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2.7 Hamatocaulis Vernicosus (MITTEN) HEDENÄS Code: 1393

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2.7 Hamatocaulis Vernicosus (MITTEN) HEDENÄS Code: 1393 2.7 Hamatocaulis vernicosus (MITTEN) HEDENÄS Code: 1393 Anhang: II KLAUS WEDDELING, GERHARD LUDWIG & MONIKA HACHTEL, Bonn Namen: D: Firnisglänzendes Sichelmoos E: Varnished Hook-Moss F: Drépanoclade brillant Systematik/Taxonomie: Bryophyta, Bryopsida, Bryidae, Hypnales, Campyliaceae. Synonyme: Drepanocladus vernicosus (MITTEN) WARNSTORF, Limprichtia vernicosa (MITTEN) LOESKE, Amblystegium vernicosum (MITTEN) LINDB. Kennzeichen/Artbestimmung: Hamatocaulis vernicosus ist ein großwüchsiges, pleurokar- pes Laubmoos mit einem bis zu 15 cm langen Stämmchen und 1 cm langen Ästen. Die Art Moose wächst in grau- bis gelblichgrünen, selten rötlichen, schwach fettig glänzenden Matten und Filzen (Abb. 2.7). Das Stämmchen ist an der Spitze gekrümmt und einfach verzweigt. Die eiförmig-lanzettlichen Blättchen sind ca. 3 mm lang, sichelförmig einseitswendig, schwach längsfaltig, im unteren Viertel am breitesten, ganzrandig, zugespitzt und nicht her- ablaufend. Blattflügelzellen sind nicht entwickelt. Die Laminazellen sind prosenchyma- tisch, 50–90 µm lang und 4–7 µm breit. Die Art ist diözisch, Sporophyten sind in Mittel- europa nur selten entwickelt; die Seta ist 3 bis 6 cm lang. Die zylindrische Kapsel entwickelt im Sommer Sporen von 10 bis 20 µm Durchmesser. Die Chromosomenzahl bei polnischem Material beträgt nach FRITSCH (1991) n = 11, sonst n = 12 (CRUM & ANDER- SON 1981, HEDENÄS 1989a, TOUW & RUBERS 1989, HEDENÄS 1993, HALLINGBÄCK 1998, HEDENÄS 2000). Abbildungen der Art finden sich bei CRUM & ANDERSON (1981, Fig. 472, S. 973: Habitus, Blättchen, Stämmchenquerschnitt, Laminazellen), HEDENÄS (1989a, Fig. 12, S. 28: Pseudoparaphyllien, axilläre Haare, Kapsel und Peristom) und SMITH (1978, Fig. 277, 1–4: Blättchen, Stammquerschnitte, Blattzellen). Von der habituell ähnlichen Scorpidium cossoni ist H. vernicosus durch die fehlende Hyalodermis differenziert. Die nächstverwandte H. lapponicus hat größere, abstehende Blätter und eine stärker zusammengezogene Blattbasis als H. vernicosus. Areal/Verbreitung: Welt: Hamatocaulis vernicosus hat eine holarktisch-circumboreale Gesamtverbreitung und dringt bis in die Arktis vor (STEERE 1978). In Nordamerika fällt ihr Vorkommen in der planaren bis collinen Stufe weitgehend mit der Südgrenze der maximalen Vereisung zusammen (WYNNE 1944). Ihre Höhenverbreitung reicht von der planaren Stufe bis in über 2000 m ü. NN (GRIMS 1999, DÜLL 1994), ihr Schwerpunkt liegt aber in der planaren und collinen Stufe. Außerhalb dieses Hauptareals gibt es Belege aus den Bergregionen in Süd- und Zentralamerika (HEDENÄS 1989b, BEDNAREK-OCHYRA 1993, Belege in MO) und Nordafrika (ROS et al. 1999). In Nordamerika reicht H. vernicosus nördlich bis Alaska und Grönland, wo sie nicht häufig ist, im Süden dringt sie bis in die Bundesstaaten Oregon, Montana, Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania und Connecticut vor, die südliche Arealgrenze fällt etwa mit 45 ° n. Br. zusammen (JANSSENS 1983, CRUM & ANDERSON 1981, STEERE 1978, HEDENÄS 1989a, b, HEDENÄS 2000). Hier ist die Art stellenweise häufig (vgl. Bemer- kungen auf Belegen aus NY). IRELAND (1982) betont