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Variation of Human Hairiness: a Possible Adaptation to Solar Radiation and Melanin

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Variation of Human Hairiness: a Possible Adaptation to Solar Radiation and Melanin Amrita Dhugga, Maciej Henneberg, Jaliya Kumaratilake Skin colour and hairiness ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW • Vol. 77 (2), 219–232 (2014) ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW Available online at: www.degruyter.com Journal homepage: www.ptantropologiczne.pl Variation of human hairiness: a possible adaptation to solar radiation and melanin Amrita Dhugga, Maciej Henneberg, Jaliya Kumaratilake Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Unit, The University of Adelaide ABSTRACT: Many theories have been advanced to explain human hairlessness, however, there is no consen- sus. This study of 76 males observed that skin reflectance measuring skin colouration and melanin pig- mentation correlated with hair size and follicle density. Individuals with a greater concentration of melanin within the superficial layer of the skin had a lower follicle density and smaller sizes of hairs. In contrast, individuals with a lower melanin concentration and lighter skin colour had a full range of hairiness. This leads to the suggestion that over the course of human evolution, high concentrations of melanin in consist- ently exposed to ultraviolet radiation areas developed first and that hair loss was a consequence of compe- tition in the skin between melanin production and hair growth. Darker pigmented skin and lower follicle density are significantly correlated (R2=0.283; p<0.05). Individuals with darker skin had a mean of 4.91 follicles per cm2 whereas those with lighter skin reflectance had 11.20 follicles per cm2. This suggests that increased concentrations of melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis may limit hairiness by negatively influencing the skin’s ability to produce hair. KEY WORDS: evolution of hair, Von Luschan’s Scale, skin colour reflectance, hairiness Introduction become shorter and thinner (Morgan 1982). There are a number of theories To date there is no accepted theory of and anecdotal evidence for the amount mammalian hair growth (Foote, 2013). of hair varying across geographic groups Humans appear considerably less hairy of people. Thus, there is a need to quan- than chimpanzees and other primates, titate variation in order to explain why however, there is no clear explanation for differences occurred amongst individuals this variation. Humans and chimpanzees and geographical populations. have the same number of hair follicles Theories contributing to the evolu- and as a result, human hair must have tion of hairlessness: Original Article: Received April 6, 2014; Accepted for publication June 9, 2014 DOI: 10.2478/anre-2014-0017 © 2014 Polish Anthropological Society 220 Amrita Dhugga, Maciej Henneberg, Jaliya Kumaratilake There are a number of theories which mans have no hair cover dense or great have been developed to aid in the un- enough to provide effective protection derstanding of human hairlessness. The against environmental temperature. Hu- aquatic ape theory suggests that Homo man body hair, however individually var- evolved to its erect, bipedal and hairless iable, is vestigial. Thus there is no reason state by living in water (Hardy 1960). A why the amount of hair on the human newer version of Hardy’s theory is the body should correlate with climatic con- “wading hypothesis”, which contends ditions. that ancestral humans had a peri-aquatic Human body hair may have evolved lifestyle (spending a substantial amount to become shorter and thinner, due to of time wading in shallow waters) which climatic conditions. There are two forms influenced hairlessness (Niemitz 2010). of hair on the body vellus and terminal. To the contrary, another theory states Vellus hair is much shorter, finer and that human ancestors ventured onto dry inconspicuous, found in areas which savannah where they needed to ther- appear naked yet there is hair, such as moregulate more vigorously; both to lose behind the ear (Dean and Silva-Jothy heat gained by physical exertion, and col- 2012). Whereas, terminal hair is thicker lect heat in cooler periods, which would and more visible as it is found in areas have been facilitated by loss of hair and including the legs, axilla, and arms (Toll exposure of naked skin to the environ- et al. 2004). Thus, it is not necessarily ment (Rantala 2007). Similarly, the ther- a reduction of hair follicles for our seem- moregulatory theory is related to envi- ing naked appearance but rather weaker ronmental conditions where naked skin hair. There is anecdotal variation among proved advantageous. For survival Homo different groups and this study aims to needed to hunt, and as a result evolution- study geographical variation in relation ary adaptations occurred to radiate heat to other skin adaptations. produced during physical effort (O’Keefe et al. 2011). Extensive hunting in hot Skin Colour and Melanogenesis environments would have caused ther- mal stress on the body which demanded Skin colour varies in all individuals, due efficient temperature regulation by cool- to genetic variations, and it can be