DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of Australia's Defence White Papers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of Australia's Defence White Papers RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2015–16 20 AUGUST 2015 Defending Australia: a history of Australia’s defence white papers Nicole Brangwin, Nathan Church, Steve Dyer and David Watt Foreign Affairs, Defence and Security Section Executive summary • Australia published defence white papers in 1976, 1987, 1994, 2000, 2009 and 2013 and a new white paper is expected in 2015. • A community consultation process was undertaken as part of the 2000 and 2009 defence white papers and a similar process is being carried out for the upcoming 2015 defence white paper. • The need to defend Australia against a major aggressor remains the primary driver in Australian defence policy. • Regional security and contributing to the global order have been secondary, but still important priorities in Australian defence planning. • Each of the defence white papers has been created on the basis that Australia should be able to defend itself against a potential aggressor without outside assistance (the principle of self-reliance), while at the same time stressing the importance of the alliance with the United States. • Threat perceptions have changed from the Cold War influences reflected in the 1976 and 1987 white papers to a contemporary focus on terrorism while also incorporating emerging threats such as cyber attacks and the rise of China. • Defence white papers are not produced in a vacuum but are informed by key reviews of Australia’s strategic situation, industry policy and force posture. • Defence policy is subject to the broader economic conditions of the time and the Department of Defence must contend with many other priorities for government funding. • The financial plans set out in the various defence white papers are often ambitious and rarely brought to fruition. • On the whole, capability choices have displayed continuity between the different white papers regardless of changes in government. This is understandable given the length of time required for major capital equipment acquisitions. • Recent white papers have placed a greater emphasis on regional engagement. • The contribution of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations, as well as to border protection activities, has also been included in the most recent white papers. ISSN 2203-5249 Introduction ................................................................................................ 4 Background ................................................................................................. 4 The purpose of Australia’s defence white papers .......................................... 5 Historical context: 1870–1976 ...................................................................... 6 Australian Defence (1976 Defence White Paper) .......................................... 11 Introduction .................................................................................................... 11 Strategic objectives ........................................................................................ 12 Identified capability choices ........................................................................... 12 Cost of capability ............................................................................................ 13 Alignment of cost, capability and strategic objectives ................................... 13 The Defence of Australia (1987 Defence White Paper) ................................. 16 Introduction .................................................................................................... 17 Review of Australia’s defence capabilities ................................................... 17 Review of Australia’s industry for defence .................................................. 18 Government response .................................................................................... 19 1987 Defence White Paper............................................................................... 20 Strategic objectives ........................................................................................ 20 Identified capability choices ........................................................................... 21 Alignment of cost, capability and strategic objectives ................................... 22 Defending Australia (1994 Defence White Paper) ........................................ 24 Introduction .................................................................................................... 25 Force Structure Review 1991 ....................................................................... 25 Australia’s Strategic Planning in the 1990s .................................................. 25 Strategic Review 1993 .................................................................................. 26 Public consultation – defence white paper process .................................... 26 1994 Defence White Paper............................................................................... 27 Strategic objectives ........................................................................................ 27 Identified capability choices ........................................................................... 