• THROVGH THE AGES

• E13 EJ^ E13 EJZl BIS Era • ElE EJH] ElEl EJa BIE] Era •

DECEMBER. 1923

"The earth has grown old with its burden of care, But at Christmas it always is young; The heart of the jewel burns lustrous and fair, And its soul, full of music, breaks forth on the air When the song of the angels is sung." —^PHILLIPS BROOKS p EJT] ElS EJB El^ EJZl E13 D EJt] Era Bia Era C5^

i Eia Era ELEJ Era E13 Era D Eia Era E13 Bra ElEl EJB cS VOL.1 DECEMBER. 1923 NO.

CONTENTS

PAGE

SOUTHWESTERN TRANSEPT. ELY CATHEDRAL . Frontispiece

MARBLES OF GREAT BRITAIN 3

A LIST OF THE WORLD'S MARBLES 5

THE SEARCH FOR MARBLE QUARRIES 8

A WESTERN POST OFFICE 12

A MONUMENT TO WOMEN 13

STORE FRONTS AND INTERIORS OF MARBLE 17

UTAH'S FINE UNIVERSITY 24

NORMAN ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND 26

THE MARYLAND INSTITUTE 33

A MODERN HIGH SCHOOL 37

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF MARBLE 40

MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY 42

Published Monthly by the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MARBLE DEALERS GAY AND WATF.R STREETS. BALTIMORE. MD. Executive Offices: 242 ROCKEFELLER BurLDiNC, CLEVELAND. OHIO Application for Second-Class Mailing Privilege has been filed at Baltimore. Md. Subscription Price $3.00 per year Single C^opies 35 cents

Copyright. 1923. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MARBLE DEALERS Photograph from E. H. Glidden. Architect. Balto.. Md. Southwestern Transept. Ely Cathedral A Monthly Magazine devoted to the uses of Marble - its universal adaptability, beauty, permanency and economy

CH/a VOL. 1 DECEMBER. 1923 NO. 8

MARBLES OF GREAT BRITAIN r I 'HE British Isles abound with marbles way of the complete development of the I of many varieties. Most of these ha\ e local quarries has been the excessi\e freight been worked for a long time, and are rates. It cost more (in IQOQ) to bring marble quarried in quantities sufficient to meet all in block from either Derbyshire or Devon• ordinary needs. One exception is a good shire to London than from either Italy or grade of white marble, which is hardly to be Belgium. The trade has been in the hands of found in all of Britain. Belgian and French firms, who naturally We find many references to the marbles of recommend the stocks which they either England in the writings of some of the old control or have on hand. Still another ob• authors. Hollingshead. in 1577' spoke of the stacle to SNStematic development has been many marbles of Staffordshire. Hutchings. the backwardness of the British owners in in 1724. said that several kinds of marbles of employing modern methods and machinery, a coarse texture, blue. red. spotted and gra\' as we know them in this country. (especially the gray), were fonnerly dug in The chief areas of marble production in Purbeck. Polwhele speaks of twenty-four Britain are Devonshire. Derbyshire and varieties of Devon, and Sir Henry de la Staffordshire in England; Sutherlandshire Beche also mentions the gray marbles spe• and the western Hebrides in Scotland; and cifically. GalNxay and Kilkenny in Ireland. British marbles have not been worked as Devonshire marbles are distinguished in assiduously as they might have been. This is particular by their beauty. They vary from due to the competition of the nearby French light pink and yellow to dark gray, almost and Belgium marbles. There are quite a black. Some of the red stones possess great number of extensive deposits that present luster. .Among the places noted for their stones of good quality and fine appearance, special marbles are Ippleton and Silverleigh but since no heavy stocks are carried on (gray with red streaks); Stonycombe (yel• hand for immediate delivery in England, the low) ; Ashburton and Chudleigh (gray); Rad• custom has prevailed of specifying imported ford (red) and Plymouth (red, gray and marble, which can be supplied in quicker fossil). Primitive methods, such as blasting, time. Another thing that has stood in the are resorted to in extracting the stone. The THROVGH THE AGES consequent shattering has given to these eral shades of green marbles that have come marbles a reputation for unsoundness. into general use of late years. These are of In Derbyshire, there are found at Works- serpentinous formation, as are the red and worth creamy white and medium gray blocks green varieties near Lizard Point, in Corn• of large sizes, often twenty tons or over. wall, and the greenish-brown at Polyphant. Dark gray fossil is also gotten from there, From Harehope, in Durham, comes a while black marble comes from near Ash- dark gray fossil marble of attractive mark• ford, as does also the kind known as Rose• ings; and a light green shell marble is quar• wood. Some of these marbles have a very ried near Swanage. Other production cen• close texture and are highly non-absorbent, ters of Great Britain are found at Suther- landshire (white), Lancashire (gray-white), as a consequence of which they are especi• Somerset (dark-gray), Sussex (blue-gray), ally suitable for exteriors because of their Beaumaris (brown-veined), and Swanage superior resistance to smoky atmospheres. (blue-gray shell). In the front of Moot Hall. Worksworth, there are three panels of Hopton-Wood mar• in Ireland, in County Cork, is quarried ble dating from 1818 in which the details of the reddish and brownish marbles so exten• the carving are as clear as when first exe• sively used in Great Britain, the Cork or cuted. These marbles are also eminently Victoria Red being especially popular. Kil• suited for interior decoration since pleasing kenny blacks and fossils find a ready market and are much used locally, as are several contrasts may be secured between the light other varieties from the same section. At and dark varieties, although the surfaces Connemara are seen the green serpentines will not take a brilliant polish. that compare favorably with any of this In Derbyshire and Staffordshire, at Fauld, type in the world. These have found their are found deposits of Alabaster, worked way to the United States in considerable mostly for the manufacture of plaster of quantities. The best quarries are at Recess, paris, although sizable sound blocks are set in County Galway, though other workings aside from time to time for decorative pur• are at Streamstown and Lissoughter. Black poses. marble is also found in County Galway. At lona and Tiree are to be found the sev•

