behavior, nausea and vomiting, permanent damage to the nerv­ of coordination, thirstiness, and and possible heart failure. ous system, reduce physical and loss of appetite. The heart beat Inhaling concentrated fumes mental capabilities, and damage and breathing rate change and from a bag greatly increases the the liver, kidneys, blood, and there is often a noticeable effect chance of suffocation. Even bone marrow. in a person's judgment. The when painting or using volatile

Warning Signs Signs that a person may be abusing inhalants are as follows: • loss of interest in personal • altered time and distance • cleaning rags in room, appearance, food, and perceptions closet or basement family activity • sores on nose and mouth • dried paint or spray on • peculiar, spaced-out clothes and body behavior • unpleasant, chemical breath • empty spray cans, tubes • lack of coordination of glue • increased coughing and salivation

44 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS are natural or legally manufactured drugs used as a medicine under a doctor's written order.

45 profitable for one thing, and it bilitation from chemical depend­ takes a lot of patience. It's hard ency relapses or drops out of not to write a prescription." . the program, refusing to admit Without realizing what is that they have a disease called happening, a woman taking addiction. Valium on prescription soon finds Every person who completes Prescription Drugs-Women that the original five milligrams the rehabilitation program usually Are Often Victims doesn't do the job, and soon she has a sponsor, similar to Alcohol­ asks for 1(1 milligrams to achieve ics Anonymous or Narcotics Over 200 million prescrip­ the desired effect. Why? The Anonymous, to provide a support tions for tranquilizers, sedatives, body has adapted to the drug, system when regular life is re­ stimulants, and pain-killing drugs and has learned to tolerate its sumed. Ways to treat tension, are written in America every year. presence. The more of these pills pain, and the original causes for Two-thirds of these prescriptions taken, the more the brain adapts prescription drug addiction in­ are for women who have gone to to them. At the same time, the clude physical therapy, relaxation their doctors for a variety of liver, the main organ that elimi­ techniques, acupuncture, acu­ medical reasons. nates a drug from the body, be­ pressure, biofeedback, special For anxiety, a prescription comes more adept at removing it. diet, and special vitamins. Say for Valium or Librium is issued; Soon the person using a certain "No" to prescription drugs unless for sleeplessness, a prescription drug finds it necessary to in­ absolutely necessary for for Seconal or Luminal; for ten­ crease the dosage. medical problems. sion, a prescription for Fiorinal; for back pain, a prescription for Percodan; and for surgery pains Treatment for Prescription Steroids and discomforts, prescriptions for Drug Addiction Darvon and Valium are issued. All across America and It is estimated that 2 million Recovery centers or clinics throughout the world, athletes, American women are victims of for the chemically dependent are lawyers, stockbrokers, teachers, prescription drug abuse. They available throughout the country. clergymen, construction workers are addicted and need help. It Many specialize in both inpatient and kids are taking steroids. The has become a major social and outpatient programs and obsession with bigness has problem. comprehensive aftercare. Costs created an illicit demand for . A U.S. Food and Drug Ad­ for treatment vary, ranging from steroids. That demand is being ministration survey of doctors in $2,000 to $20,000 or more. Most met by manufacturers who pro­ 1982, found that they had issued major U.S. medical centers have duce anabolic steroids faster than one prescription for every patient such clinics and there are hun­ U.S. doctors can prescribe them seen the previous week. dreds of recovery clinics spon­ for legitimate medical reasons. Dr. Ted Williams, former sored by private and non-profit Steroids have become the ego head of the chemical abuse clinic organizations. Medical expenses drug for males, pop a pill and­ at the Naval Hospital in Long for treatment are covered by good-bye wimp, hello Rambo! Beach, , where former many health insurance plans. In general, steroids are First Lady Betty Ford received Many corporations and other organic compounds which have treatment, says, "Women aren't businesses provide confidential many functions in the body. more susceptible to drug abuse, rehabilitation programs at com­ Examples of steroids include but men don't go to doctors as pany expense as part of their , Vitamin E, male and much. It's more macho to go out Employee Assistance Programs. female sex hormones and and get drunk. Women learn The first four or five days in a hormones that regulate body early in life to go to a doctor and treatment center are spent in de­ metabolism. ask for a pill." toxification or withdrawal by the Anabolic steroids are syn­ "It starts out innocently," Dr. patient, followed by four to 12 thetic derivatives of testosterone, Williams explains. "It is much weeks of therapy, counseling, a male sex hormone. The testos­ easier for a doctor to write a and learning how to go on living terone hormone has two main prescription than to suggest alter­ without chemical dependency. actions - anabolic and andro­ native ways of dealing with An estimated one out of every genic. The androgenic action tension or pain. Talking isn't three persons undergoing reha- causes masculine traits in men,

46 the anabolic action is a building Damage to the B'ody signal flashing; at the next stop­ process. Anabolic steroids have light, he leaped from his car and legitimate uses for several medi­ Steroids cause the body to smashed the driver's windshield. cal conditions such as treatment retain nitrogen and this causes Another young man bought a of osteoporosis, certain types of the body to retain more water for $17,000 sports car while taking breast cancer, certain anemias balance, resulting in edema. This the steroid methandrostenolone and male hormonal disorders. extra fluid in the body elevates or Dianabol (no longer available Anabolic steroids can be taken the blood pressure, causing by prescription). When he orally or by injection. and heart disease. stopped taking the drug he real­ High blood pressure can lead to ized he couldn't afford the pay~ kidney and heart failure and can ments and sold the car. A year promote atherosclerosis, an later, he was taking steroids artery-clogging disease. Doctors again and impulsively bought a report that early heart disease is $20,000 sports car. Some users a real threat. The most accurate become paranoid believing that lab tests show steroids add three friends steal from them while to four times to the risk of heart others become euphoric and disease. Oral steroids have also believe that nothing in the world been implicated in the develop­ can hurt them. ment of liver tumors. Body builder Daniel Baroudi died at age 26 of liver cancer; this was the Sports and Steroids Steroids first documented case linking Effects of Anabolic Steroids on steroids and liver cancer. In 1974 the International the Body Olympic Committee added ster­ oids to the list of banned sub­ In teen-agers, anabolic Psychological Complications stances. Unfortunately, the use steroids can stunt body growth by of steroids continues. At the causing the growth plates, the Dr. Harrison Pope, Jr, a 1988 Summer Olympics, an spongy parts of the long, young psychiatrist at McLean Hospital in athlete lost his gold medal when bones to close prematurely. Belmont, Massachusetts and Dr. tests revealed that he had run A woman taking an anabolic David Katz of Harvard Medical with an , stano­ steroid is taking a masculine School, conducted a study on the zolol, in his system. Oral drugs hormone that is antagonistic to psychiatric dangers of steroids. are often used prior to competi­ the estrogens, female hormones, Their study was published in the tion and have a shorter detection in her body. Anabolic steroids April, 1988 issue of the American period. Steroid injections last change fat distribution by increas­ Journal of Psychiatry. They longer, six months or more. ing muscle mass and shrinking found that high doses of steroids In 1975, the International breast size. Female vocal cords could cause severe depression, Amateur Athletic Foundation, the enlarge and cause the voice to manic behavior and other serious world-wide track federation said it deepen. They also spur growth mental problems. Research, would ban, for life, anybody of facial and body hair and cause based on interviews with athletes, caught using steroids. The enlargement of the clitoris. found that one-third had suffered National Collegiate Athletic In men, large doses of delusions, hallucinations, manic Association began a mandatory steroids will cause the male's episodes, and depression. drug testing program in 1986 and pituitary gland to stop the body Mental problems associated even the National Football from producing testosterone with steroid abuse are unpredict­ League (NFL) has cracked down because so much of the synthetic able as one individual may be on steroid users. testosterone is already in the affected by a small dose while body. This shutdown can cause another may not be affected by a breasts to grow, testes to shrink, massive dose. Violence and Withdrawal Effects a lowered sperm count and aggression are also problems. decreased sexual drive. An example is that of a steroid Anabolic steroids are not user who became enraged when without withdrawal effects. A a driver rn front of him left his turn number of athletes have said that

