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Bryophyte and Sedge Inventory of Groundwater-Rich Wetlands on Umatilla National Forest

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Bryophyte and Sedge Inventory of Groundwater-Rich Wetlands on Umatilla National Forest Bryophyte and Sedge Inventory of Groundwater-rich Wetlands on Umatilla National Forest SSW across Upper Reservoir Meadow, Olive Lake area, North Fork John Day Ranger District Rick Dewey Deschutes National Forest January 2013 1 Acknowledgements This project was funded by a USFS R6 ISSSSP grant spanning FY 2012-2013. Thanks to Joan Frazee and Mark Darrach, Umatilla National Forest botanists, for supporting the project proposal, and to the latter and Rachel Chambers for very able field assistance during the first week of field work. Mark’s recommendation of survey areas, and his enthusiasm and expertise regarding the high elevation serpentine flora of the Greenhorn Mountains is also very much appreciated. 2 Introduction This project is part of a series of Forest-level inventories within USFS Region 6 that are focused on better understanding the regional distribution of rare and uncommon fen-loving plants, as well as of those unusual biophysical settings that support them. Such inventories directly involving the leader of this current project have been previously conducted on several field units including the Deschutes, Ochoco, Fremont-Winema, Malheur and Gifford Pinchot National Forests. These inventories are by no means exhaustive, and typically involve several days of pre-field analysis followed by 3-4 weeks of fieldwork by 1-2 persons. Emerging understandings based on these inventories include: 1) over the relatively large geographic area where these inventories have been conducted, the floras of fens and other groundwater- fed peatlands include many shared species; 2) soils at sites persistently wetted by non-point sources of groundwater are likely to be peats, and the associated ecosystems are likely to qualify as fens; 3) fens typically do not stand alone on the landscape, but rather, are often smallish inclusions within a larger wetland system comprised of other elements such as seasonally groundwater-fed communities and predominantly surface water-fed communities; 4) with reference to vegetative structure, fens are typically meadows (herb-dominated communities where trees are either absent or are a minor component), however, shrub-dominated fens are not uncommon, and even forested fens can be found; 5) fens are spatially minor components of the landscape, and not evenly distributed among the R6 field units; 6) species commonly found in R6 fens, while conveniently referred to as "fen-loving species" or perhaps, "fen reference taxa" a) are not restricted to persistently wetted groundwater-fed peatlands and can, to varying degrees be found at sites seasonally wetted by groundwater or even at sites exclusively (apparently) seasonally wetted by surface water, and b) typically have boreal distributions, either North American or circumboreal, with southward range extensions within the Cascades-Sierra Nevada mountain corridor and to perhaps a lesser extent, southward into the Rockies. Fens, along with bogs, are a type of peatland. Bogs are principally wetted by the collection of surface water, while fens are principally wetted by a throughput of groundwater. Fen soils are typically peats, but as defined by the USDA, fen soils must be histosols. Histosols must have an organic soil/peat layer that comprises at least 40 cm (16 inches) of the upper 80 cm of the soil profile. Within R6, the project lead has observed that plants which commonly occur on these "true" fens, also commonly occur on groundwater-fed peats or organically rich soils that do not qualify as histosols. Further, distinguishing between a histosol and an organically-rich groundwater-fed soil can be an uncertain affair during a brief field visit. Consequently, the project lead, from a botanical perspective, has taken to using the phrase "fens and fen-like ecosystems" for describing the habitats frequented by this project's target species (the term "peatland" is also used to designate ecosystems with organic soils, but this term does not distinguish between organic soils associated with fens and those associated with bogs). The habitats of this project's target taxa appear to be strongly associated with fens occurring at high latitudes or mid-montane elevations. Of the 12 target taxa in this project, 9 are R6 sensitive species in Oregon. These 9 taxa include the mosses Calliergon trifarium, Helodium blandowii, Meesia uliginosa, Splachnum ampullaceum and Tomentypnum nitens, along with the vascular plants Carex capitata, Carex lasiocarpa var. americana, Scheuchzeria palustris ssp. americana and Utricularia minor. Of the remaining 3 taxa, 2 are mosses that have only recently been detected in Oregon. Calliergon richardsonii has received a state rank of S1 by the Oregon Biodiversity Information Center (ORBIC), while 3 Campylium stellatum has yet to receive a state rank. The 12th target taxon, the moss Meesia triquetra, is considered too abundant to receive a state ranking of rare or uncommon (S1 or S2) by ORBIC. As the northern portion of