DOCSLIB.ORG

Fundamental Properties of Afro-American Hair As Related to Their Straightening/Relaxing Behaviour

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fundamental Properties of Afro-American Hair As Related to Their Straightening/Relaxing Behaviour Fundamental properties of Afro-American hair as related to their straightening/relaxing behaviour Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Chemikerin Jutta Maria Quadflieg geb. Bußmann aus Dortmund Berichter: Prof. Dr. Hartwig Höcker Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Wortmann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 05. September 2003 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschule online verfügbar. Für Joachim Für Joachim "The secret of patience: Do something else in the meantime." "The secret of patience: Do something else in the meantime." Detlev Rossilyo [American philosopher, born 1942] Detlev Rossilyo [American philosopher, born 1942] Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hartwig Höcker for making this thesis I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hartwig Höcker for making this thesis possible and for his friendly support. possible and for his friendly support. I am indebted to my outstanding supervisor Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Wortmann for I am indebted to my outstanding supervisor Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Wortmann for critically reading the manuscript and letting me do exercises in patience. critically reading the manuscript and letting me do exercises in patience. Special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Helmut Zahn for intensive Special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Helmut Zahn for intensive discussions about hair. discussions about hair. I would also like to gratefully acknowledge Namasté Laboratories L.L.C. for the I would also like to gratefully acknowledge Namasté Laboratories L.L.C. for the financial support of the project and especially Mr. Gary Gardner for being financial support of the project and especially Mr. Gary Gardner for being always very interested and supportive for my work. This thesis would hardly always very interested and supportive for my work. This thesis would hardly have become possible without the critical and creative discussions with Dr. have become possible without the critical and creative discussions with Dr. Leszek Wolfram. Leszek Wolfram. I thank Dr. Hô Phan and Franz Steffens for preparing the electron microscopic I thank Dr. Hô Phan and Franz Steffens for preparing the electron microscopic pictures. Moreover, I would like to give thanks to Dr. Carla Sanchez Scanavez pictures. Moreover, I would like to give thanks to Dr. Carla Sanchez Scanavez de Paula for letting me use her SEM pictures. de Paula for letting me use her SEM pictures. In great recognition of his service in performing amino acid analyses I would In great recognition of his service in performing amino acid analyses I would like to mention Dr. Josef Föhles. like to mention Dr. Josef Föhles. I would like to thank Dr. Rebecca Elliott for reducing my worst offences against I would like to thank Dr. Rebecca Elliott for reducing my worst offences against the English language. the English language. I am very grateful to all members of “Alte Bibliothek”. They made a big I am very grateful to all members of “Alte Bibliothek”. They made a big contribution for me enjoying the time at DWI. contribution for me enjoying the time at DWI. A very special thank goes to my beloved parents Franz-Josef and Barbara A very special thank goes to my beloved parents Franz-Josef and Barbara Bußmann for their support in any situation. Bußmann for their support in any situation. Finally, I am filled with a deep sense of gratitude to my beloved husband Finally, I am filled with a deep sense of gratitude to my beloved husband Joachim Quadflieg. Without him I would not have come as far as I am now. Joachim Quadflieg. Without him I would not have come as far as I am now. Table of contents Table of contents