29 Industry for defence ....................................................................................... 30 Alignment of cost, capability and strategic objectives ................................... 32 Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force (2000 Defence White Paper) .......... 34 Introduction .................................................................................................... 34 Defence Efficiency Review 1996 .................................................................. 35 Australia’s Strategic Policy 1997 .................................................................. 36 Defence Review 2000—Our Future Defence Force: a Public Discussion Paper ............................................................................................................ 36 2000 Defence White Paper............................................................................... 37 Strategic objectives ........................................................................................ 37 Industry for defence ....................................................................................... 38 Defence Capability Plan .................................................................................. 40 Identified capability choices ........................................................................... 40 Cost of capability ............................................................................................ 42 Alignment of cost, capability and strategic objectives ................................... 42 Defending Australia: a history of Australia’s defence white papers 2 Australia’s National Security: A Defence Update 2003, 2005 and 2007 .......... 45 Introduction .................................................................................................... 46 2003 Defence Update ....................................................................................... 46 2005 Defence Update ....................................................................................... 48 2007 Defence Update ....................................................................................... 50 Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century: Force 2030 (2009 Defence White Paper) ..............................................................................................53 Introduction .................................................................................................... 54 2008 Audit of the Defence Budget ............................................................... 54 Looking Over the Horizon: Australians Consider Defence ........................... 55 Review of Australia’s air combat capability ................................................. 55 Force Structure Review ................................................................................ 56 Mortimer review .......................................................................................... 57 2009 Defence White Paper—Companion Reviews ...................................... 57 2009 Defence White Paper............................................................................... 57 Strategic Objectives ........................................................................................ 58 Identified Capability Choices .......................................................................... 60 Maritime forces ............................................................................................ 61 Land forces ................................................................................................... 62 Air power ...................................................................................................... 62 Defence industry ............................................................................................ 63 Defence Capability Plan 2009 ....................................................................... 64 Cost of capability ............................................................................................ 64 Alignment of cost, capability and strategic objectives ................................... 65 Defence White Paper 2013 (2013 Defence White Paper) .............................. 67 Introduction .................................................................................................... 68 Australian Defence Force Posture
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Official Committee Hansard
    COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Official Committee Hansard JOINT STANDING COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, DEFENCE AND TRADE (Defence Subcommittee) Reference: Australia’s defence relations with the United States FRIDAY, 2 APRIL 2004 CANBERRA BY AUTHORITY OF THE PARLIAMENT INTERNET The Proof and Official Hansard transcripts of Senate committee hearings, some House of Representatives committee hearings and some joint committee hearings are available on the Internet. Some House of Representatives committees and some joint committees make available only Official Hansard transcripts. The Internet address is: http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard To search the parliamentary database, go to: http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au JOINT COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS, DEFENCE AND TRADE Friday, 2 April 2004 Members: Senator Ferguson (Chair), Mr Brereton (Deputy Chair), Senators Bolkus, Cook, Eggleston, Chris Evans, Harradine, Hutchins, Johnston, Sandy Macdonald, Marshall, Payne and Stott Despoja and Mr Baird, Mr Baldwin, Mr Beazley, Mr Bevis, Mr Byrne, Mr Edwards, Mr Laurie Ferguson, Mrs Gash, Mr Hawker, Mr Jull, Mr Lindsay, Mrs Moylan, Mr Nairn, Mr Price, Mr Prosser, Mr Scott, Mr Snowdon, Mr Somlyay and Mr Cameron Thompson Subcommittee members: Mr Bruce Scott (Chair), Mr Price (Deputy Chair), Senators Chris Evans, Ferguson, Hutchins, Johnston, Sandy Macdonald and Payne and Mr Baldwin, Mr Beazley, Mr Bevis, Mr Brereton, Mr Byrne, Mr Edwards, Mrs Gash, Mr Hawker, Mr Lindsay, Mr Nairn, Mr Snowdon, Mr Somlyay and Mr Cameron Thompson Senators and members in attendance: Senator Sandy Macdonald and Mr Edwards, Mr Price and Mr Scott Terms of reference for the inquiry: To inquire into and report on: Australia’s defence relations with the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Hansard Acronyms List Remember: Ctrl+F for Quick Searches
    Federal Hansard Acronyms List Remember: Ctrl+F for quick searches A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A 2.5G [the first packet overlays on 2G networks] 2G second generation [the first generation of digital cellular networks, as opposed to analog] 3G third generation [next generation of cellular networks] 3GPP 3G Partnership Project [global standards body to oversee 3G] 4D meat from dead, dying, diseased or disabled animals 4GL fourth-generation language [computers] A&C automation and control A&D admission and disposition; alcohol and drugs A&E accident and emergency A&RMC formerly Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre [now Austin Health] AA anti-aircraft; Alcoholics Anonymous; Athletics Australia AAA Agriculture Advancing Australia; Australian Automobile Association; Australian Archaeological Association; Australian Airports Association AAAA Aerial Agricultural Association of Australia AAAE Australian Association of Automotive Electricians AAAGP Australian Association of Academic General Practice AAALAC Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International AAB Australian Associated Brewers AAC Aboriginal advisory committee; Australian Arabic Council; AARNet Advisory Committee AACAP ATSIC-Army Community Assistance Program AACC Aboriginal Affairs Coordinating Committee [WA]; Australian Association of Career Counsellors AACM Australian Association for Computational Mechanics AACS Australian Associations of Christian Schools [note: Associations—plural] AACV Australian Association of Cattle Veterinarians AAD Australian Antarctic Division [Department of the Environment and Heritage] AADCP ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program [taking over AAECP] AADS advanced air defence simulator AADT average annual daily traffic AaE Australian air Express Pty Ltd AAEC Antarctic Animal Ethics Committee AAECP ASEAN-Australia Economic Cooperation Program [finishes in 2005] AAFCANS Army and Air Force Canteen Service [now known as Frontline Defence Services] AAGP Australian Association of Group Psychotherapists Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • ASPI–KAS 2Nd Australia–Europe Counter-Terrorism Dialogue 3–4 November 2016, Canberra
    SPECIAL REPORT ASPI–KAS 2nd Australia–Europe Counter-Terrorism Dialogue 3–4 November 2016, Canberra Jacinta Carroll and Beatrice Gorawantschy April 2017 About the authors Jacinta Carroll is Head of the ASPI Counter-Terrorism Policy Centre (CTPC). Dr Beatrice Gorawantschy is Director Regional Programme Australia and the Pacific, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. About Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) is a political foundation of Germany. Its mission is to promote international dialogue, regional integration, sustainable development, good governance, democratic processes, social market economy and knowledge exchange. Currently KAS is present in around 120 countries, with over 100 offices on five continents. KAS’ international activities are coordinated by the Department for European and International Cooperation and include organising national and international conferences, conducting research, offering civic education and political training programs in cooperation with local partners. As current global developments–such as the volatile security environment and the fight against terrorism–underscore the common interests of Europe and Australia, KAS aims to foster durable collaboration through dialogue among parliamentarians, politicians, and representatives of leading think tanks, as well as political analysis and consultancy. About ASPI ASPI’s aim is to promote Australia’s security by contributing fresh ideas to strategic decision-making, and by helping to inform public discussion of strategic and defence issues. ASPI was established, and is partially funded, by the Australian Government as an independent, non-partisan policy institute. It is incorporated as a company, and is governed by a Council with broad membership. ASPI’s core values are collegiality, originality & innovation, quality & excellence and independence. ASPI’s publications—including this paper—are not intended in any way to express or reflect the views of the Australian Government.