Photograph from E. H Gliddcn. Architect, Balto . Md. Lichfield Cathedral from Minster Pool.

[4 THROVGH THE AGES

A LIST OF THE WORLD'S MARBLES

% J- J- MCCLYMONT

Note—In our May issue. Mr. McClymont proposed, for the sake of convenience, to divide the different marbles into four groups. These arbitrary groupings were a.s follows: (jRoup A — Any marble or GROUP B — Any marble or GROUP C — Any marble or stone sold to the trade in fair- GROUP D—A\1I marble, stone stone sold to the trade in slabs stone that cannot be sold as and so-called serpentine mar• sized slabs or blocks of com• or blocks of fair or medium sound but contains a mini• mercial size, rectangularshape bles, and Onyx, which, by size, generally rectangular mum amount of natural de• their peculiar formation are and guaranteed by the seller shape, guaranteed to be sound fects, such as dry seams, old to be sound, free from natural known to be fragile, such as and free from natural defects, fractures, partially or com• Breccias and nearly all highly defects, that can be finished the finishing of which, be• pletely healed surface voids, at a minimum cost, and sold colored marbles and .serpen• cause of texture, the size of etc.. to be treated by the tines, and that are sold to the to the consumer as sound slabs, the .shape and size of manufacturer in the most ap• marble. trade in irregular shaped blocks, is somewhat more ex- proved manner, reinforced blocks or slabs without a pensi ve tban rhose in Group .\. where nece.s.sary by liners on guarantee as to their sound• back or metal inlays and sold ness, treated by the manu• to the consumer as semi- facturer in the most approved sound marble. manner, reinforced where nec• essary by liners on back or metal inlays and sold to the consumer as unsound marble.

Breche De Smyrne—Group D Breche Medoux—Group D (Somewhat similar to Breche Di Smyrne.) Medoux Quarries, near Bagneres De Bi• Quarries near Bagneres. De Bigorre, gorre. Basses Pyrenees. France. Hautes, Pyrenees. France. Deep orange filler with fragments of black Reddish brown filler, with fragment of white, gray, yellow and brown. (Watson) white, pink and fawn. (Watson) Takes high polish. Takes high polish. Breche De Waulsort or Breche Francais— Breche Noir De Baudean or Breche Noire— Group D Group C Hastieres Quarry, near Namur. Belgium. Baudean Quarries, Hautes Pyrenees, Reddish brown filler with fragments of France. black, pink and white. Yellow filler with dark blue-gray frag• Some of the fragments are veined. (Wat• ments marked with fine colored veins. son) (Watson)