Table of contents I Table of contents I Summary V Summary V List of abbreviations X List of abbreviations X 1. Objectives of the investigation 1 1. Objectives of the investigation 1 2. Introduction 4 2. Introduction 4 2.1. Human hair 4 2.1. Human hair 4 2.1.1. Structure of hair 4 2.1.1. Structure of hair 4 2.1.1.1. The cuticle 5 2.1.1.1. The cuticle 5 2.1.1.2. The cell membrane complex 6 2.1.1.2. The cell membrane complex 6 2.1.1.3. The cortex 7 2.1.1.3. The cortex 7 2.1.1.4. Cross-links in the proteins of hair 9 2.1.1.4. Cross-links in the proteins of hair 9 2.1.2. Origin of curls in Afro hair 10 2.1.2. Origin of curls in Afro hair 10 2.2. Hair straightening/relaxing 13 2.2. Hair straightening/relaxing 13 2.2.1. Thermal straightening – hair pressing 13 2.2.1. Thermal straightening – hair pressing 13 2.2.2. Chemical hair straightening 14 2.2.2. Chemical hair straightening 14 2.2.2.1. Differences between hair straightening and relaxing 14 2.2.2.1. Differences between hair straightening and relaxing 14 2.2.2.2. The chemistry of hair straightening 15 2.2.2.2. The chemistry of hair straightening 15 2.2.2.3. The history of hair relaxing 17 2.2.2.3. The history of hair relaxing 17 2.2.2.4. The chemistry of hair relaxing 18 2.2.2.4. The chemistry of hair relaxing 18 I I Table of contents Table of contents 3. Results and discussion 19 3. Results and discussion 19 3.1. Investigations of hair cross-sections 19 3.1. Investigations of hair cross-sections 19 3.1.1. Introduction 19 3.1.1. Introduction 19 3.1.2. Influences of age and gender 21 3.1.2. Influences of age and gender 21 3.1.3. Comparison of pigmented and non-pigmented Afro hair 24 3.1.3. Comparison of pigmented and non-pigmented Afro hair 24 3.2. Comparison of Afro, Asian and Caucasian hair 26 3.2. Comparison of Afro, Asian and Caucasian hair 26 3.2.1. Characterization of hair samples 27 3.2.1. Characterization of hair samples 27 3.2.2. Hair treatments 29 3.2.2. Hair treatments 29 3.2.3. Quality of the hair samples after treatment 30 3.2.3. Quality of the hair samples after treatment 30 3.2.3.1. Surface quality of the hair 30 3.2.3.1. Surface quality of the hair 30 3.2.3.1.1. Scanning electron microscopy 30 3.2.3.1.1. Scanning electron microscopy 30 3.2.3.1.2. Gloss measurements 33 3.2.3.1.2. Gloss measurements 33 3.2.3.2. Amino acid composition 36 3.2.3.2. Amino acid composition 36 3.2.3.3. Thermal properties 51 3.2.3.3. Thermal properties 51 3.3. Evaluation of hair straightening efficacy 60 3.3. Evaluation of hair straightening efficacy 60 3.3.1. Relaxer creams 60 3.3.1. Relaxer creams 60 3.3.2. Treatments 60 3.3.2. Treatments 60 3.3.3. Procedure for single hair relaxing 61 3.3.3. Procedure for single hair relaxing 61 3.3.4. Results of single hair relaxing 63 3.3.4. Results of single hair relaxing 63 3.3.4.1. Comparison of simulated and natural Afro hair 63 3.3.4.1. Comparison of simulated and natural Afro hair 63 3.3.4.2. Comparison of different treatments of natural Afro hair 67 3.3.4.2. Comparison of different treatments of natural Afro hair 67 3.4. Study of hair relaxing 71 3.4. Study of hair relaxing 71 3.4.1. Kinetics of cystine degradation 71 3.4.1. Kinetics of cystine degradation 71 3.4.2. Quality of the hair after modified relaxer treatments 74 3.4.2. Quality of the hair after modified relaxer treatments 74 3.4.2.1. Amino acid composition 74 3.4.2.1. Amino acid composition 74 3.4.2.2. Thermal properties 87 3.4.2.2. Thermal properties 87 II II Table of contents Table of contents 3.5. Permanent waving of relaxed hair 96 3.5. Permanent waving of relaxed hair 96 3.5.1. Performing single hair waving 96 3.5.1. Performing single hair waving 96 3.5.2. Quality of hair after treatment 99 3.5.2. Quality of hair after treatment 99 3.5.2.1. Waveability of hair 99 3.5.2.1. Waveability of hair 99 3.5.2.2. Amino acid composition 105 3.5.2.2. Amino acid composition 105 3.5.2.3. Thermal properties 109 3.5.2.3. Thermal properties 109 3.6. Swelling and diffusion 114 3.6. Swelling and diffusion 114 3.6.1. Experimental aspects 114 3.6.1. Experimental aspects 114 3.6.2. Analysis of swelling 115 3.6.2. Analysis of swelling 115 3.6.3. Analysis of diffusion 123 3.6.3. Analysis of diffusion 123 4. Experimental part 135 4. Experimental part 135 4.1. Materials 135 4.1. Materials 135 4.1.1. Hair 135 4.1.1. Hair 135 4.1.2. Chemicals 136 4.1.2. Chemicals 136 4.2. General experimental techniques and analyses 137 4.2. General experimental techniques and analyses 137 4.2.1. Devices 137 4.2.1. Devices 137 4.2.2. Cross-section determination 137 4.2.2. Cross-section determination 137 4.