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2.6 Hamatocaulis Lapponicus (NORRL.) HEDENÄS Code: 1983

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2.6 Hamatocaulis Lapponicus (NORRL.) HEDENÄS Code: 1983 2.6 Hamatocaulis lapponicus (NORRL.) HEDENÄS Code: 1983 Anhang: II KLAUS WEDDELING, GERHARD LUDWIG & MONIKA HACHTEL, Bonn Namen: D: Lappländisches Sichelmoos E: Taiga Hook-Moss F: Drépanoclade lapon Systematik/Taxonomie: Bryophyta, Bryopsida, Bryidae, Hypnales, Campyliaceae. Synonyme: Drepanocladus lapponicus (NORRL.) SMIRNOVA, Hypnum vernicosum var. turgidum (JUR.) LIMPR., Hypnum vernicosum var. gigas LINDB., Scorpidium lapponicum (NORRL.) TUOM. & KOP., Hypnum lycopodioides var. lapponicum NORRL. Kennzeichen/Artbestimmung: Hamatocaulis lapponicus ist ein kräftiges, pleurokarpes, Moose Scorpidium-ähnliches Laubmoos von grüner bis grünlichrot-schwärzlicher Färbung. Die Stämmchen sind unregelmäßig verzweigt und an der Spitze spazierstockartig gekrümmt. Die 0,8–2,0 mm breiten, konkaven Stammblättchen sind faltig oder fast glatt, lang zuge- spitzt und an der Spitze leicht gezähnt. Aus einer breit-eiförmigen Basis krümmen sie sich plötzlich sichelförmig einseitswendig. Die deutlich entwickelte Rippe endet in der oberen Blatthälfte. Die Blattzellen sind 35–200 µm lang und 3,5–7 µm breit. Die Astblättchen sind kleiner als die Stammblättchen. Die im Sommer gebildete Seta trägt eine zylindrische Kap- sel mit cucullater Calyptra. Die Chromosomenzahl ist nicht bekannt (FRITSCH 1991). Von der habituell ähnlichen Scorpidium cossoni unterscheidet sich H. lapponicus durch die fehlende Hyalodermis und den nicht entwickelten Zentralstrang. Die nächstverwandte H. vernicosus hat kleinere, aufrechte, an das Stämmchen angepresste Blättchen (zu- sammengestellt aus JANSSENS 1983, HEDENÄS 1989, HEDENÄS 1993, HALLINGBÄCK 1998, HEDENÄS 2000). Abbildungen der Art finden sich bei HEDENÄS (1989, Fig. 14, S. 32: Blättchen, Laminazellen, Kapsel, Peristom), ABRAMOVA et al. (1961, Fig. 227, S. 599: Blättchen, Stämmchenquerschnitt), NYHOLM (1965, Fig. 277, S. 434: Habitus) und RUUHIJÄRVI (1962, Abb. 1, S. 219: Vergleich der Blätter von H. lapponicus und verni- cosus). Areal/Verbreitung: Welt: Hamatocaulis lapponicus ist ein holarktisches, kontinental-boreal-subarktisch ver- breitetes Element, sein Vorkommen ist im wesentlichen an das Auftreten von Niedermooren gebunden. Im asiatischen Teil der ehemaligen UdSSR kommt die Art in West- und Ost-Sibi- rien vor (SMIRNOVA 1953). Danach liegen die meisten Fundorte in der ehemaligen UdSSR zwischen 57 ° und 69 ° N. Aus China wurde H. lapponicus in der Xinjiang-Provinz belegt (REDFEARN et al. 2000). Wenige Nachweise aus Nordamerika stammen aus dem Yukon Ter- ritory, Alaska, British Columbia, Alberta und Quebec (HEDENÄS 1989, HEDENÄS 2000, Herbarbelege in NY). Den Ausführungen von VITT (2000) folgend, scheint H. lapponicus in Teilen Nordamerikas, insbesondere Kanadas, zu den wichtigen Bestandsbildnern in Schlen- ken mäßig minerotropher Niedermoore zu gehören und zumindest stellenweise häufig zu sein. Während der Entstehungsphasen vieler Moore im Atlantikum und im Subboreal war die Art z. T. aspektbestimmend, wie Großrestanalysen aus Nordamerika zeigen (VITT 2000). EU: Für Nordeuropa wird die Art aus Finnland (SÖDERSTRÖM 1996, RUUHIJÄRVI 1962), Schweden (HALLINGBÄCK 1998), Lettland (ABOLIN 1968) und Nordwest-Russland ange- geben. Für den Arealteil im europäischen Russland schätzen RUUHIJÄRVI (1962) und SMIRNOVA (1953) die Sippe als selten ein. Höhenangaben fehlen in diesen Arbeiten meist, H. lapponicus scheint weitgehend eine Tieflagenart zu sein (Verbreitungsangaben 255 zusammengestellt aus IGNATOV & AFONINA 1992, DÜLL 1985, HEDENÄS 1989, JANS- SENS 1983 mit Karte für Nordamerika, RUUHIJÄRVI 1962, REDFEARN et al. 2000). Es ist zu erwarten, dass die Sippe auch in Osteuropa, insbesondere in Polen, Tschechien, der Slo- wakei und Rumänien vorkommt, hier könnte die Art bei genauerer Durchsicht von Her- barmaterial von H. vernicosus noch gefunden werden. D: Aus Deutschland liegen keine aktuellen Fundmeldungen vor, nur aus dem Wurzacher Ried, Buchauer Ried bei Moosburg und Stockbrunnen bei Oberndorf ist die Art in Her- barmaterial aus dem 19. Jahrhundert sicher belegt (det. Hedenäs in NEBEL & PHILIPPI 2001). Angesichts des Erhaltungszustandes der Moore ist die Art dort vermutlich noch vor- handen (zum Zustand des Wurzacher Rieds vgl. WEISSER et al. 1998). Bei anderen Anga- ben zu robusten Formen von H. vernicosus in älteren Florenwerken ist zu berücksichtigen, dass das Sammel-Material, welches unter den genannten Namen firmiert, in neuerer Zeit nicht mehr revidiert wurde. Daher ist die Verbreitung der Art in Deutschland sowohl aktuell als auch für die letzten 150 Jahre unklar. Verantwortung Deutschlands: Deutschland steht zunächst in der Verantwortung, weitere potenzielle und historische Wuchsorte der Art hin zu überprüfen. Dazu ist auch eine Revi- sion in Frage kommender Herbarbelege notwendig. Sollte die Art in Deutschland auch an anderen Fundorten vorkommen, hat die Bundesrepublik eine starke biogeographische Ver- antwortung für die Erhaltung der Art am Südwestrand ihres Areals. Die Dringlichkeit für Schutzmaßnahmen wäre dann entsprechend hoch. Biologie/Ökologie: H. lapponicus wird beschrieben aus mesotrophen, quellig beeinflussten, z. T. bewaldeten, z. T. offenen Niedermooren (in Skandinavien als Drepanocladus-Rimpi- braunmoore bezeichnet, RUUHIJÄRVI 1962), von Seeufern, Bächen und Gräben, oft auch submers wachsend. DIERSSEN (2001) ordnet die Art dem Caricion lasiocarpae zu. Ihre Ansprüche an den Mineralgehalt im Wasser sind etwas geringer als die von H. vernicosus, RUUHIJÄRVI (1962) maß an Standorten in Finnland der Art pH-Werte von 4,8–5,8. Als Begleitarten von H. lapponicus werden u. a. Calliergon richardsonii, H. vernicosus, Drep- anocladus tundrae, D. revolvens, D. exannulatus, Scorpidium scorpioides, Carex chordor- rhiza, C. limosa, C. diandra, Equisetum fluviatile und Menyanthes trifoliata genannt, sowie eine Reihe Zeigerarten für Beeinflussung durch Quellwasser (zusammengestellt nach RUU- HIJÄRVI 1962, HEDENÄS 1989, LIMPRICHT 1904, HALLINGBÄCK 1998, JANSSENS 1983, ABRAMOVA et al. 1961). In kanadischen Niedermooren ist H. lapponicus eine typische, z. T. submerse Art der Schlenken („pools“), während H. vernicosus zwar nass, aber deutlich über dem Wasserspiegel angesiedelt ist („lawn“, VITT 2000). Über die Ausbreitungsbiologie der selten sporulierenden Art ist wenig bekannt. Hier kommt der vegetativen Ausbreitung durch Bruchstücke des