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Title Histoire Et Droit Dans L'histoire Des Deux Indes De Raynal/Diderot Histoire et Droit dans l'Histoire des deux Indes de Title Raynal/Diderot Author(s) OHJI, Kenta Citation ZINBUN (2006), 38: 77-114 Issue Date 2006-03 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/48826 © Copyright March 2006, Institute for Research in Humanities Right Kyoto University. Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University ZINBUN 2005 No.38 Histoire et Droit dans l' Histoire des deux Indes de Rayna1/Diderot* Kenta OHJI o. Position du probleme. Parler de l' Histoire philosophique et politique des et α b l i s s e m e n s et du eomｭ meree des Europeens dans les deux Ir 枕 s (les trois editions successives en 1770 , en 1774 et en 1780) 1 de G uillaume- Thomas Raynal dans Ie cadre de la ge 的a­ logie des savoirs juridiques n うa rien d うevident. Historien ぅjournaliste et collaboｭ rateur de la diplomatie fran<;aise , Raynal ぜ a pas de formation juridique tout comme la plupart des contributeurs de son ぽuvre うparmi lesquels se trouvent う entre autres うDenis Diderot うAlexandre Deleyre ou Jean- Fran<;ois de Saintｭ Lambert. 2 Ecrite et reecrite en r ・ e p o n s e aux grandes mutations de la politique * Ce texte est base sur la communication prononcee au colloque ｫ Une g 白lealogie des savoirs juridiques: Ie carrefour des Lumieres »ぅ a u Centre d うHistoire de la Philosophie Moderne du CNRS うVillejuif ， France うIe 25 avril 2003. 1 Nous utilisons les editions suivantes : Anonyme ぅ His t o ire philosophique et politique des et αblissemens et du commerce des Europeens d αns les deux Indes ぅ A m s t e r d a m う 1 7 7 0 ， 6 vo l. うin 8 [HDI 70 うpar la suite] ; Ano町me ， Histoire philosophique et politique des etα­ blissemens et du commerce des Europeens d α ηs les deux Indes ぅ L a Haye , Gosse fils う1774 う 7 vo l. うin 8 [HDI 74 うpar la suite] ;Guillaume-Thomas Raynal , Histoire philosophique et politique des et αblissemens et du commerce des Europeens d αns les deux Indes ぅ G e n e v e ， J.-L. Pellet , 1780 う4 vol ・ ぅin 4 [HDI 80 ぅpar la suite]. Nous donnons en reference s 町cessi­ vement I モdition ， Ie numero du livre うdu chapitre ヲdu tome et de la page. Quand Ie texte en question est repris dans les editions diflhentes ぅnous donnons la reference de toutes les editions correspondantes ぅen les reliant par Ie sig 配 « + 沖(entre HDI 70 et HDI 74) ou ｫ ++ ｻ (entre HDI 74 et HDI 80) dans les cas 0 む l e s variantes existe 帆et par un «ー» dans les cas contraires. 2 Sur Raynal et l' Histoire des deux Indes ぅ v o i r ぅ A n a t o l e Feugere , L'αbbe Rαynalタprecurseur de l α R 白olutio 凡 A n g o u l e m e ， Imprimerie Ouvriere う1922; Hans Wolpe , R ανnal et sa mα­ chine de guerre , Stanford うStanford UPう1957; Michele Duchet う H i s t o i r e et α n t h r o p o l o g i e α u siecle des Lumieres ぅ d e u x i e m e edition , Paris うMichel う1995; id. う D i d e ro t et l タ'Histoire 77 KENTA OHJI internationale apres la fin de la Guerre de Sept Ans ぅl'int 紅 白princi pal de l う H i s i o i r e des deux Indes reside avant tout dans ses interventions dans les d ふ bats politiques d'une cuisante actualite うa propos des reformes de la Compagnie des Indes et de la gestion du commerce colonial , de la traite dite ｫ des Negres ｻ ou de l'Independance des Etats- U nis d うAmerique Septentrionale. Le discours historique y sert d うabord d'un outil d うinterrogation sur les conditions de posｭ sibilite de toute decision politique dans un etat d うexception うet la question juridique apparait comme essentiellement soumise a cette exigence politique imminente. Si jamais il ya un tribunal qui interesse Raynal ， ピest bien Ie triｭ bunal de 1 うhistoire 0 む l e s souverains passes et presents sont convoques et juges ぅ tout imbu qu'il soit de l'idee tacitienne de l'historien comme un juge impartial de la posterite. Ce que l'on constate dans l' Hisioire des deux Inde ム c ' e s t donc la soumission du Droit a la Politique , et de la Politique a l'Histoire :on verra comment cette double soumission est operee sous la plume des historiens des deux Indes うautour de leur concept-de de ｫ civilisation» , d組ni a la fois comme