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy 138 4.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy 138 4.2.4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5 Written Questions
    4/21/2020 Test: MILADY CHAPTER 11 | Quizlet NAME 5 Written questions 1. abnormal hair loss. 2. hair flowing in the same direction, resulting from follicles sloping in the same direction. 3. an amino acid that joins together two peptide strands. 4. provides natural dark brown to black to the hair and is the dark pigment predominant in black and brunette hair. https://quizlet.com/302174566/test 1/5 4/21/2020 Test: MILADY CHAPTER 11 | Quizlet 5. the number of individual hair strands on 1 square inch (2.5 square centimeters) of scalp 5 Matching questions A. (lanugo hair) short, fine, unpigmented downy hair that 1. amino acids appears on the body, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. 2. vellus hair 3. peptide bond 4. dermal papilla 5. hypertrichosis B. (end bond) chemical bond that joins amino acids to each other, end to end, to form a polypeptide chain. C. (hirsuties) condition of abnormal growth of hair, characterized by the growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally grow only vellus hair. D. units that are joined together end to end like pop beads by strong, chemical peptide bonds to form the polypeptide chains that comprise proteins. https://quizlet.com/302174566/test 2/5 4/21/2020 Test: MILADY CHAPTER 11 | Quizlet E. plural: dermal papilla. A small, cone-shaped elevation location located at the base of the root follicle that fits into the hair bulb. 5 Multiple choice questions 1. the bonds created when disulfide bonds are broken by hydroxide chemical hair relaxers after the relaxer is rinsed from the hair.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy and Physiology of Hair
    Chapter 2 Provisional chapter Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Anatomy and Physiology of Hair Bilgen Erdoğan ğ AdditionalBilgen Erdo informationan is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67269 Abstract Hair is one of the characteristic features of mammals and has various functions such as protection against external factors; producing sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones; impact on social and sexual interactions; thermoregulation and being a resource for stem cells. Hair is a derivative of the epidermis and consists of two distinct parts: the follicle and the hair shaft. The follicle is the essential unit for the generation of hair. The hair shaft consists of a cortex and cuticle cells, and a medulla for some types of hairs. Hair follicle has a continuous growth and rest sequence named hair cycle. The duration of growth and rest cycles is coordinated by many endocrine, vascular and neural stimuli and depends not only on localization of the hair but also on various factors, like age and nutritional habits. Distinctive anatomy and physiology of hair follicle are presented in this chapter. Extensive knowledge on anatomical and physiological aspects of hair can contribute to understand and heal different hair disorders. Keywords: hair, follicle, anatomy, physiology, shaft 1. Introduction The hair follicle is one of the characteristic features of mammals serves as a unique miniorgan (Figure 1). In humans, hair has various functions such as protection against external factors, sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones production and thermoregulation. The hair also plays important roles for the individual’s social and sexual interaction [1, 2].