    [Show full text]
  • WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBOOK II Warfare Officers Career Handbook
    WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBOOK II WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBooK Warfare O fficers C areer H andbook IV WARFARE OFFICERS CAREER HANDBooK Foreword The Warfare Officers Career Handbook provides information for members of the Royal Australian Navy’s Warfare community. For the purposes of this handbook, the Warfare community is deemed to include all officers of the Seaman, Pilot and Observer Primary Qualifications. The Warfare Officer Community symbiotically contains personnel from the seaman, Submarine, Aviation, Hydrographic and Meteorological, Mine Clearance Diving and Naval Communications and Intelligence groups. The Warfare Officers Career Handbook is a source document for Warfare Officers to consult as they progress through their careers. It is intended to inform and stimulate consideration of career issues and to provide a coherent guide that articulates Navy’s requirements and expectations. The book provides a summary of the Warfare branch specialisations and the sub-specialisations that are embedded within them, leading in due course to entry into the Charge Program and the Command opportunities that follow. The Warfare Officers Career Handbook also describes the historical derivation of current warfare streams to provide contemporary relevance and the cultural background within which maritime warfare duties are conducted. It discusses the national context in which Warfare Officers discharge their duties. Leadership and ethical matters are explored, as is the inter-relationship between personal attributes, values, leadership, performance and sense of purpose. There is no intention that this handbook replicate or replace extant policy and procedural guidelines. Rather, the handbook focuses on the enduring features of maritime warfare. Policy by its nature is transient. Therefore, as far as possible, the Warfare Officers Career Handbook deals with broad principles and not more narrowly defined policies that rightly belong in other documents.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Army in the 21 Century and Restructuring the Army: A
    Army in the 21st Century and Restructuring the Army: A Retrospective Appraisal of Australian Military Change Management in the 1990s Renée Louise Kidson July 2016 A sub-thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Military and Defence Studies (Advanced) of The Australian National University © Copyright by Renée Louise Kidson 2016 All Rights Reserved 1 Declaration This sub-thesis is my own original work. I declare no part of this work has been: • copied from any other person's work except where due acknowledgement is made in the text; written by any other person; or • submitted for assessment in another course. The sub-thesis word count is 16,483 excluding Table of Contents, Annexes and Chapter 2 (Literature Review and Methods, a separate assessment under the MMDS(Adv) program). Renee Kidson Acknowledgements I owe my greatest thanks to my supervisors: Dr John Blaxland (ANU) and Colonel David Connery (Australian Army History Unit, AAHU), for wise counsel, patience and encouragement. Dr Roger Lee (Head, AAHU) provided funding support; and, crucially, a rigorous declassification process to make select material available for this work. Lieutenant Colonel Bill Houston gave up entire weekends to provide my access to secure archival vault facilities. Meegan Ablett and the team at the Australian Defence College Vale Green Library provided extensive bibliographic support over three years. Thanks are also extended to my interviewees: for the generosity of their time; the frankness of their views; their trust in disclosing materially relevant details to me; and for providing me with perhaps the finest military education of all – insights to the decision-making processes of senior leaders: military and civilian.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOPOLITICS of the 2016 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE WHITE PAPER and ITS PREDECESSORS Bert Chapman Purdue University, [email protected]
    Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Libraries Faculty and Staff choS larship and Research Purdue Libraries 4-25-2016 GEOPOLITICS OF THE 2016 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE WHITE PAPER AND ITS PREDECESSORS Bert Chapman Purdue University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lib_fsdocs Part of the Australian Studies Commons, Comparative Politics Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, Economic Policy Commons, Geography Commons, History of the Pacific Islands Commons, Industrial Organization Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Military History Commons, Military Studies Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Political Economy Commons, Political History Commons, Public Economics Commons, and the Public Policy Commons Recommended Citation Bert Chapman."Geopolitics of the 2016 Australian Defense White Paper and Its Predecessors." Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 9 (1)(2017): 17-67. This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 9(1) 2017, pp. 17–67, ISSN 1948-9145, eISSN 2374-4383 GEOPOLITICS OF THE 2016 AUSTRALIAN DEFENSE WHITE PAPER AND ITS PREDECESSORS BERT CHAPMAN [email protected] Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN ABSTRACT. Australia released the newest edition of its Defense White Paper, describing Canberra’s current and emerging national security priorities, on February 25, 2016. This continues a tradition of issuing defense white papers since 1976. This work will examine and analyze the contents of this document as well as previous Australian defense white papers, scholarly literature, and political statements assess- ing their geopolitical significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Arinternational SPECIAL FORCES and SWAT / CT UNITS