un processus historique et comme un acte politique. Mais prernierement うil faut se demander ce qui conditionne une telle souｭ mission , en ゲ i n t e r r o g e a n t sur les premisses historiographiqu 杭philosophique et politique de 1 う H i s i o i r e des deux Indes. Pour cela うil convient de replacer cette 田 u v r e dans un vaste contexte culturel de l'historiographie des Lumi むres ， celui de la transformation de l'histoire universelle. On connait la remise en question philosophique d うun Discours sur l'1山ioire universelle de Bossuet par Voltaire dans son Ess α i sur les m 配 u r s :c'est en elargissant Ie champ geographique de l うespace historique bien au-dela des frontieres de l'ancien Empire Romain et en retragant Ie processus de 1 もmergence des Etats souverains modernes en Europe depuis l'avenement de l'Empire Carolingien , que Ie patriarche des philosophes realise sa contestation de l'eveque de Meaux. L う H i s i o i r e des deux Indes , en tant qu'histoire philosophique a 1 もchelle mondiale du commerce et des coloｭ nies des modernes Europeens うa bien sa place dans ce mouvement intellectuel , et la transformation qu'elle opere des relations entre Ie Droit , la Politique et l'Histoire ぜ y est pas indifferente. Au premier moment de notre enquete うno des de ωIndes ， Paris うNizet う1978; Hans-Jiirgen Lii 問brink et Manfred Tiez (ed.) , Lecｭ tures de R αyn α l う O x f o r d ， Voltaire Foundation ヲ1991; Hans-Jiirgen Liisebrink et Anthony Strugnell (ed.) , L 'Histoire des deux Indes : reecriture et polygrapl 府 う O x f or d ， Voltaire Foundation , 1995; Gilles Bancarel et Gianluigi Goggi (ed.) R αynal ， de I α p o l e m i q u e d I'histoire , Oxford うVoltaire Foundation , 2000. 78 HISTOIRE ET DROIT DANS L う H IS T O IR E DES DEUX INDES DE RAYNALjDIDEROT ses premiers ecrits historiques , avant d うexaminer les modalites de la soumission du Droit a la Politique et de la Politique a l'Histoire dans Ie chef-d' 白uvre de sa maturite. Trois poles ぜ i n v e s t i g a t i o n ぜ i m p o s e n t d 冶bord : 1) 1 う a d o p t i o n du concept d う « espece humaine ｻ naturaliste; 2) l'heritage du ｫ germanisme ｻ de Boulainvilliers et 3) la question des relations i 凶ernationales 1. Tr ois premisses de l' Histoire des deux Indes. 1.1. Droit natureI et Histoire : Ie concept d'ｫ espece humaine ｻ. On sait que jusqu'a la premiere moitie du siecle des Lumieres ぅl'histoire universelle うdont Ie concept meme provient de la tradition judeo-chretienne う presupposait la continuite de l'histoire sacree telle qu うon la trouve dans la Bible et de l'histoire de l'humanite qui devrait en decouler. Cette demarche う qui reduit la duree de l'histoire humaine a quelques quatre milles annees atｭ testees par les diverses versions de la Bible うimplique par ailleurs l'acceptation de l'idee de 1 う u n i t e du genre humain うlaquelle est a 伍rmee par Ie recit de la Creation biblique et confirmee par la tradition theologique thomiste : 1 う homme est cree a l'image de Dieu , et il participe a la raison divine par sa droite raison , ne serait-ce que dans les bornes assignees par la religion revelee. Cet argument est fondamental うil garantit 1 う u n i v e r s a li t e de la religion chretienn 札mais en meme temps うpose des apories aux historiens europeens modernes うcharges de rendre compte de 1 う a n t i q u i t e des civilisations asiatiques et de 1 う e x i s t e n c e de la population dans les terres decouvertes de l' Amerique. Ainsi うdepuis la seconde moitie du XVIIe siecle , la di 伍culte de conformer Ie recit biblique et les histoires palennes fait couler beaucoup d'encre aux missionnaires jesuites et aux chroｭ nologistes うqui ぜ e m p l o i e n t de leur mieux a faire deriver ces histoires palennes d'une source unique pre- ou post-diluvienne , et ainsi a reintegrer la pluralite des histoires humaines dans un et seul recit de l'histoire chretienne. 3 C うest d 冶illeurs contre cette histoire universelle chretienne et ce ｫ monogenisme ｻ qui la determine , que Voltaire dans sa Philosophie de l'histoire (1765) oppose la theorie ｫ polygeniste », aux tonalites franchement ｫ racistes ｻ a l'egard des Africains.
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