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Alt-Development Common-Problems.Pdf The workshop in Taunggyi as well as this publication are funded by the Australian Government. This is not an official document of the United Nations. For information only. Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the view of the United Nations. Lay out by: Bangkok Compute Graphic, Bangkok, Thailand. Printed in Thailand by: Dyna Print (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Alternative Development: Sharing Good Practices Facing Common Problems Regional Seminar on Alternative Development for Illicit Crop Eradication Policies, Strategies and Actions 16-19 July 2001 Taunggyi, Myanmar Foreword Alternative Development is a Polity for Rural Justice, Freedom and Peace. Drug production, trafficking and abuse and its con- for illicit crop eradication: policies, strategies and nection with the HIV-AIDS socio-economic scourge actions,” held in Taunggyi in July 2001, provided an is possibly the greatest challenge faced by the Greater unique opportunity for an in-depth discussion between Mekong Subregion in its process towards a peaceful all protagonists, experts, and facilitators of commu- and sustainable development. It is not just a matter of nity based drug control activities at rural level in the illicit crops threatening the rain forest, rather the overall past decade. A great deal of best practices and les- human security of the Region is at stake. sons learned have been shared and future policies were agreed by consensus. UNDCP is proud to be associ- Alternative development is a journey towards freedom ated with such results and the UNDCP Regional Cen- from illicit drugs, from armed violence in isolated com- tre for East Asia and the Pacific is pleased to have the munities, from feudal and fragmented rural systems opportunity to publish all these materials for the use towards community based sustainable agricultural of all concerned parties. economies. It is not just crop replacement or illicit crop eradication, it is rather mainly about genuine It is one more act of our policy of “coming out” on freedom of villages and peasants, versus pillage and drugs - the more we listen, the more we learn. And predators. putting people at the center of whatever we do, is an effective cure for parasitic and dysfunctional illicit The “Regional Seminar on Alternative Development economies. Sandro Calvani, Representative, UNDCP Regional Centre for East Asia and Pacific, Bangkok List of Contents Page Alternative Development is a Polity for Rural Justice, Freedom and Peace. iii - Foreword by Dr. Sandro Calvani List of Contents v Working Together Towards an Enhanced Alternative Development Strategy in East Asia. 1 - Dr. Sanong Chinnanon Opium Poppy Control and Alternative Development Efforts Promoted by the Yunnan Provincial Government in the Border Areas of Its Neighboring Countries. 7 - Mr. Song Shiyin A Balanced Approach to Elimination of Opium Poppy Cultivation in Lao People’s Democratic Republic 13 - Mr. Kou Chansina & Mr. Shariq Bin Raza UN - Nonghet Alternative Development Project 19 - Dr. Bounpone Sirivong Long Alternative Development Project (LADP) 23 - Mr. Khamsao & Mr. Krister Winter Beng Alternative Development Micro-Project 27 - Mr. Houmphanh Bouphakham The Lao-German Drug Control Project 31 - Ms. Andrea Kuhlmann Village Based Development Component in a Pilot Project on Stabilization of Shifting Cultivations in Houaphan Province 35 - Mr. Mahinada Kurukulasuriya Myanmar Country Paper 41 - Mr. U Nyi Nyi & Lt. Colonel Wa Tin Wa Alternative Development Project 49 - Mr. Xavier Bouan Support for Opium Eradication Programmes in Kokang Special Region No.1 and Nam Tit Township, Wa Special Region No.2, Shan State 55 - U Kyaw Thu Thailand Country Paper 63 - Mr. Pittaya Jinawat The Role of Non-Agricultural Development in the Doi Tung Development Project 73 - Mom Rajawongse Putrie Viravaidya v Page Royal Project Foundation 83 - Dr. Santhad Rojanasoonthon Thai-German Highland Development Program (TG-HDP) in Northern Thailand 87 - Mr. Hagen Dirksen Sustainable Agricultural Development Project 97 - Mr. Prasong Jantakad Eliminating Opium : Lessons From Thailand 107 - Dr. Ronald Renard Vietnam : Results of Drug Control Programme in 1998-2000 and Future Directions in 2001-2005. 117 - Mr. Ha Dinh Tuan Ky Son Alternative Development Project in Vietnam 123 - UNDCP Hanoi An Overview Of Alternative Development And Illicit Crop Eradication Policies, Strategies and Actions in The Region 129 - Mr. Leik Boonwaat Summary of Key Issues Raised after Presentations and During Discussions. 149 Consolidated Summary of Recommendations from Group Discussions. 153 Appendices : 155 Consultations and Sharing Best Practices: Seminar Proceedings 157 Elimination of Illicit Drugs is a National Duty for Myanmar. 