Breche Du Nord—Group D Breche Noire Landelies Quarry, Namur. Belgium. Same as Breche Noir Baudean. Reddish brown with brownish black, ight pink, and white fragments. (Watson) Takes high polish. Breche Opal—Group D Stazzema Quarry, Seravezza, Italy. Breche Francais—See Breche De Waulsort Cream-white background with various Breche Jaune De Baudean—Group D light colored and purple fragments. Baudean Quarries. Hautes Pyrenees, Takes high polish. France. Dark yellow filler with angular fragments Breche Opal Flurie—Same as Breche Opal of white, black and red. (Watson) Takes high polish. Breche Pavonazzo—See Pavonazzo

[5] THROVGH THE AGES

Breche Porter—Group D British Columbia Marble Deposits Quarry at Bagneres De Luchon. Hautes "Marble occurs on Texada Island. The colors range from gray to white, some• Pyrenees. France. times handsomely mottled. White. gra\' Brownish gray filler with black and dark and pinkish varieties are also reported gray fragments. (Watson) from White Cliff Island. Gray hand• Takes high polish. somely variegated varieties from Beaver Breche Rose (Canadian) Ca\e on the east coast of V'ancou\er Bancroft Quarry. South Ontario, Canada. Island. Gray mottled varieties from White Light rose with occasional gray markings. Cliff Island. Gray mottled from Nimpish (Watson) Lake and a considerable variety from Breche Rose Malaga — See Breche Rose Home Lake."—G. P. MERRILL. (Spanish). Breche Rose {Norwegian) British Isles For principal marbles produced see- This name is sometimes applied to Nu- Gray Clouded midian Rose. Alston Petitor Quarried at Furuli Fauski. Nordland, Al Walton Gray Fossil Norway. Armagh Red Gray Ipplepen Light rose with white patches and occa• Ballachulish Gray Ogwell sional light green veins. (Watson) Bird's-Eye Black Madrepore Hooe Lake Breche Rose {Spanish) Bradley Woods Hopton Wood Quarried near Malaga, Malaga Province, Castletown lona Spain. Chudleigh Irish Black Light pink filler with fragments of white. Connemara Irish Do\ e (Watson) Cork Red Irish Drab Breche Sanguine—See Red Numidian. Cotham Irish Gray Breche Vert—See Breche Stazzema. Dapple Limestone Jasper Stone Dark .Xshburton Kilkenny Black Breche Violet or Violette Deadman's Ba\' Kilkenny Black Same as Breccia Violetto. Dent Black Fossil Brescia Marbles—See Botticino and Breccia Dent Fossil Kingsteignton Aurora. Derby Black Little Beltor Bretteville Stone—See Lamaladrerie. Derby Fossil Little Island Bricnoles Marble—See Jaune De Prov'ince. Dinorben Middleton Do\ e Happaway Pembroke Brilissus Marble—See Pentelic. (Greek) Draycot Penmon The ancient name of Mt. Pentelicus in Duke's Red Plymouth Black Attica, Greece. Dunbar Pomphlett Brilon Marble—See Green Poppenberg and Dunleuy Poolvash Black Red Brilon. Frosterley Prince Rock Bristol Marble—See Encrintal and Gotham. Galway Black Purbeck British Columbia Marble Galway Gray Radford Same as Kootena\-. Golden Breccia Red Ipplepen [ Red Ogwell Stoney Coombe Buckfastleigh—See Silverleigh Red Petitor Sussex Rosewood White Limestone Bueno—Good Silverleigh Yellow Clouded Buixcarro—See Marmor Rosa Skve Petitor Buono—Good. fine, best qualit \. BrocadUlo or Broccadillo—Group B Quarried at West Rutland, Vermont. Burlington Lime Stone Greenish white ground criss-crossed with Name given by .American geologists to a veins and clouds sometimes running to compact limestone belonging to the .Mis• green or lighter shades. (Vermont State sissippi or lower carboniferous formation. Geological Survey.) Takes medium polish. Burma (Jade) See Burmese Jades. Emerald Green Jade, BrocadUlo Siena and Mandalay White See Siena Old Convent Yellow. Burmese Amber Jade or Yellow Amber Jade Brocatelle D'Espagne Quarried at Uru Ri\ er Mines. Myitkyina See Tortosa Brocatello. District, Upper Burma. Brocatto—Brocade Amber colored. (Watson) Brun—Brown Burmese Blue Jade Brunalre—Brownish From the Uru River Mines. Myitkyina District. Upper Burma. Brunezzo—Brownness Blue colored. (Watson)

