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Quality of Brachiaria Seeds Used in Integrated Systems

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Quality of Brachiaria Seeds Used in Integrated Systems 1 FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MATO GROSSO FACULTY OF AGRONOMY AND ZOOTECHNY Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agriculture QUALITY OF BRACHIARIA SEEDS USED IN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS ANNE CAROLINE DALLABRIDA AVELINO CUIABÁ - MT 2021 2 FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MATO GROSSO FACULTY OF AGRONOMY AND ZOOTECHNY Postgraduate Program in Tropical Agriculture QUALITY OF BRACHIARIA SEEDS USED IN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS ANNE CAROLINE DALLABRIDA AVELINO Agricultural Engineer Advisor: PROF. DR. JOADIL GONÇALVES DE ABREU Co-Advisor: PROF. DR. GIOVANI DE OLIVEIRA ARIEIRA (in memoriam) A thesis presented to the Faculty of Agronomy and Zootechny of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Tropical Agriculture. CUIABÁ - MT 2021 3 4 5 “Entrega o teu caminho ao Senhor; confia Nele, e o mais Ele fará”. Salmos 37:5 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To God, for the gift of life. I thank Thee for being with me in every step, for staying in command, bringing support and blessing. I feel grateful for having received strength and courage in the hard moments, and enough joy to appreciate happiness. Thank Thee, Father, for blooming in my heart the perseverance and the certainty that the obstacles are not greater than Thy might. To my parents, José Neto and Bernardete Dallabrida, for their teaching. I thank their support, comprehension, advising, and warnings, for I am sure that these were uplifting. Blessed is the lord for having me handed to them both, and them to me. Furthermore, I am grateful to my entire family, especially to my sister, Emanuelle, for the companionship. To Prof. Dr. Joadil Abreu, for his advising and for being an example of ethics and professionalism, besides all his patience, dedication and support. To Prof. Dr. Giovani Arieira (in memoriam), for his co-advising and for accompanying and making the experiment feasible. I will be always grateful for the wonderful moments and rich teachings and remember with joy the wonderful person and professional that I had the honor to meet. To Professors Dr. Daniela T. da Silva Campos, Dr. Virgínia Helena de Azevedo, and Dr. Elisangela Clarete Camili for ceeding the space in the laboratories for which they are responsible. To the remaining members of my examination board, Lívia de Barros and Cárita Arantes, for devoting some of their time to help in the improvement of this work. To the “colleagues” of the Department of Zootechny and Rural Extension of the UFMT, for aggregating value to my professional and personal life, especially to Prof. Dr. Nicolau Elias Neto, for being an amazing human being and a competent professional. To Sidnéa Caldeira, for her help and companionship, and for the great gift of her friendship. Thank you for having welcomed, taught and helped me in the laboratory techniques of seed analysis. To Mrs. Noraci Morales, angel of God, for always knowing the right moment to offer a friendly hug. To the remaining professionals that compose the staff of the UFMT, which were in part of my journey in this institution, my eternal gratitude, in a special manner to 7 Professors Dr. Aluísio Brigido Borba Filho, Dr. Leimi Kobayasti, and Dr. Patrícia Helena de Azevedo. To the students that compose the research group in Forage Farming and Phytopathology of the UFMT, campus Cuiabá, which helped in the execution of the experiment. To my advisees and “pupils” Alexandre, Bruno Terzi, Bruno Valiati, Fernando, Jéssica, Lucas Dias, Mariana, Matheus, Onassis, Rodolfo, Victor, Wesley, and Yuri, “auntie loves you”! To my friends, closer than brothers, André, Arthur, Bruna, Dan, David, Dayana, Deyvison, Diego, Dryelle, Elizângela, “Farias Family”, Ianna, Isadora, Jairo, Lucas, Tallita, and Vanessa, for they constitute a family chosen by heart. To the PPGAT and CAPES, the financing agency of the scholarship. I shall never be able to express in words the dimension of my gratitude and happiness. God bless us! Thank you! 8 QUALITY OF BRACHIARIA SEEDS USED IN INTEGRATION SYSTEMS ABSTRACT (general): The crop-livestock integration system (ILP) is a model of sustainable cultivation that allows the recovery of degraded pastures and the intensification of pasture and grain production. However, the presence of pathogens in the production fields has hampered the use of these systems. Based on this, the objective was to carry out a bibliographic review describing the main forages and agricultural crops used in crop-livestock integration systems in tropical regions, the main phytonmatodes associated with these crops and the possible control measures, in addition to identifying the associated fungi the main agricultural and forage crops that cause damage to integrated production systems in Brazilian tropical regions and possible control measures. For