    [Show full text]
  • A Science-Based Guide to Afro-Textured Hair Care from Nylah’S Naturals
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE A Science-Based Guide to Afro-Textured Hair Care from Nylah’s Naturals. This vegan hair care brand shares their top five tips on how to care for Black hair. Afro-textured hair requires special care, as the hair unique structure is prone to extra dryness and therefore are more fragile and susceptible to breakage. Kam Davis, Founder and CEO of Nylah’s Naturals, shares some expert advice on how to care for Black hair. ​ Since ancient times, afro-textured hair has been an integral part of Black culture. From the Ancient Nile Valley civilizations to the establishment of Western African empires, hair has maintained a spiritual, social, cultural and aesthetic significance in the lives of African people. It was a part of a person’s social and cultural identity, signifying personal status. Unfortunately, in recent centuries, Black women and men were forced to follow the standards of beauty industries that did not accept natural afro-textured hair, forcing many to chemically straighten their hair or wear wigs. Encouragingly, over the past few years, the tendency started shifting in a different FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE direction, with natural afro-textured hair being more and more widely accepted, celebrating its curly nature and uniqueness. “At Nylah’s Naturals, we realize that our mission goes way beyond creating natural, high-quality products catering to afro-textured hair. For so many years Black women were fighting the very nature of their hair, so now we feel there is a need to educate and share the best practices on how to care for Black hair in such a way that it highlights its health and beauty,” - shares Kam Davis, Nylah’s Naturals CEO and Founder.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRO-AMERICAN ART the METROPOLITAN MUSEUM of ART Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art
    <^ ? AFRO-AMERICAN ART THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art June 19-August 1,1976 Catalogue by Regenia A. Perry The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York ON THE COVER: Ashur Moses Nathan and Son by Jules Lion. Pastel on canvas, ca. 1845. Lent by Francois Mignon, Natchitoches, Louisiana. Pho­ tograph by Don R. Sepulvado, Natchitoches, Louisiana. Copyright © 1976 by The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1 he Metropolitan Museum is pleased to present the ex­ hibition Selections of Nineteenth-Century Afro-American Art as part of our observance of the nation's Bicentennial celebration. We are grateful for the generosity of the lenders, whose cooperation made the exhibition possible, and we congratulate Dr. Regenia A. Perry, who or­ ganized the show. It is fitting at this time not only to ex­ amine this important aspect of our national heritage but to view it in the broader context of the history of Ameri­ can art as represented in the collection of The Metropoli­ tan Museum of Art. THOMAS HOVING Director ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the School of the Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University for granting me a leave of ab­ sence to work on this project during the academic year 1975—1976, to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for funding the fellowship at The Metropolitan Museum of Art which I received during this year, to The Metropolitan Museum of Art for working with me in present­ ing this exhibition, and to the numerous institutions and private col­ lectors who have generously lent their works.
    [Show full text]
  • Curly Girl: the Handbook
    curly girl THE HANDBOOK EXPANDED SECOND EDITION by Lorraine Massey with Michele Bender Photographs by Gabrielle Revere Workman Publishing, New York Copyright © 2010 by Lorraine Massey and Michele Bender Design copyright © by Workman Publishing Photographs copyright © Gabrielle Revere All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced— mechanically, electronically, or by any other means, including photocopying—without written permission of the publisher. Published simultaneously in Canada by Thomas Allen & Son Limited. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. eISBN 978-0-7611-6402-9 Design by Lidija Tomas Cover design by Janet V icario Workman books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for premiums and sales promotions as well as for fund-raising or educational use. Special editions or book excerpts can also be created to specification. For details, contact the Special Sales Director at the address below or send an e-mail to [email protected]. Workman Publishing Company, Inc. 225 Varick Street New York, NY 10014-4381 www.workman.com Photography Credits: COVER PHOTOGRAPHY by GABRIELLE REVERE (Front and Back) Author photo Courtesy of Lorraine Massey ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHY BY GABRIELLE REVERE: vi top, vii top and middle, 1 (all images), 7, 9, 18, 21 left, 22 left, 23 left, 24 left, 25 left, 26 left, 27 left, 32, 33, 37 left and right, 38–41 (all images), 42 right, 44–47 (all images), 48 left, 50–61 (all images), 66 top and bottom, 67 top left, 67 top and bottom right, 68 left, 70, 71, 75, 77, 90– 93 (all images), 94 right, 96–99 (all images), 102–104 (all images), 106–110 (all images), 112–116 (all images), 118, 121 right, 123 bottom, 124–126 (all images), 134–137 (all images), 138 top, 140 right, 151 right, 156, 159–161 (all images), 162 left middle and bottom, 162 right top and bottom, 163–164 (all images), 165 top left and right, 167 (all images), 170 (all images), 172 (all images).