allerdings, dass die Art im Westen Kanadas insgesamt selten ist. Er führt sie für wenige Lokalitäten auf: in Neu-Schottland, New-Brunswick und Prince Edward Island. Im asiatischen Teil der früheren UdSSR kommt H. vernicosus in fast jedem Landesteil vor (ABRAMOVA et al. 1961, IGNATOV & AFONINA 1992). Es ist anzunehmen, dass die Art 259 insbesondere in der borealen Nadelwaldzone und Tundra stellenweise häufig ist. Nach Süden anschließende Nachweise stammen aus der Mongolei (ABRAMOVA & ABRAMOV 1983), Afghanistan (FREY & KÜRSCHNER 1991) und China (REDFEARN et al. 2000). Weiter im Osten wurde H. vernicosus in Japan gefunden (NOGUCHI 1991). EU: In Europa liegt der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt von H. vernicosus in Skandinavien. Dort ist sie eine Tieflagenart, vor allem in Schweden und Finnland verbreitet und stellenweise häufig (BROTHERUS 1923, HEDENÄS 1993, HEDENÄS 1993, SÖDERSTRÖM 1996, HALLINGBÄCK 1998). In Norwegen ist die Art auf die südlichen Landesteile beschränkt (SÖDERSTRÖM 1996). HALLINGBÄCK (1998) gibt ca. 100 aktuelle und historische Fund- orte für Schweden an, die Vorkommen liegen + über das ganze Land verteilt. Auch im süd- lich angrenzenden Dänemark kommt H. vernicosus in allen Landesteilen vor (einschließ- lich der Faroer Inseln, SÖDERSTRÖM 1996, PIHL & al 2001). In Finnland wurde H. vernicosus in fast jeder Region nachgewiesen (SÖDERSTRÖM 1996). Im Baltikum und in dem europäischen Teil Nordrusslands ist die Art weit verbreitet, Angaben zur Häufigkeit fehlen allerdings (IGNATOV & AFONINA 1992, ABRAMOVA et al. 1961, SÖDERSTRÖM 1996, ROTH 1909). In Osteuropa ist H. vernicosus weit verbreitet, aber nur stellenweise auch häufiger: Die Art wurde belegt aus Polen (SZAFRAN 1961, OCHYRA 1992), der Slovakei (KUBINSKÁ & JANOVICOVÁ 1996, POSPÍSIL 1988), Ungarn (ORBÁN & VAJDA 1983), dem früheren Jugos- lawien (PAVLETIC & MARTINCIC 1999, PAVIC et al. 1998), aus Rumänien (MOHAN 1984), Bulgarien (GANEVA & DÜLL 1999) und aus dem georgischen Kaukasus (IGNATOV & AFONINA 1992). In Westeuropa erstreckt sich das Areal von H. vernicosus über Belgien, die Niederlande (TOUW & RUBERS 1989) nach Frankreich (AUGIER 1966, HUSNOT 1884–1894, MINISTÉRE DE L’ECOLOGIE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2002) und bis auf die Britischen Inseln (HILL et al. 1994, CHURCH et al. 1999). Die wenigen für Südeuropa dokumentierten Nachweise stammen aus der Türkei (FREY & KÜRSCHNER 1991), Kroatien (PAVLETIC & MARTINCIC 1999, PAVIC et al. 1998) und Spanien (selten, SÉRGIO et al. 1995). Im Alpengebiet wurde die Art in Österreich (GRIMS 1999), der Schweiz (DÜLL 1985) und in Nord-Italien (CORTINI PEDROTTI 1992) nachge- wiesen. Angrenzend sind auch Nachweise aus Slovenien (PAVLETIC & MARTINCIC 1999, PAVIC et al. 1998) und Tschechien (VÁNˇA 1995) bekannt geworden. D: Die Verbreitung der Art in Deutschland war weitgehend mit den Hauptvorkommen von Durchströmungsmooren, Hangmooren und anderen Niedermoortypen deckungsgleich (Karte der Moortypen bei SCHOPP-GUTH 1999, vgl. Verbreitungskarte). Schwerpunkt- vorkommen lagen in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Bran- denburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen, Hessen, Thüringen und Bayern. Die Art war in frü- herer Zeit regional nicht selten, wie Angaben z. B. aus LIMPRICHT (1904) für Mitteleuropa „… in kalkfreien