this, it was based on a bibliographic review of the Scielo, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, with data from 1999 to 2019. Based on the literature, the cultivation of forages belonging to the genera Brachiaria syn. Urochloa sp. and Panicum syn. Megathyrsus sp., together with soybean, corn, sorghum and millet crops are prevalent in the ILP system of tropical regions. The phytomatomatoides Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus brachyurus, Heterodera glycines, Rotylenculus reniformis, Aphelenchoides sp., Ditylenchus sp. and Filenchus sp. can cause greater damage to the main cultures used in ILP. No method of control can eradicate phytonmatodes. The most effective control for the studied phytomatodes is through the integrated management of pests and diseases. The main fungi reported as associated with forage and agricultural crops, and soils from integrated systems in tropical Brazilian regions are Bipolaris sp., Curvularia sp., Exserohilum syn. Helminthosporium sp., Phoma sp., Fusarium sp., Macrophomina sp., Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp. and Sclerotium sp. The main methods indicated for fungi control are the use of quality seeds, crop rotation, resistant cultivars and chemical treatment of the seeds. Integrated production systems have been developed to preserve productive resources and maintain the profitability of agribusiness. However, the use of seeds of low physiological and sanitary quality for the implantation of agricultural and forage crops in production fields can favor the dissemination and proliferation of phytopathogens. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of the contact times of brachiaria seeds with the chemical fertilizer on the sanitary quality of brachiaria seeds; to identify the main genera of fungi and phytonmatoids associated with the main tropical forage seeds used in integrated systems, and to distinguish the seeds with high physiological and sanitary quality. Three experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, in the laboratory, using seeds of brachiaria seeds. The first experiment was carried out in a 5x2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the contact times (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) of the fertilizer 05-25-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) with the seeds of Brachiaria syn. Urochoa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy and B. syn. Urochoa brizantha cv. Marandu. After the time of contact of the fertilizer with the brachiaria seeds, the seeds were separated and the analyzes were carried out: water content, germination, health and accelerated aging, with subsequent germination test and sanitary analysis of the seeds. The other two experiments (experiment 1 corresponding to the 2017/18 crop and experiment 2, corresponding to the 2018/19 crop) were performed with four treatments and four replicates each. The treatments consisted of the seeds of Brachiaria syn. Urochoa ruziziensis cv. Kennedy (ruziziensis grasses) and B. syn. Urochoa 9 brizantha cultivars Marandu, Xaraés and BRS Piatã (Marandu, Xaraés and Piatã grasses). Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Meloidogyne sp., Filenchus sp., Aphelenchus sp., Aphelencoides sp. and Rotylenchulus sp. are the main phytopathogens found in association with the seeds studied in this work. Comparing the seeds studied in this work, the seeds of ruziziensis grasses have better physiological quality and the seeds of xaraés grasses have better sanitary quality. Keywords: contact, fertilizer, fungi, germination, phytonematodes, tropical grasses, vigor. QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE BRAQUIÁRIA UTILIZADAS EM SISTEMAS DE INTEGRAÇÃO RESUMO (geral): O sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) é um modelo de cultivo sustentável que permite a recuperação de pastagens degradadas e a intensificação da produção de pasto e grãos. No entanto, a presença de patógenos nos campos de produção tem dificultado o emprego desses sistemas. Com base nisso, objetivou-se realizar uma revisão bibliográfica descrevendo as principais forrageiras e culturas agrícolas utilizadas em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária em regiões tropicais, os principais fitonematóides associados a essas culturas e as possíveis medidas de controle, além de identificar os fungos associados às principais culturas agrícolas e forrageiras que ocasionam danos aos sistemas integrados de produção de regiões tropicais brasileiras e as possíveis medidas de controle. Para isso, baseou-se em uma revisão bibliográfica das bases de dados Scielo, Scopus e Google Scholar, com dados de 1999 a 2019. Com base na literatura, o cultivo de forragens pertencentes aos gêneros Brachiaria syn. Urochloa sp. e Panicum syn. Megathyrsus sp., juntamente com as culturas da soja, milho, sorgo e milheto são predominantes no sistema ILP das regiões tropicais. Os fitonematoides Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus brachyurus, Heterodera
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