the Forest (most of the Pomeroy Ranger District and the northern portion of the Walla Walla Ranger District are within Washington state, Washington state Natural Heritage Program (WNHP) rankings for this project's target taxa are also relevant. Seven of the 12 target taxa have no WNHP state ranking. These taxa include Calliergon richardsonii, Calliergon trifarium, Campylium stellatum, Splachnum ampullaceum, Tomentypnum nitens, Carex lasiocarpa var. americana and Scheuchzeria palustris ssp. americana. Of the remaining 5 taxa, 4 have WNHP state rankings of S1, while Utricularia minor has a current state ranking of S2(?). At the start of this project, only 3 target taxa - Campylium stellatum, Helodium blandowii and Tomentypnum nitens - were documented on Umatilla National Forest. Soppy, southern edge of the “10-420 rd., #2” meadow (6100’ elev.; Olive Lake area) supports much Helodium blandowii Objectives The intent of this study was to identify a group of sites on Umatilla National Forest that were reasonably likely to include fens or fen-like ecosystems, and could be visited and examined with preferably no more than 1-2 hours of hiking time. Examination was to include development of a list of on-site bryophytes and vascular plants, and a cursory description of vegetative structure and pattern of wetness. Soil probes would be made at many sites, especially those exhibiting 4 persistent groundwater-fed wetness. Soil probes are a proxy for describing soil profile via a soil pit, and allow an indirect assessment of soil profile to a depth of as much as four or more feet, depending on length of the probe and resistance of the soil. It was hoped that this examination would allow at least a tentative recognition of sites as fens or fen systems vs. some other type of meadow, shrubland or lightly forested area, and perhaps some ability to rank and/or classify within the set of tentatively identified fens. Helodium blandowii at the “10-420 rd., #2” meadow Methods An initial round of site selection was conducted using a Umatilla National Forest ecoclass GIS layer. Prior experience with site selection on other forests has shown that the MW (Meadow Wet) ecoclass category is the single most useful ecoclass category in identifying fen site candidates. Forest ecoclass GIS layers may include up to several dozen mapped MW sites (polygons). Notably however, the majority of meadows mapped as MW appear to include neither fens nor fen-like ecosystems. Further, it is virtually impossible to differentiate fen and non-fen MW communities by examination of aerial imagery (indeed, the matter of using aerial imagery to differentiate meadows that include fens or fen-like ecosystems from any other type of 5 meadow is a very uncertain affair). Surprisingly, the Umatilla National Forest ecoclass GIS layer includes only three MW polygons, so other ecoclass types were also considered. After reviewing the full set of ecoclass categories included within the Umatilla National Forest ecoclass GIS layer, it was determined that two other categories, MM2911 (Moist Meadow - woolly sedge) and MM2916 (Moist Meadow - woodrush sedge) were the next most likely to include fens and fen-like ecosystems. The Umatilla National Forest ecoclass GIS layer includes 11 instances of the former and 33 instances of the latter. Mapped units of these three ecoclass types are almost exclusively found on the North Fork John Day and Walla Walla Ranger Districts. Unremarkable-looking fen habitat including an apparent Umatilla National Forest rarity: the detected co-occurrence of the Cascadian fen moss trio of Tomentypnum nitens, Meesia triquetra and Hamatocaulis vernicosus; at far north end of Trout Meadows. Another set of fen site candidates was identified using a Umatilla National Forest Soils layer. Among the soil types included within this layer, the histosol type was considered most likely to support fen ecosystems. Of the dozen or so mapped histosol polygons on Umatilla National Forest , all but one are located on the North Fork John Day Ranger District. Known sites of target species were also considered a guide to potential candidate fen sites. Two 6 of the four documented sites of the moss Helodium blandowii (HEBL2)on Umatilla National Forest are in the immediate vicinity of Olive Lake, on the North Fork John Day Ranger District. The co-occurrence of HEBL2 and several mapped occurrences of the MM2911 and MM2916 ecoclasses provided additional rationale for field surveys in this general area. Likewise, a recent first detection of the moss Tomentypnum nitens (TONI70) on Umatilla National Forest, in Trout Meadows on the North Fork Ranger District, provided a reason to further investigate this area. First-hand knowledge of an experienced field worker was also utilized in identifying fen candidate sites. High-elevation wetland sites in the vicinity of Vinegar Hill and Sphagnum- bearing meadows shortly north of Trout Meadows - all on North Fork John Day Ranger District - were included in this project's field surveys at the recommendation of Umatilla National Forest botanist Mark Darrach. The convenience of proximity was also sometimes justification for identifying a fen candidate site.
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