47 after they stopped taking the three years to a minimum of five however, their strength is un­ hormone drug they felt listless, years, with sentences doubled known. People who use such powerless and depressed. To for repeat offenders and offenses drugs risk overdosing on them, top it off, the body nitrogen involving children. causing severe physical and level drops and the edema or psychological reactions. water weight, is lost and all Prescription Drugs­ Prescription drugs pose an weight gains disappear within Most Abused additional hazard often over­ weeks, sometimes even to a looked. Most bathroom medicine lower level than before taking The legitimately manufac­ cabinets in the home contain the steroids. Athletes report tured prescription drugs in the various prescribed . looking in the mirror and watching following illustrations are those Many of these prescription drugs their body shrinking before their most commonly abused. Unlike are psychoactive tablets or cap­ eyes ... depression is definitely a illicit drugs, these drugs are more sules that are no longer taken by problem. easily recognized because of the the patient and would probably consistency of their sizes, not be missed If removed from the shapes, and colors. Stringent cabinet. For the drug abuser, the The Law manufacturing standards require medicine cabinet can be a ready each tablet or capsule of a source of drugs. Parents and California became the first specific type to appear the same. grandparents should dispose of state to make steroids a con­ Markings such as a groove drugs that are not being used. trolled substance, thereby making through the center of the tablet~ Medications in use should be sale or possession of them for known as scoring, indentations, properly secured, especially when sale a felony. Penalties range up numbers, letters, or trade and youngsters are present. to five years in prison and a manufacturers' names on tablets The illustrations that follow $20,000 fine. California also or capsules, further help to make do not cover all legitimately made it a felony for doctors to visual identification possible. manufactured drugs, nor are they prescribe steroids for body build­ The size and color of a intended to substitute for a chemi­ ing and toughened penalties for tablet or capsule aids in explain­ cal analysis where such action is legal manufacturers of steroids. ing the strength and potency of a warranted. It will help the reader California is the only state to particular drug product. The quickly identify some commonly enact legislation requiring steroid ingredients or compounds, as abused drugs encountered out­ education programs. they are called, that go to make side a valid medical-use situation. In Florida, it is a third-degree up each individual tablet or A suspected drug may be com­ felony punishable by five years in capsule are generally measured pared to the illustrations for prison and a $5,000 fine for any in grams or milligrams. By identification. person or pharmacy selling increasing the milligram levels of The lack of distinctive mark­ steroids without a prescription. a drug compound in a tablet or ings on some of the drugs illus­ Florida law also calls for a maxi­ capsule, the strength or potency trated sometimes makes them mum penalty of license revocation of the product is increased. A more difficult to recognize, how­ for doctors who prescribe ana­ doctor's prescription will usually ever, this is the only means of bolic drugs to athletes for muscle­ list the dosage amount in milli­ visual identification available. enhancing purposes. grams, informing the pharmacist The drugs presented are repro­ In 1990, President George how strong to make the medica­ duced as closely as possible to Bush signed into law legislation to tion ordered for the patient. actual sizes and colors, but some crack down on the illegal steroids Unfortunately for those who allowance should be made for market by classifying anabolic misuse drugs, some prescription slight color variations associated steroids as a controlled sub­ drugs are counterfeited and sold with the actual drugs. stance. Under the new law, DEA on the street as the real thing. All illustrations are grouped has the authority to investigate They may look the same in size, as depressants, narcotics or steroid trafficking. Penalties for shape, color, and markings, stimulants. steroid trafficking increased from

48 DEPRESSANTS affect the central nervous system by de­ celerating its activities. Synthetic or natural depressants include those used to induce sleep (hypnotics), produce a relaxed state leading to sleep (sedatives), or relieve anxiety without sleep (tranquilizers). Some signs to look for: drunken behavior without odor of alcohol, disorientation, slurred speech lack of coordination.

/'1,·r· ( \ I' . ;, j

1. Ativan 0.5 mg .• 1 mg., 2 mg. 2. Valium 2 mg .. 5 mg., 10 mg.

C~··· t 3. Tranxene 3.75 mg .. 7 mg., 15 mg. 4. Serax 10 mg., 15 mg., 30 mg.

.. f....--. .'0, 5. Librium 5 mg., 10 mg., 25 rng. 6. Xanax 0.25 mg., 0.5 mg., 1 mg

7. Dalmane 15 mg" 30 mg. 8. Restoril 15 mg" 30 mg. 9. Nembutal 50 mg., 100 mg. 10. Pentobarbital -- 100 mg.

/ 'f' f

11. Seconal 100 mg. 12. Tuinall00 mg., 200 mg. 13. Phenobarbital 15 mg. 14. Placidyl 500 mg. - - 30 mg., 60 mg .

. ( 15; Ooriden 0.5 GM 16. Halcion 0.25 mg., 0.5 mg. 17. Talwin NX 18. Talacen

. . fl' .~ "" " .. 19. Darvan 65 mg. 20. Darvon Compo - 65 21. Oorvocet n-50. n-l00 22. Wygesic

49 NI:.RCOTICS cause dulling of the senses and induce sleep. Their prolonged use can result in addiction. Some signs to look for: drowsiness, slurred speech, euphoria, constricted pupils, watery eyes, runny nose.

(""

23. Codeine 15 mg.. 30 mg. 24. Morphine 15 mg.. 30 mg. 25. Dalophine HQ 10 mg. 26. Demerol 50 mg.. 100 mg.

27. Percodan 28. Percocet 29. Dilaudid 1 mg.. 2 mg.• 30. Mepergan- Fortis 3 mg.. 4 mg.

31. Tylox 32. Hycodan 33. Empirin w/Codeine 2. 3 34. Empracet 3 f.<:""-\ ("'"-"" r"· \ \ \,

35. Tylenol w/Codeine 2. 3. 4 36. Phenaphen w/Cadeine 3. 4 37. Fiorinal Tablet and Capsule 38. Fiorinal w/Codeine 2.3

STIMULANTS affect the central nervous system causing increased alertness and physical activity. Some signs to look for: talkative, state of euphoria, rapid pulse. loss of appetite, insomnia.

C:---- 39. Dexedrine 5 mg. 40. Dexedrine Spansule 5 mg.. 41. Ritalin 5 mg.. 10 mg.• 42. Biphetamine 12~ mg. 10 mg.. 15 m.g. 20 mg. 20 mg.