    [Show full text]
  • Permanent Hair Reduction Is a Lasting Solution That Takes Away the Everyday Hassle of Dealing with Unwanted Facial and Body Hair
    Embrace the freedom and confidence that Fall in love with BE FREE TO LOOK YOUR comes with permanent the lasting results BEST EVERY DAY WITH hair reduction. of permanent Permanent iberate yourself from the constant need to shave hair reduction. L and wax unwanted facial and body hair in order to feel and look your best. With light-based perma- SCHEDULE YOUR TREATMENT Hair Reduction nent hair reduction, just a few simple treatments SESSION TODAY—AND BE FREE is all it takes to permanently minimize hair growth, OF UNWANTED HAIR. revealing clear, silky skin that’s ready to bare every day—and all year long. Unlike shaving that lasts days, waxing that needs to be repeated every few weeks indefinitely, or elec- trolysis that’s tedious, permanent hair reduction is a lasting solution that takes away the everyday hassle of dealing with unwanted facial and body hair. The secret lies in the light-based technology that targets and destroys hair cells responsible for hair growth without harming surrounding skin. It’s a simple approach to permanent hair reduction that’s fast, easy and FDA-cleared. Best of all, treatment sessions take just minutes and are practically pain-free. It’s the hair removal solution you’ve been waiting for. Make the Move to Permanent Hair Reduction. Ideal for: Faces • Underarms • Arms • Legs Back • Bikini area • Chest Your provider has chosen Palomar® products for your treatment. Palomar produces the most advanced cos- metic lasers and pulsed light systems to dramatically improve the appearance of skin. Permanent hair reduction is available www.palomarmedical.com for any skin type and most hair colors.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICLE 17A Barbers and Cosmetologists | Chapter 61 - Professional A
    ARTICLE 17A Barbers and Cosmetologists | Chapter 61 - Professional a... https://nmonesource.com/nmos/nmsa/en/item/4397/index.do?iframe=tr... ARTICLE 17A Barbers and Cosmetologists 61-17A-1. Short title. (Repealed effective July 1, 2026.) Chapter 61, Article 17A NMSA 1978 may be cited as the "Barbers and Cosmetologists Act". History: Laws 1993, ch. 171, § 1; 2013, ch. 166, § 3. ANNOTATIONS The 2013 amendment, effective June 14, 2013, added the NMSA chapter and article for the Barbers and Cosmetologists Act; and at the beginning of the sentence, deleted "Sections 1 through 24 of this act" and added "Chapter 61, Article 13 NMSA 1978". Law reviews. — For article, "Constitutional Limitations on the Exercise of Judicial Functions by Administrative Agencies," see 7 Nat. Res. J. 599 (1972). Am. Jur. 2d, A.L.R. and C.J.S. references. — 11 Am. Jur. 2d Barbers and Cosmetologists §§ 4 to 12. Places or persons within purview of statute or ordinance as to licensing of barbers, 31 A.L.R. 433, 59 A.L.R. 543. Validity, construction, and effect of statute or ordinance regulating beauty culture schools, 56 A.L.R.2d 879. 39A C.J.S. Health and Environment §§ 37 to 39. 61-17A-2. Definitions. (Repealed effective July 1, 2026.) As used in the Barbers and Cosmetologists Act: A. "barber" means a person, other than a student, who for compensation engages in barbering; B. "board" means the board of barbers and cosmetologists; C. "cosmetologist" means a person, other than a student, who for compensation engages in cosmetology; D. "electrologist" means a person, other than a student, who for compensation removes hair from or destroys hair on the human body through the use of an electric current applied to the body with a needle-shaped electrode or probe; 1 of 25 7/15/2021, 11:23 AM ARTICLE 17A Barbers and Cosmetologists | Chapter 61 - Professional a..