Gametophyten wie bei anderen Braunmoosen vermutlich eine wesentliche Rolle zu (POSCHLOD & SCHRAG 1990). Die Lebensstrategie der Art kann nach DURING (1979) als „perennial stayer“ bezeichnet werden (persistente Art mit langer Lebensdauer, geringe Investition in sexuelle und vegetative Vermehrung, Fruchtentwicklung erst nach mehreren Jahren, relativ kleine Sporen, vgl. H. vernicosus). Gefährdung/Schutz: Rote Listen: Bei weltweiter Betrachtung und auch innerhalb von Europa ist H. lapponicus wesentlich seltener als H. vernicosus. Derzeit lassen sich über Seltenheit und Gefährdung von H. lapponicus keine genauen Angaben machen. Gefährdungseinschätzungen liegen nur für wenige Länder bzw. Regionen vor. Europa: „vulnerable“ (SCHUMACKER & MARTINY 1995); Finnland: „vulnerable“ (ULVI- NEN et al. 1998); Schweden: „endangered“ (HALLINGBÄCK 1998); Russland, Karelien: „rare“ (ULVINEN et al. 1998); Russland, Murmansk-Region: „rare“ (ULVINEN et al. 1998); 256 über ihre Häufigkeit und Gefährdung in Nordamerika, weiten Teilen Russlands, Sibiriens und Chinas liegen nur unzureichende Angaben vor. Schutzstatus: – Gefährdungsursachen und -verursacher: Die Sippe ist wesentlich seltener und bedroh- ter als H. vernicosus und durch ähnliche Faktoren (Zerstörung und Entwässerung der Niedermoore, Intensivierung der Landnutzung, allgemeine Anhebung des Trophienivaus) gefährdet. Schutzmaßnahmen: Dem Schutz geeigneter Standorte (mesotrophe Niedermoore) vor allem in Nordostdeutschland und Baden-Württemberg und der Sicherung etwaiger Vor- kommen von H. lapponicus kommt unter diesem Punkt die größte Bedeutung zu. Erfassung: Sollte H. lapponicus rezent nachgewiesen werden, ist die Bestandsentwicklung der Art regelmäßig durch Deckungsschätzungen und auf Fruchtbildung hin zu kontrollie- ren. Die Nachsuche an potenziellen und historischen Wuchsorten muss durch Bryologen Moose erfolgen, die die Art bereits im Gelände mit hoher Sicherheit eingrenzen können, ohne große Mengen Materials entnehmen zu müssen. Forschungsbedarf: Vordringlich ist in nächster Zeit die Überprüfung alter Herbarbelege von H. vernicosus und ähnlichen Arten, um die fragliche Zugehörigkeit der Belege zu H. lap- ponicus zu klären. Literatur: ABOLIN, A. A. (1968): Listostebelnye mchi Latvijskoj SSR [= The mosses of the Litaunian SSR]. – Riga ([s. n.]), 329 S. ABRAMOVA, A. L., SAVIC-LJUBICKAJA, L. & SMIRNOVA, Z. N. (1961): Opredelitel’ Listostebel’n’ich Mchov Arktiki SSSR [= Handbook of the mosses of the Arctic USSR]. – Moskau [u.a.] (Akademii Nauk SSSR), 714 S. DIERSSEN, K. (2001): Distribution, ecological amplitude and phytosociological characterization of European bryophytes [= Bryophyt. Biblioth. 56]. – Berlin & Stuttgart (Cramer), 289 S. DÜLL, R. (1985): Distribution of the European and Macaronesian Mosses (Bryophytina). Part II [= Bryol. Beitr. 5]. – Duisburg (Duell-Hermanns): 110–232. DURING, H. J. (1979): Life strategies of Bryophytes: a preliminary review. – Lindbergia 5(1): 2–18. FRITSCH, R. (1991): Index to bryophyte chromosome counts [= Bryophyt. Biblioth. 40]. – Berlin [u. a.] (Cramer), 352 S. HALLINGBÄCK, T. (1998): Rödlistade mossor i Sverige. Artfakta. 1. ed. – Uppsala (ArtDatabanken), 328 S. HEDENÄS, L. (1989): The genera Scorpidium and
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