Sümpfen durch das ganze Gebiet, in der Tiefebene und durch die niedere Bergregion häufig, selten bis 1200 m aufsteigend…“, BROCKMÜLLER (1870) für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern „… auf der Neumühler Wiese bei Schwerin… Sehr verbreitet …“, bei MOLENDO (1865) im Allgäu „… auf Hochmoorboden zerstreut …“, FAMILLER (1913) für Bayern „… häufig um Bernau …“ zeigen. Auch MEINUNGER (1992) zitiert Funde aus den 20er und 30er Jahren für die Rhön: „… zahlreicher nur in einigen Rhönmooren …“, WARNSTORF (1906) gibt Häufigkeitsangaben für Brandenburg: „In tiefen, schwankenden, kalkfreien Grünlandmooren unserer Seeufer sehr weit verbrei- tet …“. In Oberschwaben war die Art nach HEGELMAIER (1873) „… verbreitet in Torf- sümpfen; im Federsee- und Wurzacher Ried …“. MILDE (1869) weist für Nord- und Ost- deutschland allerdings darauf hin, dass Hamatocaulis vernicosus „… unter den 260 Moose Verbreitung von Hamatocaulis vernicosus in Deutschland und in der EU (Kartengrundlage MEINUNGER & SCHRÖDER in Vorb.). Erläuterungen zur Erstellung der Karte s. SSYMANK et al. (2003) im gleichen Band. Datengrundlage s. ELLWANGER et al. (2004) in Band 2 dieses Werkes. 261 verwandten Arten in Nord- und Mitteldeutschland bei weitem die am wenigsten häufige …“ sei. In anderen Teilen Deutschlands war die Art nirgends häufig und nur lokal – meist in Vermoorungen im Bergland – anzutreffen (z. B. Sauerland, DÜLL et al. 1996, Eifel, Ber- gisches Land, Saarland, FELD 1958). Besonders im Flachland ist H. vernicosus heute ver- schollen. Verantwortung Deutschlands: Mit Focus auf den europaweiten Rückgang der Art, die besonders gefährdete Arealrandlage und die Tatsache, dass H. vernicosus gebietsweise bereits erloschen ist, hat Deutschland eine starke Verantwortung für den Erhalt ihrer Vorkommen. Die Dringlichkeit von Schutzmaßnahmen der Habitate (insbesondere den Wasserhaushalt der Art betreffend) muss als hoch angesehen werden. In weltweiter Betrachtung, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die vermutlich noch weite Verbreitung und regionale Häufigkeit von H. vernicosus in der borealen Zone Eurasiens und Nordamerikas, ist die Verantwortung Deutschlands wie auch der Europäischen Union für ihren Erhalt als gering einzustufen. Biologie/Ökologie: Hamatocaulis vernicosus ist an pH-neutrale bis schwach saure, basen- reiche, aber kalkarme, offene bis schwach beschattete, dauerhaft kühl-feuchte, meist sehr nasse Standorte in Flach- und Zwischenmooren, Nasswiesen und Verlandungszonen von Seeufern gebunden (GRIMS 1999, HEDENÄS 1989a). Müller (schriftl. Mitt.) fand die Art in Deutschland in gemähten oder beweideten, schwach sauren, stets sehr nassen, flach- wüchsigen, z. T. quelligen Niedermooren. Auf den britischen Inseln liegt die Art in ihren Trophie-Ansprüchen zwischen Drepanocladus exannulatus und Cratoneuron commuta- tum (HILL et al. 1994). Die Wuchsbereiche der Sippe sind vielfach von quelligem, Eisen- reichen aber Calcium-armen Wasser durchströmt. JANSSENS (1983) fand die Art in Nordamerika an Standorten mit pH-Werten zwischen 5 und 8, einer Leitfähigkeit von 32–393 µScm-1 und Ca2+-Konzentrationen von 8–97 ppm. Ihre Trophie-Ansprüche sind mit denen von H. lapponicus vergleichbar, die beiden Arten scheinen in einigen Niedermooren Kanadas zusammen
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