Bruno—Brown Burmese Mauve Jade or Lavender Jade Bruno Lumiere—Light Brown From the Tawmaw Mines, Myitkyina District, Upper Burma. Buchan (Fawn) Pale amethystine shade. (Watson) Quarried in Buchan Parish. Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. Burmese \i'hite Jade or Pan Tha Fawn-colored background with light gray From the Tawmaw Mines, Myitkyina markings. (Watson) District, Upper Burma. White with spots of light green. (Watson) Buchan Fawn and Gray (Buchan Gray and Fawn) Burra Mines—See Australian Malachite Quarried in Buchan Parish, Gippsland, Butler Grove—See Kilkenny Black Victoria, .Australia. Background of gray and fawn with light Bwana !\'kbuwa Mines gray patches. (Watson) See Rhodesian Malachite.

Buchan Gray Byzantine Quarried in Buchan Parish, Gippsland. Bancroft Quarries, South Ontario, Canada. Victoria, Australia. Delicate rose ground with occasional dark Dark gray background w ith light gray gra\' markings and broad wavy green markings. (Watson) bands. (Watson)

[7] THROVGH THE AGES

For many years this marble quarry was a center of activity. Now it is nearly full of water.

THE SEARCH FOR MARBLE QUARRIES ripHE story is told of how the late W. S. Yet the tourist who goes to Cripple Creek I Stratton, of Colorado, threw up his invariably wants to know about the piles of hat, declaring that where it came dirt which dot the mountain sides. In the down he was going to dig. Then they pro• distance they appear no larger than the ceed to explain how in the carrying out of mounds which the woodchucks build. The that resolution he struck the Independence traveler will be rather surprised to learn mine, one of the richest gold deposits in the that each of those excavations marks the Rocky Mountains. Thus by a peculiar spot where someone has started a gold mine twist of fortune he went to bed at night a and found nothing but dirt. Beneath some penniless prospector to appear the next of them have been buried the hopes of a morning in the role of a multi-millionaire. lifetime. All of which goes to show that Mr. This may be more or less of a fairy tale Stratton's case was one of the exceptions. and yet it is a story that has had a wide cir• What is true of gold in Colorado is also culation. It has led some people to believe true to a limited extent of marble in Ver• that it is quite the ordinary thing to unco\-er mont. At any number of points up and gold mines in Colorado. They never take up down the Otter Creek valley one may look the other side of the picture. The men who upon piles of rock which are serving as mon• spend their lives—and their savings, maybe uments to someone's mistaken judgment. —in an unrewarded search for the yellow- Perhaps the work was stopped when only a metal are never given any attention. Stories few floors had been removed. On the other of the failures never seem to be worth the hand, perhaps it is a large opening, one telling. which was operated for some time with only

[81 THROVGH THE AGES

The search has been extended even to the wilds of .Alaska, where quarrying operations are beset with difficulties. a few good blocks to its credit. In that event hidden treasure. Less than a century ago it the loss has been correspondingly greater. was hardly possible to give away the useless Ever since 1785, when the first quarry swamp and the barren hill under which na• was opened at Dorset, there has been an un• ture had laid away the great West Rutland tiring search for new veins. In those days quarry. The development of the marble in• the marble was cut into fire jambs, chimney dustry has been slow and every step has been backs and hearths and fitted into the old an expensive one. Colonial fireplaces. It is recorded in THE The cost of getting a new quarry into MARBLE BORDER OF WESTERN NEW ENG• actual working condition is enough to dis• LAND that "people came a hundred miles for courage any weak-hearted prospector. On these beautiful fireplace stones and consid• some of the openings at West Rutland the erable trade in them soon sprang up." expense account reached a total ranging In the years that followed a great many from $40,000 to $75,000 before any market• other sterling quarries were brought into able marble was taken out. Anyone who has line, but with every success came innumer• never tried cannot know what it means to able failures. Men thought they had marble strike a new level in solid rock. More or less when they had nothing but stone, while dirt and stone must always be carted away. those who owned the real quarry land could Sometimes this preparatory work consumes see only the rocks. No one knows how many the entire capital of the operating company, farmers have toiled over the ledges that leaving the concern literally and figuratively were even then pointing down toward the on the rocks. THROVGH THE AGES