43.- lonamin 15 mg.. 30 mg. 44. Preludin 50 mg.. 75 mg. 45. Prelu - 2 105 mg. 46. Didrex 50 mg. ( Resin)

47. Tenuate 25 mg. 48. Tenuate Daspan 75 mg.

50 Fentanyl now been declared illegal by the plex challenges, the U.S. Con­ U.S. Drug Enforcement Admini­ gress in late 1984 gave DEA stration (DEA). emergency powers to deal with Fentanyl has taken its toll in the problem of designer drugs. the medical profession. The Now, instead of the normal six alluring effects of fentanyl have months to a year needed to bring caused anaesthesiologists to be an abusable drug product under an over-represented group of controi, DEA can within 30 days addicted doctors in the United ban uncontrolled use and take up States. According to a report in to a year to justify the action. the August 1986 issue of While legitimately manufac­ Discover Magazine, a recent tured drugs are tested on ani­ study indicated that among 173 mals, designer drugs are tested anaesthesiologists using fentanyl, on humans and the drug buyer 37 died as a result of addiction to doesn't know he is a test subject. the drug. Anaesthesiologists Even the addicted doctor who account for 4 percent of Amer­ must seek fentanyl on the street ica's 500,000 doctors. because he can no longer divert it Designer drugs have caused from legal channels does not Designer Drugs widespread havoc. In 1982 know what he is buying. So fentanyl analogs (variants of called "bucket" chemists can Designer drugs refer to fentanyl) are known to have produce designer drugs in their chemical substances produced in caused 107 deaths in California, garage with a minimal amount of clandestine laboratories by Arizona and Oregon. A bungled chemicals. Like the infamous unscrupulous chemists who attempt at producing MPPP, MPPP chemist who was respon­ convert available controlled an analog of the pain-killer Mep­ sible for causing' symptoms of substances into new, legal, and eridine (Demerol) resulted in Parkinson's disease in so many uncontrolled drugs, which can more than 400 drug abusers to people, a small mistake applying then be sold on the street to drug suffer side effects of Parkinson's heat or acid during synthesis of addicts and abusers. disease. Twenty people were designer drugs can have destruc­ Fentanyl, a synthetic nar­ permanently crippled as a result tive results for users. cotic marketed under the name of using this drug. More than The flood of cocaine and Sublimaze, was developed by 200 other variations of fentanyl other drugs on the street may be Janssen Pharmaceuticals in Bel­ have been created and the total the only thing limiting the spread gium. By tinkering with the number of variations could of designer drugs. It could be the molecular structure of fentanyl, an reach 1,000. next epidemic. underground chemist in California The designer-drug business produced an extremely powerful, is not restricted to heroin substi­ addictive, and euphoric substitute tutes alone. Synthetic cocaine The Look·Alike Problem for heroin. and amphetamine products are Thi's new synthetic drug also on the market. Designer Tablets and capsules con­ which first appeared in 1979, was chemists are even making an taining readily available, over-the­ called China White because it re­ amphetamine-mescaline hybrid counter ingredients made to sembled the finest-quality heroin known as MDA, which is now resemble popular controlled from Southeast Asia. In 1983 illegal. A variation of this hallu­ stimulant or depressant products another called Per­ cinogen called Ecstasy, Adam, are known as look-alikes. They sian White was identified in Essence or MDMA is a highly mimic popular controlled stimu­ California. It was 1,000 times abused drug, even though it is lant products, or "uppers," such more powerful than heroin. Both claimed by some t(":' be useful in as Biphetamine, lonamin, Dex­ China White and Persian White the field of psychotherapy. amyl, Dexedrine, , and are close relatives to the parent MDMA may become the new LSD Fastin. They also imitate con­ drug, fentanyl, but with just of the 1980's. Unlike LSD, how­ trolled depressant substances, or enough difference in their make­ ever, this ap­ "downers," such as Valium up to have made them uncon­ pears to be addictive. and Librium. trolled substances. They have To help combat these com- Compounds used in look-

51 alikes are the same as those distributed at sports events or In 1981 DEA distributed to contained in over-the-counter rock concerts. all U.S. states a Model Imitation nasal , , Often a buyer purchases Controlled Substances Act, diet aids and sleep aids, allergy, improperly labeled look-alike making it illegal for anyone to asthma, or cold remedies. These products under the impression manufacture, distribute, possess, materials are simply caffeine, that these tablets or capsules are or advertise an imitation con­ ephedrine, , in fact controlled SUbstances. trolled SUbstance. By 1984, at phenylpropanolimine, antihista­ They pay from 50 cents to $2 for least 43 states had passed some mine, and analgesics. a product that only cost the form of legislation against look­ Look-alike products are distributor 2 to 15 cents each. alike and act-alike drugs. usually promoted as being safe Look-alike products can be Despite these efforts, there and legal stimulants, diet aids, or harmful if taken in large quantities remains a hard core of sleep aids, and their promotion or in combination with alcohol. manufacturers and distributors often implies they can be resold Reactions can range from nerv­ who find their profits lucrative for huge profits. Such advertising ousness, insomnia, or drowsiness enough to continue to resist usually has been directed at high to a sharp rise in blood pressure, government regulations and school and college youth through cerebral hemorrhaging, or tempo­ remain in business. direct mail, magazines, or flyers rary psychotic episodes.

Look-alike stimulants

52

------ALCOHOL is a colorless, volatile, pungent liquid; the intoxicating ingredien1t in beer, whiskey, gin, rum, wine coolers, and other distilled or fermented liquors. A depressant, it affects the central nervous system by slowing its activities.