mod- ing (Pagel 2003). The parasitic theory is ified by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) ra- another plausible explanation for human diation (Candille et al. 2012). Skin col- hairlessness, related to when clothing our can vary during puberty (Sitek et al. was introduced, along with denser pop- 2012) and due to psychological stress ulations, which together were ideal con- (Sitek et al. 2012). In humans melanin ditions for ectoparasites (Rantala 1999). occurs in the stratum basale layer of the These ectoparasites would feed on skin epidermis of skin, whereas chimpanzees (epidermis) which may have caused a re- store their melanin deeper in the dermis duction in body hair, as hair provides (Becker 1927). Melanin produces the a protective environment for parasites striking polymorphic variation in skin, to attach to and lay their eggs on (Dean hair and eye colour of humans (Candille and Silva-Jothy 2012). It still remains et al. 2012). Hair pigment derives from unclear which theory is more plausible. melanin being taken up by keratinocytes No matter which theory is correct, all hu- (Hofreiter and Schöneberg 2010). Mel- Skin colour and hairiness 221 anocytes are specialised dendritic cells al elements of human skin such as hair (Yuen and Jablonski 2010) that produce follicles (Slominski et al.1991). There melanin in specialised cytoplasmic orga- is some indication that hair density and nelles, melanosomes (Jody et al. 2009). growth are correlated depending on hair Melanosomes vary in size and degree of pigmentation (Van Neste and Tobin aggregation according to an individual’s 2004). Therefore, it can be hypothesised skin type and pigmentation (Jablonski that accumulation of high levels of mela- 2004). Located within melanosomes nin in the skin reduces follicle function, is tyrosine, the regulatory amino acid growth in numbers and size of hair. In of melanin, which is highly involved in females, due to cyclic changes in their melanin synthesis reactions (Lin 2007). physiology there is additional regula- There are two types of melanin, eumela- tion of skin physiology and turnover of nin (brownish-black) and pheomelanin pigmentation, whereas in males the sit- (reddish-yellow); increased concentra- uation is simpler (Ali and Wojnarowska tions of eumelanin characterise dark- 2011). er tanned skin while concentrations of Therefore, it is important to study pheomelanin vary in each individual a relationship between skin pigmenta- (Costin and Hearing 2007). However, tion, hair density and hair size in rela- pheomelanin is commonly present in in- tion to geographic areas where people dividuals of red-haired Europeans, East have originated in order to understand Asians and Native Americans (Lessin et the causes of the variation in the degree al. 2012). Primates have highly variable of hairlessness. The aim of this work is skin pigmentation, by having bluish, to investigate correlations between skin white, pink and black pigment in differ- colour, hair follicle density and size in re- ent areas of the body (Montagna 1972). lation to geographic origin in a sample of Melanin protects the skin against ex- males from different continents. cessive amounts of Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, therefore an accumulation Materials and Methods of melanin is a reflection of geographic differences in people exposed to higher There were two parts of this study: 1. amounts of UV, and those whose ances- Histology of skin and hair from differ- tors were exposed to greater UVB radia- ent areas of the body, and 2. Correlation tion have a genetic tendency to produce between skin pigmentation and hairless- more melanin (Robins 2009). Those in- ness. dividuals exposed to lesser quantities of Histological study was conducted to UV will have lower amounts of melanin, ascertain variation of hair density and and therefore lighter skin pigmentation size across the different locations of the (Sturm 2009). human body, in order to choose one area It is possible that a reduced follicle to represent human hairiness for a large density in individuals with greater con- sample. centrations of melanin, could be a result Skin samples were obtained from of melanin competing with follicular four cadavers (two male and two fe- growth. Levels of tyrosine may differ in male) donated to the University of Ad- melanosomes which may also compete elaide Medical School. Skin samples of with the production of other structur- 1 cm2 to the depth of deep fascia were 222 Amrita Dhugga, Maciej Henneberg, Jaliya Kumaratilake dissected from the following locations haematoxylin and eosin. Skin sec- (Fig. 1): tions were cut parallel to the skin – Chin, anterior lower border of mental surface. Hair follicle density (number protuberance of follicles per cm2) and the diame- – Back, midline centre of neck ter of hair follicles and hair (i.e hair – Chest, point where median sagittal shaft), was measured on these sam- plane is intersected by the plane run- ples. Skin measurements were taken ning through the nipples. In females, using Nikon Bright Field Microscope the breasts were moved to anatomi- with the use of NIS Basic Research cal position, before determining the Anatomy Software (2011), at 4 and plane running through the nipples.
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