163 - Police Major General Soe Win Opening Welcoming Remarks 167 - Colonel Win Hlaing We Look Forward to an Enhanced Cooperation. 169 - Dr. Sanong Chinnanon Concluding remarks from heads of delegations 171 Seminar Programme 175 Summary of Evaluation from the Seminar 177 Karamosia International Japan 179 List of Participants and Contact details 181 vi Working Together Towards an Enhanced Alternative Development Strategy in East Asia. 1. Overview of Illicit Drug Situation and Crop there are various ethnic minorities and insurgent Cultivation groups. The concentrated opium cultivation areas are in the Wa and Kokang regions which account for al- The Southeast Asian region continues to be a major most 70 % of the total production in Myanmar. Since source of illicit production for opium, heroin, canna- independence in 1948, Myanmar has encountered bis and synthetic drugs. The so-called “Golden Trian- the “Drug and War” situations where certain insur- gle” covers most of the Shan State in Myanmar, gent minority groups have been involved in both illicit northern and western parts of Lao PDR and north- drug production and fighting against the central gov- ern regions of Thailand. Most opium growers are ernment for their liberation. After 1995-1996 as a highland minority groups who live scattered in the result of the cease-fire agreements with a number of mountainous areas above 1000 meters where climatic insurgent leaders, opium reduction efforts could then conditions are favourable for opium poppy cultiva- begin to take place in those cultivation areas. As part tion. Some of these ethnic minorities, particularly in of the opium eradication efforts, the government has the Shan State in Myanmar, had been fighting against endorsed a 15-Year Narcotics Elimination Plan in the central government for their liberation. For a long 1999 with the aim to eliminate the opium cultivation, time, opium production in the “Golden Triangle” was production and consumption in 2014. Over the past controlled mostly by the local warlords who led the 9 years, opium production in Myanmar has steadily minority armies. The surrender of Khun Sa, a well declined from 1,720 tonnes in 1991 to 1080 tonnes known warlord, in 1995 and the cease-fire agreements between the Myanmar government and the minority rebel groups together with the increased illicit crop eradication efforts created positive impacts to the overall opium reduction in the region. According to the UNDCP’s Global Illicit drug Trends 2001, the to- tal opium production in Southeast Asia has steadily declined from 2,032 tonnes in 1991 to 1,260 tonnes in 2000; 26 % of world’s total opium production. The total area of opium cultivation in the region has also declined steadily from 210,350 hectares to 128,640 hectares in the past ten years. Despite the declining trend of opium and heroin pro- duction in the region, Myanmar remains the world’s second largest source of opium and heroin produc- Presented by Dr. Sanong Chinnanon, tion after Afghanistan. Opium poppy is mainly culti- Alternative Development Cooperation vated in the northeastern part of the country cover- Project Coordinator, UNDCP Regional Centre for ing most of Shan State and part of Kachin State where East Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok in 2000. The cultivation areas have been reduced from 160,000 hectares per year to 108,700 hectares in the same period of time (ODCCP, Global Illicit Drug Trends 2001). According to the report of the Myanmar Government, approximately 25,000 acre of opium cultivation areas have been eradicated in 2000/2001. Lately the government of Myanmar and the US have conducted a joint opium yield survey to estimate the annual opium production in the country. Lao PDR remains the third largest country in the world for opium and heroin production. The Annual Opium Poppy Survey (LCDC 1999/2000) indicated that the concentration of opium cultivation areas in Laos cover the northern and western parts of the country particularly in Pongsaly, Luang Namtha, Oudomxay, Houphan and Xieng Khouang. Opium Opium Cultivation and Harvesting production in Laos has declined from about 196 (Source : UNDCP) tonnes in 1991 to 167 tonnes in 2000. Laos man- aged to reduce the areas of opium cultivation from Vietnam has made significant reduction in opium pro- 29,625 hectares to 19,052 hectares in the same pe- duction in the past 10 years particularly in areas such riod of time. as Ky Son where alternative development activities have been introduced. Opium poppy was grown in With continuous highland development programmes the mountainous areas in the northwestern provinces and sustained illicit crop control, Thailand is no longer of the country including Son La, Lai Chau and Nghe a major source of opium and heroin production. Some An provinces. Opium production in Vietnam has de- opium
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