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Hair Salon Business Business Plans Handbook Ed
    Mobile Hair Salon Business Business Plans Handbook Ed. Kristin B. Mallegg. Vol. 34. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2015. p91-96. COPYRIGHT 2015 Gale, Cengage Learning Full Text: Mobile Hair Salon Business MostlyKids Hair Styles Inc. 5821 Cunningham Ave. High Point, WI 53000 Paul Greenland MostlyKids Hair Styles is a full-service mobile hair salon specializing in serving children and busy moms. ​ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MostlyKids Hair Styles is a full-service mobile hair salon specializing in serving children and busy moms. Owned by hairstylist Tina Parker, the business provides an innovative solution to busy families by bringing a regularly needed service directly to their homes. By taking a mobile approach and offering flexible hours, MostlyKids Hair Styles saves customers valuable time compared to traditional brick-and-mortar hair salons. Additionally, the business also is a helpful option for individuals with short-term or permanent disabilities, for whom traveling to a traditional hair salon is inconvenient, difficult, or impossible. By adhering to a mobile business model, Tina Parker is able to establish a new business without the overhead of a traditional salon, including mortgage/rent payments, utilities, and property taxes. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 13 percent annual employment growth is projected for hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists from 2012 to 2022 (about as fast as the average for all occupations). Among the factors contributing to job growth is rising demand for services such as hair straightening and coloring, as well as other “deluxe”services. Nationwide, the BLS expects that employment will increase from 611,200 in 2012 to 688,700 in 2022.
    [Show full text]
  • Is This Hair Professional Enough?
    HUMANITIES | ENCOUNTERS Is this hair professional enough? n Cite as: CMAJ 2021 February 16;193:E254-5. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.201871 was eight years old when my mother sent me to school with Bantu knots in my hair. This hairstyle, which origi- Inated with the Zulu people of southern Africa, was worn for centuries on the Afri- can continent before becoming widely adopted by the diaspora. I returned home that afternoon in tears. My classmates, unaccustomed to a hairstyle of that sort, had spent all day laughing, pointing and comparing my hair to excrement. The tiny shred of pride I had had in my natural kinky-textured hair was crushed. I told my mother never to style it like that again and begged her for a chemical hair relaxer; she finally caved in about two years later. I spent the ensuing years, into early adulthood, chemically straightening my hair and adopting a variety of protective styles: braids, cornrows, hair extensions and wigs. Women of African descent com- monly use these styles to protect our hair from overmanipulation and to permit undisrupted growth of the hair. Unfortunately, these styles, along with the use of chemical relaxers for perma- nent hair straightening, have been strongly linked to a form of hair loss known as traction alopecia. One study found that a third of Black women suffer from this condition, which can lead to Image copyright iStock.com/GeorgePeters. No standalone file use permitted. permanent hair loss if not detected and treated early.1 In addition, Black women women in my environment, I subscribed The end of my undergraduate degree who use relaxers have been shown to to that belief and happily shelled out hun- and the beginning of my journey in medi- have a higher likelihood of developing dreds of dollars in pursuit of these looks.