53 Alcohol-Use and Misuse to promote the idea that consum­ responsible for about 45.1 percent ing alcohol is necessary for social of all traffic fatalities. The 17,699 Alcohol is a paradox. Almost well being. But, bear in mind that fatalities in alcohol-related crashes any statement you make about it alcohol is an addictive drug and is during 1992 represent an average is true. the nation's leading drug problem of one alcohol-related fatality every causing an annual 100,000 alco­ 30 minutes. • It quenches thirst, but can hol-related deaths and $130 billion trigger uncontrolled, compulsive in economic costs. drinking. The presence and use of Alcohol Percentage in Drinks alcohol is customary and accept­ • It is an , able in many family homes and The alcohol percentage in but often a false substitute for social and business environments. beer, wine, whiskey, or mixed health-giving food. Because alcohol is so com­ drinks varies. Most beer contains monly and legally available in drug four to six percent alcohol. Wine • It symbolizes gracious or food stores, in bars and restau­ contains more alcohol than beer; living, yet is a possible way to an rants, at sports events, and in between 12 to 20 percent plus ungracious death. many homes, it is important to some fruit juices and mineral remind our young people that even content. Hard liquor or distilled • It is a medicine, but can though alcohol is a legal drug, it is spirits such as whiskey, gin, cause blood, heart, and liver illegal to drink it until they are of bourbon, brandy, or vodka contain disorders. legal age. They should learn early 40 to 50 percent alcohol. in their developmental years that Wine Coolers, a mixture of • It is a cultural amenity, a alcohol is a. very powerful and fruit juices, sugar, red or white wine part of everyday living, yet often a often addictive drug. Unfortu­ and carbonation, contain the same factor in the breakdown of the nately, surveys reflect that most amount of alcohol as a 12 oz. beer. family. young Americans take their first However, carbonation mixed with drink of alcohol during their el­ alcohol causes greater impairment. • It releases inhibitions, but ementary or middle school years, Half of the proof number, can read to overpowering feelings usually at home in the company of found on the label of a distilled of isolation. family members or close friends. whiskey or gin bottle, equals It is estimated that more than the percentage of alcohol in that • It is used to drink a toast to 20 rnillion Americans misuse drink. For example, an 86-proof good health, drinking it can alcohol. Surveys show that eight bottle of whiskey contains 43 per­ destroy good health. out of 10 high school seniors have cent alcohol and 1aO-proof bour­ tried alcohol more than once, that bon contains 50 percent alcohol. Alcohol is a central nervous twenty percent of all ninth grade A rule of thumb: One 12- system depressant, the most boys can be called problem drink­ ounce can of beer contains the widely used and misused non­ ers and that seven out of 10 adults same amount of alcohol as a 1 1/2- prescription drug in the United drink at least occasionally. ounce shot or jigger of whiskey or States. Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is Drugs, like alcohol and a five-ounce glass of wine. So, if the kind of alcohol contained in marijuana, are considered "gate­ you drink a six-pack of beer you alcoholic beverages such as beer way drugs" or "stepping stones" are drinking six doses of a very or wine and in more potent hard that can lead users to other drugs powerful and addictive drug. liquors like whiskey, rum, gin, such as cocaine, speed, LSD, Some people put more than vodka, bourbon, or brandy, which angel dust (PCP), or even pre­ one jigger (1 1/2 ounce) of whiskey are all made by fermentation or scription drugs such as tranquiliz­ in their glass; or they make mixed distillation of fruits, vegetables, and ers, sleeping pills, or narcotics. drinks (cocktails) that contain two grains. It is the ethyl alcohol in Over 5,000 teenagers are or three shots of hard liquor. these drinks that causes intoxica­ killed yearly in auto crashes where Martinis made from gin and dry tion or drunkeness. alcohol is involved. The National vermouth, and Manhattans made America's beer, wine and Highway Traffic Safety Administra- . with bourbon and sweet vermouth, liquor companies spend about $2 tion reported that in 1992 there combine hard liquor and wine with billion on advertising and promo­ were 39,325 traffic crashes. Drunk an alcohol content between 50 and tion campaigns that are designed driving or the use of alcohol was 60 percent. Obviously mixed drinks

54 excess alcohol in the bloodstream cannot be removed or burned off by having a drunk person drink black coffee or walk about briskly. The only way a person can sober up after excessive drinking is to allow the liver time to complete its oxidation process, about one hour per drink. - - Some drinkers get boister­ - - rous and rowdy. Others who consume the same amount of alcohol become mellow and happy. Still others, gregarious and uninhibited. The behavior of a drinker is not always predict­ one shot glass with able, but on one point the experts one glass of wine one can of beer 111.! ounces of (5 ounces) has (12 ounces) has hard liquor has all agree, alcohol is a powerful 1;2 ounce of actual alcohol 1;2 ounce of actual alcohol Y2 ounce of actual alcohol sedative that acts as a depres­ sant or downer when taken into the body.

are far more potent than a glass slow down or numb the drinker's of wine or beer, and can produce normal sense of judgment and Stages of Intoxication a pronounced effect on the body other important coordination in a shorter period of time. centers such as speech and Recognizable stages of in­ movement. toxication can be generally de­ The liver serves an important scribed. First the happy phase. The Effects of Alcohol function, that of converting alco­ After a drink or two the drinker hol in the bloodstream into water, appears to be in a happy, relaxed The effects of alcohol on the carbon dioxide, and energy. This state. With three or four drinks body depend on several things conversion cannot be hastened the drinker enters the next or such as body weight, age, past and takes place at a rate of about excited phase. The senses of drinking experience, how many one-half ounce of pure alcohol emotional control and judgment drinks are taken over a period of per hour. This is about the are affected, reactions are some­ time, and, sometimes, what the volume of alcohol in a 12-ounce what slower, and poor judgment drinker expects the alcohol to do. can of beer, a 1 1/2-ounce shot or is evident. In the third phase, People usually drink to relax, to jigger of whiskey, or a five-ounce after five or six drinks, the senses fee! good, to forget about minor glass of wine. are even more dulled and a worries or problems, or to relieve When alcohol is taken into confused state is evident. Some aches and pains. Many people the body at a rate faster than one staggering, disorientation, and drink because it is the socially ac­ drink per hour, excess alcohol, mood changes occur. Speech is ceptable thing to do .. Others drink which has to wait to be oxidized slurred and double vision can to get drunk. by the liver, accumulates in the occur. When more drinks are The alcohol in any drink first bloodstream where it continues to consumed without allowance for enters the stomach and then affect the heart, brain, coordina­ the body to recover, the drinker is passes directly into the blood­ tion centers, and other functions. not able to stand or walk and is stream (is absorbed) through the The rate that alcohol passes soon in a stupor, barely con­ walls of the stomach and small into the bloodstream can be scious. In this condition, if the intestines. Alcohol requires no slowed if food is taken while drinker continues to take alcohol, digestion and once in the blood­ drinks are being consumed. the final stage or coma is reached stream goes directly to all parts of Alcohol on an empty stomach in which unconsciousness occurs. the body including the heart, will pass into the blood stream Few body reflexes are visible and brain, and liver. immediately. the person could die from In the brain alcohol acts to Contrary to popular myths, respiratory paralysis.