    arINTERNATIONAL SPECIAL FORCES And SWAT / CT UNITS ABU DHABI Emirate of Abu Dhabi Police Special Unit ========================================================================================== ALBANIA Minster of defence Naval Commandos Commando Brigade - Comando Regiment, Zall Herr - 4 x Commando Battalions - Special Operations Battalion, Farke - Commando Troop School Ministry of Interior Reparti i Eleminimit dhe Neutralizimit te Elementit te Armatosur (RENEA) Unit 88 Reparti i Operacioneve Speciale (ROS), Durres Unit 77 (CT) Shqiponjat (police) "The Eagles" /Forzat e Nderhyrjes se Shpejte (FNSH) - There are 12 FNSH groups throughout Albania . - Albania is divided into 14 districts called prefectures. There is one FNSH group assigned to 11 of these prefectures Garda Kombetare - National Guards ========================================================================================== ALGERIA Ministry of National Defence Units of the Gendarmerie National Special Intervention Detachment (DSI) / Assault & Rapid Intervention unit Special Brigade Garde Republicaine - Republican Guard (presidential escort honour guard & VIP) Units of the DRS (Research & Security Directorate) (internal security, counter- intelligence) Special Unit of the Service Action GIS, Groupe d’Intervention Sppeciale (Special Intervention Group), Blida Army Units - Saaykaa (Commando & CT), Boughar, Medea Wilaya - One Special Forces/Airborne Divisional HQ - 4 x Airborne Regiments - 18th Elite Para-Commando Regiment ('The Ninjas') - The Special Assault /Airborne/Recon Troops
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections and Observations
    Chapter 12 Reflections and Observations Reflections In November 1999, senior Australian Defence Force (ADF) officers and Defence officials reflected on pre-deployment preparation, deployment and initial INTERFET operations.1 The major issues were command and control and the performance of the ADF logistic system. From the perspective of command and control, the consensus was that ad hoc and secretive planning processes and a late change to command and control arrangements were unhelpful. There was a call for a review of the role of Headquarters Australian Theatre (HQ AST) and criticism of the uneven flow of information from the Strategic Command Group (SCG). There were also criticisms of intelligence collection and evaluation. One Service chief commented that the Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO) only offered `classified news' readily available in the media and that the `intelligence requirements of the SCG had never been communicated to DIO'.2 There was evidence that logistic and communications staff functions at Australian Defence Headquarters (ADHQ) were dysfunctional. Staff capability and crisis management structures, as well as communications and information security within Defence and from Defence to other Government departments, proved unsatisfactory.3 One report commented that `the transition from a foreign policy crisis to a whole of Government crisis was not well handled and Defence's lead role in managing a peace enforcement operation was not recognised by other departments'.4 On 24 November 1999, Air Vice Marshal Bob Treloar submitted a report on Theatre Command for higher level consideration.5 He affirmed that Theatre Command was working well and would work even better when component commanders were collocated in one building, `a logical outcome of current ADF capability evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Report for Australia's Maritime Strategy
    The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia Australia’s Maritime Strategy Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade June 2004 Canberra Chairman’s Foreword The rise of non-state actors, failing states, terrorism and the threat of weapons of mass destruction have caused nations to review their national security objectives and strategies. Australia is not alone in this challenge. At the same time, Australia must plan and prepare against conventional threats to its security. It is essential, therefore, that Australia’s defence and national security strategies are modern and flexible enough to deal with all contingencies. The inquiry into Australia’s maritime strategy has provided an opportunity to examine the relevance and effectiveness of our defence objectives and strategies. Maritime strategies are significant in military planning because they provide the means to apply power flexibly over a range of contingencies and areas. Modern maritime strategy involves air, sea and land forces operating jointly to influence events in the littoral together with traditional blue water maritime concepts of sea denial and sea control. The role and influence of maritime strategies are therefore a significant feature of credible military strategies. The inquiry found that there was the need for a comprehensive national security strategy (NSS) which would articulate all the elements that the Australian Government has at its disposal to address issues of national security. A national security strategy would address more than just issues of defence. It would address Australia’s key interests such as economic, business, diplomatic, trade and environmental. The NSS should indicate where our military strategy fits within this ‘grand strategy.’ Australia’s interests are not just limited to our territory but stretch throughout the region and globally.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Report for Watching Brief on the War on Terrorism