    [Show full text]
  • An Amerind Etymological Dictionary
    An Amerind Etymological Dictionary c 2007 by Merritt Ruhlen ! Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greenberg, Joseph H. Ruhlen, Merritt An Amerind Etymological Dictionary Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Amerind Languages—Etymology—Classification. I. Title. P000.G0 2007 000!.012 00-00000 ISBN 0-0000-0000-0 (alk. paper) This book is dedicated to the Amerind people, the first Americans Preface The present volume is a revison, extension, and refinement of the ev- idence for the Amerind linguistic family that was initially offered in Greenberg (1987). This revision entails (1) the correction of a num- ber of forms, and the elimination of others, on the basis of criticism by specialists in various Amerind languages; (2) the consolidation of certain Amerind subgroup etymologies (given in Greenberg 1987) into Amerind etymologies; (3) the addition of many reconstructions from different levels of Amerind, based on a comprehensive database of all known reconstructions for Amerind subfamilies; and, finally, (4) the addition of a number of new Amerind etymologies presented here for the first time. I believe the present work represents an advance over the original, but it is at the same time simply one step forward on a project that will never be finished. M. R. September 2007 Contents Introduction 1 Dictionary 11 Maps 272 Classification of Amerind Languages 274 References 283 Semantic Index 296 Introduction This volume presents the lexical and grammatical evidence that defines the Amerind linguistic family. The evidence is presented in terms of 913 etymolo- gies, arranged alphabetically according to the English gloss.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hairlessness Norm Extended: Reasons for and Predictors of Women’S Body Hair Removal at Different Body Sites
    Sex Roles (2008) 59:889–897 DOI 10.1007/s11199-008-9494-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Hairlessness Norm Extended: Reasons for and Predictors of Women’s Body Hair Removal at Different Body Sites Marika Tiggemann & Suzanna Hodgson Published online: 18 June 2008 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008 Abstract The study aimed to explore the motivations prescription renders many women not only perpetually behind and predictors of the practice of body hair removal dissatisfied with their bodies (Rodin et al. 1985), but also among women. A sample of 235 Australian female highly motivated to alter their bodies to match the ideal, as undergraduate students completed questionnaires asking illustrated by the existence of multi-million dollar diet, about the frequency and reasons for body hair removal, as exercise, cosmetic and cosmetic surgery industries. well as measures of media exposure. It was confirmed that One particular aspect of the ideal that has received the vast majority (approximately 96%) regularly remove relatively little research attention or theorizing is the their leg and underarm hair, most frequently by shaving, prescription for smooth hairless skin. This is most likely and attribute this to femininity and attractiveness reasons. A because the practice of removing unwanted body hair is so sizeable proportion (60%) also removed at least some of normative in Western cultures as to go unremarked. By far their pubic hair, with 48% removing most or all of it. Here the majority of women in the USA (Basow 1991), UK the attributions were relatively more to sexual attractiveness (Toerien et al. 2005) and Australia (Tiggemann and Kenyon and self-enhancement.
    [Show full text]
  • Menu of Services
    Daytona State College Cosmetology Salon Daytona State College Cosmetology Salon Menu of Services Menu of Services for Hair, Skin and Nails for Hair, Skin and Nails HAIR SERVICES 114 Cap Hi-Lights $25 & up HAIR SERVICES 114 Cap Hi-Lights $25 & up 100 Shampoo Only $3 115 Toner $15 & up 100 Shampoo Only $3 115 Toner $15 & up 101 Bang Trim $3 _______________________________ 101 Bang Trim $3 _______________________________ 102 Clipper Cut/Haircut/ TEXTURE SERVICES 102 Clipper Cut/Haircut/ TEXTURE SERVICES Beard Trim $5 (Includes Shampoo/Style & Haircut) Beard Trim $5 (Includes Shampoo/Style & Haircut) 103 Haircut/Blow-Dry/Style 116 Chemical Relaxer (Virgin) 103 Haircut/Blow-Dry/Style 116 Chemical Relaxer (Virgin) $10 & up $30 & up $10 & up $30 & up 135 Hot Lather Shave $6 117 Chemical Relaxer (Retouch) 135 Hot Lather Shave $6 117 Chemical Relaxer (Retouch) _______________________________ $25 & up _______________________________ $25 & up STYLING 118 Soft Curl Perm $35 & up STYLING 118 Soft Curl Perm $35 & up 104 Shampoo and Blow-Dry $10 119 Regular Perm $25 & up 104 Shampoo and Blow-Dry $10 119 Regular Perm $25 & up 105 Specialty Style $10 & up 120 Specialty Wrap Perm 105 Specialty Style $10 & up 120 Specialty Wrap Perm (May include; wrap, twists, press & curl, wet sets with (May include; wrap, twists, press & curl, wet sets with $40 & up $40 & up detailed finish, up-do’s, spiral curls, freeze curls or flat-iron) detailed finish, up-do’s, spiral curls, freeze curls or flat-iron) 203 Keratin Straightening 203 Keratin Straightening 202 Dominican
    [Show full text]