55 Blood Alcohol ment of the heart, decreased avoid alcohol. l Concentration (BAC) cardiovascular endurance. If you do drink, moderation is Damage to Developing best maintained by consuming no It takes approximately five Fetus: or unborn babies can more than three or four ounces of to six drinks consumed within result through premature births, alcohol per week, preferably not two hours for a 155 pound person and increased infant mortality. on one occasion. to reach a BAC level of .10 per­ Ulcers and Gastritis: A commonly accepted belief cent. Even a .03 percent BAC caused by irritation to stomach that moderate alcohol usage level indicates judgment and tissues. lowers one's risk of heart disease ability are lowered and can lead to Malnutrition: alcohol has is being evaluated in light of the risky driving. no food value and can interfere multiple health risks associated Reliable BAC percentages with the proper digestion of food. with its usage. There are safer show that with a BAC level of .10 Cancer: the incidence of options to prevent heart disease. percent the average driver is six cancers to the mouth, larynx, or seven times more likely to have tongue, throat, liver, and lungs is Drinking and Driving an accident than if completely high. Excessive alcohol nega­ sober. The more inexperienced tively affects high and low blood Because of stepped up the driver the more dangerous sugar and uric acid levels. efforts by citizen groups, law­ driving and drinking becomes. Brain Damage~ brain cells makers, police officials, and With a BAC of .15 the same are destroyed by bouts of heavy judges against drunk drivers, the driver's accident rate increases drinking that generally weaken alcohol related death toll on our from six to seven to a likelihood of strength, power, muscular endur­ nation's highways dropped to 25 to one. ance, and speed. Reaction time, 17,699 in 1992. That compares Tile average person arrested hand-eye coordination, accuracy, with 25,165 killed in 1982. for driving under the influence of balance, and complex coordina­ The successful reduction of alcohol has a BAC level of .19 tion skills are all adversely af­ highway fatalities was sparked by percent, increasing the accident­ fected by excessive consumption organizations such as Mothers prone rate to 100 to one. of alcohol. Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), Delirium Tremens: (D.T.'s) Remove Intoxicated Drivers Damage to Body Organs result when an alcoholic with­ (RID), Students Against Drunk Can Occur draws or stops drinking alcohol. Drivers (SADD), Boost Alcohol Memory loss, sometimes halluci­ Consciousness Concerning the Prolonged and excessive nations, and disorientation occur. Health of University Students misuse of alcohol can perma­ Fatal Effects: drinking is (BACCHUS), and other groups. nently damage the organs of the directly associated with 45.1 Virtually every state in the nation body. It can cause cirrhosis or percent of the 39,235 traffic has tightened drunk-driving laws scarring of the liver. Heart and fatalities that occur annually. and in recent years some 223 brain damage can also occur. An Abusive use of alcohol can new statutes have been enacted. overdose can cause convulsions, shorten the life span of a heavy Some of these more significant hallucinations, and death. When drinker by 10 to 12 years. laws are: diagnosed early enough the In 29 states plus the District damaging effects of alcohol in the Medical experts recommend of Columbia, driver's licenses are body can be treated and arrested, that alcohol should be avoided if immediately suspended upon but damage caused cannot be you have any of the following involvement in a drunk driving reversed. physical ailments: heart, liver, arrest. A more complete listing of kidney, gastritis, or high blood In 41 states tavern or bar long-term, harmful effects of pressure problems. If blood sugar owners can be held liable for prolonged alcohol consumption levels fluctuate, including uncon­ damages caused by a drunk includes: trolled diabetes, alcohol should driver if they could have taken not be taken. steps to prevent that drinker Liver Damage: scarring of If you want to lose weight from driving. the liver, po~sible cancer of the avoid alcohol, which has 150 Ten states have strength­ liver, and hepatitis. calories in each shot (1 1/2 ened the legal definition of drunk Heart Disease: enlarge- ounces). If you are pregnant driving, changing the standard

56 1992 statistics reveal that drivers in the 16 to 20 age group, who had a BAC of 0.10 or greater, were involved in 17.5 percent of alcohol-related fatalities. College­ age students and young workers in the 21 to 24 age group who had a BAC of 0.10 or greater were involved in 30.5 percent of alco­ hol-related fatalities. To make the problem worse, these youths are in the age group least likely to use their seat belts. In short, alcohol misuse combined with the wrong peer pressure suggestions can result in the commission of dangerous acts that threaten life and limb of a high percentage of youthful drivers. from .10 percent to .08 percent about the dangers of driving and Alcohol Plus Other Drugs blood alcohol content (BAC). drinking. Parents have the re­ In July, 1984, President sponsibility and obligation to When alcohol is combined Reagan signed into law, legisla­ reinforce that knowledge by with other drugs, particularly tion making 21 the legal age for setting a good example. addictive drugs such as some purchasing and drinking alcoholic tranquilizers, methadone, cocaine, beverages. States are required to or heroin, their combined effects follow suit. The penalty for not Alcohol and Auto Crashes are often multiplied an~ physical doing so will be to deprive states dependence to these addictive of federal highway funding. About 2 in every 5 Ameri­ drugs can be accelerated. Police and sheriff depart­ cans will be involved in an alco­ The following is a brief ments are conducting roadside hol-related crash at some time in summary of what can happen sobriety tests more often. Week­ their lives. when other drugs are taken or end checkpoint tests are set up Extremely large quantities of combined with alcohol. The during the evening hours to check alcohol in the bloodstream can effects listed vary considerably drivers' abilities. Drunk drivers stun the brain's control over according to factors such as past are identified by highly accurate breathing and cause death. This drinking habits (tolerance to the blood analysis tests. A reliable rarely happens because the amount of alcohol consumed) and and easy-to-administer saliva test drinker passes out before a lethal perhaps chronic illnesses: is now being used by some or life-threatening BAC level of Antihistamines, (cold or medical and enforcement officers. .50 percent can be reached. allergy medicines) plus alcohol The test can identify within min­ Younger people are espe­ result in drowsiness due \0 central utes, after a simple saliva sam­ cially vulnerable to the effects of nervous system depression. pling, whether or not a driver'S alcohol on judgment and behav­ Alcohol can dissolve the outer blood contains alcohol. The ior. In addition to becoming less coating of timed-release pills, sampling reflects a blood alcohol inhibited in their actions some such as cold, diet and allergy concentration (BAC) range from young drivers become more capsules, resulting in a single, sobriety to the rating of .10 per­ susceptible to the suggestions or large overdose. cent BAC, the level of legal demands of others, and may Aspirin, or other non-narcotic intoxication and probable cause commit destructive or dangerous painkillers such as Tylenol, with for arrest. acts they normally would not have alcohol can result in stomach and School children are taught considered. intestinal bleeding or irritation.

57 Narcotics, such as codeine alcoholic beverages to an extent Alcoholism and alcohol or heroin, plus alcohol depress that causes repeated or contin- abuse together are epidemic, a the central nervous system, ued harm to the drinker. The national health problem of signifi- leading to possible respiratory harm caused may be physical, cant proportions outranked only arrest. mental, social, or economic. by cancer and heart disease. Antabuse, (an anti-alcohol- Anybody who experiences re- The American Medical Associa- ism medicine), plus alcohol result peated or long-lasting injury from tion (AMA) has recognized alco- in flushing, drowsiness, vomiting, drinking would change drinking holism as a disease since 1956, and hyperventilation. habits if they could. When a but fortunately a disease that High Blood Pressure person can't change his habits is treatable. medications with alcohol may and can't control drinking, that cause blood 'pressure to be person is considered to be lowered to a dangerous level. an alcoholic. Warning Signs Of Alcoholism Diabetic Drugs (Oral) The alcoholic cannot predict combined with alcohol cause a how much he or she will drink Although there is no conclusive reaction similar to antabuse with once that first drink is taken. test of whether or not a person is alcohol and reduces the effect of Dependent on alcohol in order to an alcoholic, the following ques- the diabetic medicine. cope with life, the alcoholic finds tions, provided by alcoholic Antibiotics plus alcohol the thought of drinking alcohol to treatment centers, can help cause a reaction similar to be tempting, appealing, soothing, determine whether a person's antabuse and alcohol. and comforting. Some alcoholics drinking has reached a danger- Tranquilizers or Sedatives drink just enough to function ous level. Checking yes to four combined with alcohol result in without experiencing the shakes. or more of these questions increased central nervous system Other alcoholics drink in a socially indicates cause for concern and depression. Alcohol increases normal fashion most of the time, suggests corrective action should the effect of the tranquilizer but suddenly will get drunk with- be taken. ; accidental deaths out warning. have occurred. Alcoholics may develop a YES NO Marijuana or Hashish plus powerful craving for the chemical () () Like to drink alone? alcohol increases drowsiness and ethyl alcohol, and for these () () Lose time from school confusion and affects an individ- people, one drink is too many or work from drinking? ual's ability to function or think and 1000 not enough. This clearly. craving for alcohol doesn't have () () Have lapses of Cocaine combined with to exist for a person to be consid- memory while or after alcohol tends to increase the ered alcoholic. An alcoholic could drinking? euphoric high or pleasurable be a teenager who drinks beer () () Need a drink the feeling that its users seek. Physi- only on weekends. morning after cal as well as psychological There is no single cause for drinking? addiction increases. alcoholism. It usually involves a () () Need a drink at a combination of factors including a definite time each desire to escape from unpleasant day? The Alcoholic And Alcoholism problems. Perhaps the pain or loneliness caused by having too () () Gulp drinks hurriedly It has been estimated that few close ties; perhaps by moving and sneak extras? seven out of 10 adults in America too often, being uprooted or () () Drink to relieve stress, drink alcoholic beverages, and separated from loved ones. fear, insecurity, one of them becomes a victim of Sometimes the shy, insecure shyness? the illness known as alcoholism. person may gain some confi- () () Often drink to escape Both women and men are in- dence through regular use of the blues? volved and three of every four alcohol. There is evidence that alcoholics are respected mem- points to hereditary factors in () ( ) Become moody, bers of their communities, not some instances. There is no irritable, or jealous skid-row outcasts. clinical test that proves conclu- after drinking? Alcoholism can be defined sively whether or not a person () () Need a drink before as the repetitive intake of is alcoholic. going to bed?