    The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia WATCHING BRIEF ON THE WAR ON TERRORISM Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade June 2004 Canberra © Commonwealth of Australia 2004 ISBN 0 642 78477 9 Contents Foreword...................................................................................................................................................vii Membership of the Committee................................................................................................................. ix Terms of reference................................................................................................................................... xi List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................xiii List of recommendations......................................................................................................................... xv 1 Watching Brief on the War on Terrorism............................................................. 1 Introduction and background to the Inquiry ..............................................................................1 The post September 11 strategic environment ...............................................................................1 New inquiry focus post Bali bombing...............................................................................................2 2 The Commonwealth administrative framework for Counter Terrorism........... 5 The National
    [Show full text]
  • Download Australian Army Journal 2007 3
    Volume IV, Number 3 Summer 2007 Th e Australian Army Journal is published by authority of the Chief of Army Lieutenant General Peter Leahy, AC Th e Australian Army Journal is sponsored by: Director, Land Warfare Studies Centre © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 Th is journal is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of study, research, criticism or review (as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968), and with standard source credit included, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be directed to the Director, Land Warfare Studies Centre, Geddes Building, Ian Campbell Road, Duntroon ACT 2600. Contributors are urged to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in their articles; the Editorial Advisory Board accepts no responsibility for errors of fact. Permission to reprint AAJ articles will generally be given by the Editor aft er consultation with the author(s). Any reproduced articles must bear an acknowledgment of source. Th e views expressed in the Australian Army Journal are the contributors’ and not necessarily those of the Australian Army or the Department of Defence. Th e Commonwealth of Australia will not be legally responsible in contract, tort or otherwise for any statement made in this journal. ISSN 1448-2843 Th e Australian Army Journal Staff : Publisher: Lieutenant Colonel Malcolm McGregor Editor: Mr Scott Hopkins Research Editor: Ms Natalia Forrest Editorial Advisory Board: Dr Robert Ayson LTGEN John Coates, AC, MBE (Retd) BRIG John Essex-Clark, DSM (Retd) Prof. Jeff rey Grey MAJGEN John Hartley, AO (Retd) Mr Roger Lee Dr Peter Londey Mrs Catherine McCullagh MAJGEN Michael O’Brien, CSC (Retd) LTGEN Laurie O’Donnell, AC (Retd) Dr Albert Palazzo A/Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Projection to East Timor
    Chapter 11 Projection to East Timor In August 1942 in New Guinea during the Second World War and in 1966 in Vietnam an accumulation of risks resulted in a small number of Australian troops facing several thousand well-equipped, well-trained and more experienced enemy troops. Fortunately, climate, terrain and the resilience of junior leaders and small teams, as well as effective artillery support in 1966, offset the numerical and tactical superiority of their opponents. Australian troops prevailed against the odds. If either of these two tactical tipping points had gone the other way, there would have been severe strategic embarrassment for Australia. There could have been public pressure for a change in Government and investigations into the competence of the Australian armed forces. For 48 hours in September 1999, renegade members of the Indonesian military forces and their East Timorese auxiliaries provoked members of an Australian vanguard of the International ForceÐEast Timor (INTERFET) in the streets of the East Timor capital, Dili. Indonesians outnumbered Australians, who carried only limited quantities of ammunition.1 On the night of 21 September, a 600-strong East Timorese territorial battalion confronted a 40-strong Australian vehicle checkpoint on Dili's main road. Good luck, superior night-fighting technology, the presence of armoured vehicles and discipline under pressure resulted in another historic tactical tipping point going Australia's way. Had there been an exchange of fire that night, there would have been heavy casualties on both sides and several hours of confused fighting between Australian, Indonesian and East Timorese territorial troops. There was also potential for Indonesian and Australian naval vessels to have clashed as Australian ships rushed to deliver ammunition to Australian troops, as well as for Australian transport aircraft and helicopters to have been attacked at Dili airport.
    [Show full text]