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Best Practices on Public Warning Systems for Climate-Induced

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Best Practices on Public Warning Systems for Climate-Induced Best practices on Public Warning Systems for Climate-Induced Natural Hazards Abstract: This study presents an overview of the Public Warning System, focusing on approaches, technical standards and communication systems related to the generation and the public sharing of early warnings. The analysis focuses on the definition of a set of best practices and guidelines to implement an effective public warning system that can be deployed at multiple geographic scales, from local communities up to the national and also transboundary level. Finally, a set of recommendations are provided to support decision makers in upgrading the national Public Warning System and to help policy makers in outlining future directives. Authors: Claudio Rossi Giacomo Falcone Antonella Frisiello Fabrizio Dominici Version: 30 September 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... 4 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Core Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Motivations .................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Topics and goal of the study ........................................................................................... 12 2. Solutions and approaches on DRM ........................................................................................ 14 2.1 Crisis Communication ..................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Human Factors and Public Warning ................................................................................ 18 2.3 UN guidelines ................................................................................................................. 20 3. Technical Standards .............................................................................................................. 23 3.1 Standards and requirements for Public Warning systems implementation ..................... 23 3.2 The Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) ............................................................................. 28 4. Overview of selected Public Warning Systems....................................................................... 33 4.1 Macro level case studies ................................................................................................. 33 4.1.1 USA .............................................................................................................................. 33 4.1.2 European Union............................................................................................................ 36 4.2 European national and local case studies ........................................................................ 39 4.3 Use cases recap .............................................................................................................. 50 5. Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 52 5.1 Organizational best practices .......................................................................................... 52 5.2 System architecture ............................................................................................................ 54 5.3 Use of technical standards .................................................................................................. 59 5.4 Guidelines on styling for media adaptation ..................................................................... 62 6. Future outlooks ..................................................................................................................... 69 7. References ............................................................................................................................ 76 Annex I – Guidelines on technical specification for Public Warning Systems ................................. 79 Annex II – Script Interview on Future perspectives on PWS ........................................................... 82 List of Figures Figure 1 – European natural disaster loss from 2007 to 2017, summing up to 173 billion EUR. ..... 10 2 Figure 2 – Recent Disaster (2005-2014) impacts considering the economic damage (USD), people affected and people killed (top), and top 10 countries worldwide by the number of disasters (bottom) ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 3 - DRM Ecosystem ............................................................................................................. 15 Figure 4 - The four elements of systematic people-centred DRM .................................................. 15 Figure 5 - Emergency Risk Communication Lifecycle ..................................................................... 16 Figure 6 – Effectiveness of warnings in reducing damages in function of the lead time (anticipation) ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 7 - The Sendai framework for DRR ...................................................................................... 21 Figure 8 - UNDP’s work in DRR ...................................................................................................... 22 Figure 9 - CAP v1.2 Document Object Model ................................................................................. 29 Figure 10 – Example of CAP message ............................................................................................ 32 Figure 11 - IPAWS Architecture ..................................................................................................... 34 Figure 12 - Exploitation of the IPAWS infrastructure by Google Public Alerts system .................... 35 Figure 13 - Example of an IPAWS alert published by google and available through its tools .......... 35 Figure 14 - EFAS European flood archive prototype ...................................................................... 37 Figure 15 - Fire Weather Index from EFFIS on July 25, 2018 .......................................................... 38 Figure 16 - Colour-coded warnings in the European regions involved in Meteoalarm service........ 39 Figure 17 - NL-Alert text message example ................................................................................... 40 Figure 18 - Coverage area of a siren system for a flooding ............................................................ 41 Figure 19 – CeCAT Bulettin for avalanches .................................................................................... 43 Figure 20 - Meteo-Hydrological warning bulletin issued by ARPA Piedmont .................................. 44 Figure 21 - Meteo-Hydrological CAP warning message issued by ARPA Piedmont ......................... 45 Figure 22 - Structure of the Modular Warning System (MoWaS) ................................................... 46 Figure 23 - Snapshot of NINA mobile application .......................................................................... 47 Figure 24 - Flood Information Service homepage on 27th Novembre 2017 ................................... 48 Figure 25 - 5-day flood risk bulletin, from 30th July 2018 to 3rd August 2018 ............................... 48 Figure 26 - Snapshot of the Flood Information System Dashboard ................................................ 49 Figure 27 – Suggested PWS approach ........................................................................................... 55 Figure 28: Comparison between CAPEX model (a) and OPEX model (b). ....................................... 55 Figure 29 - Suggested PWS architecture ........................................................................................ 56 Figure 30 - Suggested Public Warning Subsystem for sirens .......................................................... 57 Figure 31 – FAQ on the sirens ....................................................................................................... 64 Figure 32 – An SMS alert structure derived from CAP. Note that the temporal information is not included in this example. .............................................................................................................. 65 3 Figure 33 – CAP warning message showed on a web platform. This example refers to a flood alert issued by the UK Environmental Agency and integrated in the I-REACT system ............................ 66 Figure 34 - Functions of social media in disasters .......................................................................... 67 Figure 35 – Social media communication approaches in comparison ............................................ 68 Figure 36 - WeSenseIT reporting example through mobile app and view through desktop ........... 71 Figure 37- Snapshot of HydroNet software ..................................................................................
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