58 ( ) ( ) Get the shakes unless Cisco is a fortified wine that drinker to seek help, it usually is you continue looks and smells like a wine cooler, not until confrontation occurs that drinking? but it isn't. It is a potent, potentially the drinker realizes help must be ( ) ( ) Drink all the alcohol in lethal alcoholic beverage. Cisco obtained if the destructive effects the house before bed? contains 20 percent alcohol, the of alcoholism are to cease. equivalent of four to six shots of Treatment for those addicted ( ) () Drinking making your liquor. It is particularly dangerous to alcohol is available. A Simple home life unhappy? to teenagers who may think they cure is abstinence plus learning ( ) () Losing ambition and are drinking a wine cooler that how to say UNo" to that first drink. drive since drinking? normally has a 4 to 7 percent The alcoholic must also learn how alcohol content. The drink can to deal with the overwhelming Alcoholism is not an illness cause hallucinations, disorienta­ emotional and physical temptations like the common cold, rather it tion, loss of motor control and loss that first caused him to drink or often is a slowly developing of consciousness. A 100 pound take other addictive drugs such as progressive disease. No clear person who drinks two 375 milliliter heroin, codeine, cocaine, or other line exists between casual drink­ bottles within an hour could die of chemicals. ing and alcohol dependency and acute alcohol poisoning. The goal of the alcoholic no clear line exists between Cisco is carbonated and person is to learn again how to be alcohol dependency and alcohol­ comes in five flavors. It is being comfortable without drinking, to ism. Therefore, warning signs sold in small bottles shaped like learn again how to be sober, and suggested in the preceding wine coolers and is stocked in to overcome the cravings for questions should be heeded. convenience stores near ordinary another drink or another drug. It wine coolers. The maker of Cisco is not easy, but it is possible. has told Congressional critics it Help is available from Alcoholics New Concerns will change its bottle design so the Anonymous. You will find a local product won't be confused with listing in your telephone directory. The liquor industry is launch­ less potent wine coolers. Physical treatment for the ing new 12-proof, low-alcohol medical aspects of alcoholism is cocktails that are mixed with soda available through hospitals and or fruit juice. These new cocktails There Is Help other private treatment centers. with names such as Dixie The American Medical Associa­ Jazzberry and Lynchburg Lime­ Alcoholism is ca_using pain tion urges all hospitals to accept ade, are flooding into grocery and suffering for 10 million or alcoholic patients. There are stores and liquor outlets. more Americans, according to organizations devoted to helping Liquor marketers deny they conservative estimates from the problem drinkers. These helpful are targeting underage drinkers Consumer Information Center in agencies can be found in the with this new kiddie cocktail that is Washington, D.C. This disease Yellow Pages of your local tele­ often sold in a 12-ounce aluminum affects the lives of another 40 phone directory under such can just like other non-alcoholic million family members, fellow headings as: Alcoholism Informa­ drinks. workers, and associates. tion & Treatment Centers or under One marketer recently Each alcoholic person is Drug Abuse & Addiction-Infor­ changed its recipe from rum to different from another, depending mation & Treatment. wine, allowing it to get into thou­ on emotional needs. But before sands of stores that are barred treatment and recovery can begin from selling hard liquor. Tile the drinker must first recognize marketer estimates it will gain that a problem exists. Recogni­ supermarket distribution in 20 new tion is not always easy to accom­ states because of the change. plish. Denial is the most common In , a recent characteristic of the alcohol survey on high-school drinking abuser, who often steadfastly found that canned cocktails and refuses to admit that drinking is such are the drink of choice among uncontrolled. Despite efforts by girls. Beer was the preference of family, friends, and associates to boys. shame, argue, or persuade a

59 NICOTINE is the chief active, addicting ingredient in H14 tobacco leaves. Nicotine, (e10 N) is a poisonous alkaloid. A small amount injected directly into the blood stream would kill a person within one hour. -

60 Tobacco and How aging before they are ready to it is Produced use. Aging tends to reduce the amount of nicotine in the leaves Tobacco belongs to the because of certain chemical family of plants called nightshade. changes which tend to increase Related to the tobacco plant are the flavor and mildness of the petunia, the Irish potato, the leaves. tomato, garden pepper and eggplants. The tobacco plant most often used in tobacco Is There A Safe Tobacco products in America is called Ni­ Product? cotiana tabacum. It was first developed in Jamestown, Virginia - In by John Rolfe, the husband of the mid-1500's, Jean Nicot, Gum Ulcer Indian Princess Pocahontas. In France's ambassador to Peru, regulations that require health 1613, Rolfe sent the first ship­ sent tobacco plants and seeds to labels be placed on containers of ment of Virginia tobacco to Eng­ France. He later persuaded the and snuff. land and today growing tobacco Queen of France to sniff the dried Effective February 27, 1988, and manufacturing its products is tobacco leaves and eventually, these labels contain warnings that one of the leading industries in Europe became devoted to this chewing tobacco and snuff may the United States. Products form of smokeless tobacco. The cause mouth cancer, throat include cigarettes, cigars, snuff, snuff box became a status sym­ cancer, gum diseases and tooth chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco bol; the beauty of the decorative loss and that they are not a safe and c6'rtain chemicals that are box reflected the wealth and rank alternative to cigarettes. used to kill fungi and insects. of its owner. Cigars and Pipes - Pipe Raised from tiny seeds as and cigar smoke contains many small as ground pepper, tobacco of the same harmful ingredients 'is first planted in seed beds and as cigarette smoke, often in covered with cheesecloth for higher amounts. Smokers who protection. The tobacco plants inhale pipe or cigar smoke have a are transplanted to fields after greater risk of death from lung or they have grown about six inches heart disease than do cigarette high. In about three months the Smokeless Tobacco smokers. Pipe smokers face a plants are four to six feet tall and Smokeless tobacco is used high risk of getting lip cancer. ready for harvesting, usually in in the following ways: chewing­ Pipe and cigar smokers have July and August. One ounce of a quid, plug or chaw of tobacco is higher risks of dying from cancer tobacco seed is sufficient to plant placed in the pouch of the cheek of the mouth, throat or larynx about four acres of land that can and is chewed or sucked on. The (voice box). produce up to 50 thousand tobacco juices are spit or swal­ Clove Cigarettes - Manu­ tobacco leaves. loWed. Dipping (snuff) - placing factured in Indonesia, clove ciga­ The finest, long, broad a pinch of powdered tobacco rettes are composed of 60 per­ leaves are picked and then cured between the lower lip and gums cent tobacco, 40 percent ground or dried in airtight, heated barns or between the gum and cheek cloves, clove oil and other addi­ for three to five days. Some where it is mixed with saliva. This tives. Because cloves are a farmers cure their tobacco leaves also causes an increase in saliva flavorful and widely used spice, it by drying them in sunlight. After and spitting of the juices .. Plug is assumed that clove cigarettes curing, the leaves are sorted and tobacco comes in the form of a are safe. However, clove oil graded according to quality and flattened brick and is wrapped in (eugenol) is suspected of causing weight, tied into bundles of 15 to foil. Leaf tobacco is loose and cancer when burned and inhaled. 30 leaves, ready for market. carried in a pouch. Snuff is dried, Government studies reveal Tobacco selected for cigarette powdered tobacco which comes that clove cigarettes produce and pipe smoking is allowed to in a circular container. levels of tar, nicotine and carbon age in large barrels called hogs­ Because of evident health monoxide similar to all tobacco heads for about three years. problems, the Federal Trade cigarettes. Doctors report that Cigar leaves on the other hand, Commission (FTC) has adopted clove cigarette smokers develop n~ed only about six months of 61 s~lmptoms of coughing up blood, Studies indicate that if both symptoms, including irritability, severe sore throats, nosebleeds parents in a family smoke, a high poor concentration and sleep and frequent upper respiratory percentage of children in that disturbances. "The use of nico­ infections. family will also smoke. A lowel' tine and other drugs is driven by Low Tar and Nicotine - percentage of children become strong, often irresistible urges and Many cigarette smokers now use smokers in those families where can persist despite repeated brands that are low in tar and only one parent smokes and the efforts to quit," said Koop. The nicotine. Those cigarettes mayor least percentage of children report represented the contribu­ may not be less dangerous become smokers in those families tions of more than 50 scientists because of the way smokers use where neither parent smokes. and cited studies showing that them. In order to compensate Consequently, parental example nicotine can have harmful for low levels of tar and nicotine is a definite factor on whether or effects on the central nervous and to achieve certain nicotine not children smoke. system, the muscles, the cardio­ levels or taste more flavor, smok­ vascular system and the ers tend to smol

Rup~ured Heart 63 notorious for undermining will the first week after stopping. the enormous health costs of power and for its empty calories. Why? Because withdrawal from smoking. Removal of the tax-de­ Contrary to common impressions, nicotine is incomplete. Subse­ ductible status now enjoyed by experts say that two-thirds of quent relapses during the first cigarette company advertisers is those who quit smoking either three months are often caused by another means to control sales. stay the same weight or lose a the lack of new, nonsmoking In 1988, about $2 billion was few pounds. habits. A change in routine is spent on advertising by tobacco Recognizing that these vital for success. companies. The repeal of current things can happen in one degree For help, call your local legislation to hamper product or another when you stop smok­ American Lung Association, liability suits being brought ing, can help a person deal with American Cancer Society, or against tobacco companies is yet them. With each denial of the American Heart Association. another means of bringing to­ urge to smoke, the urge dimin­ bacco sales under control. Re­ ishes and soon the physical duction of the Government's price discomfort disappears. Some Curbing the Use of Tobacco support system has also been effects may last longer. These recommended by some as has an include intense cravings for There is a growing move­ outright ban on all advertising tobacco, a testimony to the ment to establish smoke-free of cigarettes. strength of the addiction, nerv­ environments in municipal build­ The Surgeon General has ousness, tension, tiredness, /ight­ ings and other public areas for proposed that America become a headed ness, irritability and people who do not wish to inhale smoke-free society by the year aggressiveness. These condi­ carcinogens. Many restaurants 2000. If you are not using to­ tions can be countered by im­ have separate sections for smok­ bacco pr'Oducts, don't start. If you proved diet, getting extra sleep, ers and nonsmokers. Airlines are are using tobacco products, stop. stepped up exercises, drinking banning smoking on flights of two There are simply no medically additional fluids, avoiding caffeine hours or less. sound values for using snuff, and being mentally tough and de­ Various regulatory means to chewing tobacco or smoking termined to win the struggle curb cigarette smoking include tobacco. Tobacco use is linked to against addication. suggestions that Congress make disability anp death. Quitting the Make no mistake, quitting cigarette sales unprofitable by tobacco habit is not a deprivation, the smoking habit is not easy. All raising the Federal Excise Tax it is an advantage! too often people resume smoking and using these monies to pay

Now available, a companion to the Digest. .. ANSWERS, A Drug Prevention Video for the Family, School and Worl·tplace.

ISAR promotes no use of any illegal drug and no illegal use of any /egal drug

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Glossary Of Drug Slang Terms

This glossary of drug and alcohol related terms is presented to acquaint the reader with the language of those who use, deal, and supply drugs. Street phrases or slang terms frequently change and vary between locali­ ties and ethnic groups. This list does not cover all slang terms that may now be in use, however, it does represent those drug terms more commonly used today. Slang terms that describe the chemical substances are located in each section of the book where the particular drug is discussed.

A CUT To adulterate drugs FRONT To put money out before ACID HEAD User of LSD CUT OUT To leave from some receiving the merchandise AIRHEAD Under the influence of place FUZZ Police manjuana o G B DEALER A seller of illegal drugs GOODS Drugs BAD TRIP Unpleasant episode DECK A packet of drugs GRAM A metric measure of with a hallucinogen DIME BAG Ten dollar bag of weight BAG MAN Person who drugs GUN Equipment for injecting transports money DOPE Drugs drugs BANG To inject narcotics DROP To take drugs orally, or a H BIG MAN Supplier of drugs place where money or drugs are HAND-TO-HAND Direct delivery BINDLE A small packet of left and payment drug powder DRUNK AND DISORDERLY A HANGOVER Sick feeling (head­ BLANKS Low-quality drugs person is drunk and acting up ache, upset stomach, etc.), BLASTED Under the influence (out of control, yelling, etc.). It is caused by drinking too much of drugs a crime in many states alcohol BLOW Snort or sniff cocaine or D.U.I. Driving under the Influence HEAT Police (or gun) smoke marijuana D.W.!. Driving While Intoxicated HEAD SHOP Store that special­ A cylindrical water pipe DYNAMITE High-quality or izes in the sale of drug parapher­ used to smoke marijuana potent drugs nalia BREAD Cash E HEELED Having plenty of money BROKER Go-between for a EASY SCORE Obtaining drugs HIGH An early stage of in}oxica­ drug deal without difficulty tion andlor under the influence of drugs BUMMER A bad experience with EIGHTH One-eighth of a pound drugs of drugs HIT A single dose of drugs BURNED Purchase non-genuine ETHYLALCOHOUETHANOL HOLDING In possession of drugs A liquid obtained from fermenta­ drugs BURNOUT Heavy abuser of tion of sugars and starches and HOOKED Addicted drugs used as a solvent in drugs and in HOPPED UP Under the influ­ intoxicating beverages ence of drugs BUSTED Arrested F BUY Purchase drugs HOT Wanted by authorities FACTORY Place where drugs BUZZ Under the influence of HOT SHOT Injecting an over­ are diluted, packaged, or manu­ dose of drugs drugs factured C HUSTLE Attempt to obtain drug FALL Arrested customers CAPS Drug capsule FEDS Federal Agents HYPE Heroin addict CHARGED UP Under the influ­ FERMENTATION Yeast acting I ence of drugs on sugar and starches in fruits CHIPPY Person who uses drugs ICE CREAM HABIT Occasional andlor grains producing alcohol use of drugs infrequently FIX Inject drugs CHIPPING Occasional use of IN Connected with drug suppliers FLASHBACK Reoccurrence of INTOXICATION Becoming drunk drugs hallucinations COASTING Under the influence by drinking too much alcohol FLEA POWDER Poor-quality J of drugs drugs Sudden with­ JAG Under the influence of FL YING Under the influence of drugs or alcohol drawal from drugs drugs JIVE Drugs CONNECT To purchase drugs FREE BASING Smoke cocaine CONNECTION Supplier of drugs through a special water pipe JOY POPPING Occasional use of drugs COP To obtain drugs FREEZE To renege on a drug CRASH Sleep off effects of transaction JUNKIE Narcotic addict drugs

65 K OUT OF IT Under the influence SOCIAL DRINKER A person KEY Kilogram of drugs who takes a drink when in the KICK Getting off a drug habit O.Z. One ounce company of others. Drinking a P toast to the newlyweds, celebra­ KIDDIE DOPE Usually prescrip­ tion, etc. tion drugs PANIC Drugs not available SPACE CADET Habitual user of KIT Equipment to inject drugs PEPSI HABIT Occasional use of marijuana drugs L SPACED OUT Under the influ­ LEMONADE Poor-quality drugs PICKUP Purchase drugs ence of drugs LETTUCE Money PIECE Usually one ounce of SPEED FREAK Habitual user of LID One ounce or less or mari­ drugs methamphetamine juana PLANT A hiding place for drugs SPIKE Needle (syringe) LINE Cocaine arranged in a row POT HEAD Marijuana user SPLIT To leave from someplace LOAD A large quantity of drugs PROOF The word used to de­ STASH Place where drugs are M scribe the amount of alcohol in hidden hard liquors. The proof number is MAINLINER A person who always double the percentage of STEP ON To dilute drugs injects directly into the veins alcohol. 100 proof whiskey STONED Under the influence of MAN Police contains 50 percent alcohol drugs MEET Buyer and seller get Q STRAIGHT Not using drugs together QUACK Doctor STRUNG OUT Heavily addicted MERCHANDISE Drugs R to drugs METHYL ALCOHOL A type of RAP Criminally charged, or to T alcohol that is poisonous when talk with someone TAKE A ,POWDER To leave or taken by mouth. It is found in RIDING THE WAVE Under the get lost antifreeze, paint thinner, and TASTE A small sample of drugs fuels. Sometimes referred to as influence of drugs wood alcohol RIG Equipment for injecting TOKE Inhaling marijuana or hashish smoke MINOR A person who is not drugs leflally an adult. State law deter­ ROACH CLIP A device used to TOOT To sniff cocaine mmes at what age a person hold the butt of a marijuana TRACKS A row of needle marks becomes an adult. Minors cannot cigarette on a person buy alcohol or vote. ROLLERS A term used by a TRAP Hiding place for drugs MONKEY Drug dependency lookout and yelled when police TRIP Under the influence of MULE A carrier of drugs come drugs N RUSH A sudden, intense, eu­ TURF A location where drugs phoric effect from taking drugs NAILED Arrested are sold S NARC Narcotic agent TURKEY Non-genuine drugs SCENE A special location or TURNED ON Introduced to NEEDLE FREAK A person who condition prefers to take drugs with a drugs, or under the influence of needle SCORE Purchase drugs drugs NICKEL BAG A $5 bag of drugs SCRATCH Money U-V o SCRIPT A doctor's prescription UNCLE Federal agents O.D. Overdosed on drugs SHOOT UP To inject drugs W ON A TRIP Under the influence SHOOTING GALLERY Place WASTED Under the influence of of drugs where drugs are used drugs. Also murdered ON ICE In jail SKIN POPPING Shooting (inject­ WORKS Equipment for injecting ing) drugs under the skin drugs ON THE BRICKS Walking the streets SLAMMER Jail Z ON THE NOD Under the influ­ SNORT To sniff drugs ZOMBIE Heavy user of drugs ence of narcotics or depressants SOBER Not intoxicated

Answers to QUIZ 1.B 2.A 3.04.A 5.0 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.0 10.B 11.A 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.0 16. E 17. A 18. A 19. 0 20. 0 21. A 22. 0 23. B 24. E 25. A

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Everett. Glenn D., "Brain Damage Starts With National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, The First Drink." Reprinted from Listen, Alcohol Traffic Safety Facts, 1992 REFERENCES Journal of Better Living. Volume 22, Needle, Richard H., Basic Concepts of Number 12. (A Report of the Research by Tobacco and Smoking, Third Edition, Dr. Melvin H. Knisely) Laidlaw Brothers, Publishers, A Division American Lung Association,Cigarette Smoking, Florida Medical Association, Inc., "Cocaine of Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1979 #0171,3/87 Babies." FMA TadayVolume II, Number Oregon Department of Human Resources. American Lung Association, Clove Cigarettes, 9, September 1986 Hazardous Chemical Guidelines. 4th ed. (Rev.) 10/85 Finn, Peter; Lawson, Jane, Kids and Alcohol. Portland, Oregon, 1988 American Lung Association, Is There A Safe Developed by Abt Associates Inc., Russell, George K., Marijuana Today. The Tobacco?, #1092, 6/86 Cambridge, Massachusetts, for U.S. Myrin Institute for Adult Education, New American Lung Association of West Virginia; Department of Health, Education, and York, Revised 1982 Edition West Virginia Department of Health, Welfare (HEW), Office of Education Sapienza, Frank, "The Look-Alike Problem." Smokeless Tobacco Division of Educational Technology Drug Enforcement. U.S. Government American Council for Drug Education; Gallup Survey, "Habits of the American Printing Office, Summer 1984 American Lung Association. Marijuana: A Teenager." Parade Magazine, February Schiller, Ronald, "Why Americans Are Drinking Second Look, #4176,1984 3, 1985 Less." Reader's Digest, January 1985 American Lung Association, Second Hand Garey, Richard E., "PCP: An Update." Journal Tennant, Forest, M.D., Dr., P.H., Anabolic . 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