Then there is the transportation problem. his best to minimize the obstacles. He will Marble prospects are seldom on the line of provide figures that are irresistibly attrac- railroad. It often happens that they are far ti\ e—so many cubic feet of solid marble at away in the mountains, where even the high• so many dollars a foot. He draws the cur• ways are barely passable, and a wagon bear• tain over the unsound marble and the tons ing fifteen or twenty tons of marble is hard of waste. He says nothing about the enor• to handle on a good road. And, more than mous expense of operating and marketing. all else, the hauling of quarry blocks to the He turns the spotlight on a slab of polished mills by team is an extremely slow process. marble and keeps it there. .All else is left in In the early days of the industry the sub• the shadow. ject of distribution had to be considered. Suppose you are a capitalist who has be• There was a dearth of railroads in many sec• come interested in some undeveloped mar• tions of the country and it was no eas\' mat• ble prospect. You know nothing about the ter to deliver marble after it was once sold. business save what \ou have leamed as a No doubt the uncertain shipping facilities, sightseer at some old-established plant. It together with the lack of labor-sa\-ing ma• looked like a safe investment from that chinery, had a part in many of the first angle. The marble was coming through the failures. shops with impressi\e regularity, indicat• Although these stumbling blocks no longer ing an easy supply and a stable market. stand in the way of the quarry men. those As a preliminary step, perhaps, you con• that remain are fully as formidable as ever. sult an expert. One of the sincere, imagina• The press agent who has stock to sell will do tive kind, who believes in starting in a big

A neglected marble cliff. To the uninitiated it might appear to be the outcrop of a matchless deposit.

[ 10 THROVGH THE AGES way. He paints a picture of a complete plant—derricks, cranes, mills and shops— he even shows you the big lathe and the dia• mond saw in place. More than likely he traces the course of the strip of railway you should build and the tenements you will need to erect. If you say anything about be• ginning in a small way, he will shake his head and give you the same picture in a cheaper frame. Or maybe your first interview is with the promoter. Then you are indeed walking on thin ice. A word of encourager.ient from you and he will move into your house, and stay until the wheels are turning in the new industrial center which he proposes to build. He will take everything off your shoulders— except paying the bills—leaving you free to attend to other matters. You are simply to be ready to take command when the ship reaches easy sailing. All the vexatious de• tails of construction and adjustment are to fall on him. "he coring machine, which drives a hollow drill into the ground and draws forth a sample Once the promoter begins talking there of the marble. will be no chance to suggest a modest start. W^ith him it will be a big start or nothing. length of the Vermont marble belt to find His theory is that everything depends on relics of shops and mills which were no the first impression. You must let people doubt planned in a hurry and rushed to know you are ready to fill orders, and the completion because someone thought he had orders will come. found a great marble quarry. In the face of such arguments one fact The farmer who locates a promising ledge should always be kept in mind. The most in his back pasture would do well to keep a essential thing in the marble industry is the tight grip on his enthusiasm. It may be quarry. Unless the quarry turns out to be a nine-tenths stone and one-tenth marble, and producer of good marble, your buildings and that fraction of marble may be full of cracks. equipment are anything but a desirable in- Or it may be something really worth while; \estment. And no one can tell what the but, e\ en so, it will take thousands of dol• quality of the output is going to be until the lars to reach it. If the man happens to have channeling machines are in motion and the the spirit of a gold miner he will be sure marble is in the mill. Tests may indicate to go into the game. Maybe he will win. that the marble will come, but there is no It is not likely that all the good marble way of determining before the ground is quarries have yet been opened, but there broken what may be the extent or soundness are no signboards on the road that leads to of the deposit. Oie has only to travel the them. !^^rfHROVGH THE AGES

A WESTERN POST OFFICE

^ I ^HE square bounded by Champa, the Denver Post Office. The commission to I Stout. 15th and i6th Streets in Den• design this building was won in competition ver, Colorado, is occupied by the im• under the terms of the Tarsney act by Tracy. pressive Post Office building shown here. It Swartwout and Litchfield. was completed about eight years ago at an The material used was white marble from approximate cost of two million dollars. the mountains of Colorado, known as Colo• The Greek style seems to be particularly rado Yule. It is streaked with beautiful light well adapted to structures of this nature, fawn-colored veins, and was also employed and the Ionic order has been happily used in in the Lincoln Memorial. Washington.

[.1 THROVGH THE AGFS

A MONUMENT TO WOMEN

This ^800,000 Marble Building a Memorial to the Heroines of the Civil War

HEN President Wilson, trowel in stands like a white temple on an avenue which hand, spread mortar over the huge contains some of the most beautiful struc• Wblock of marble that was to be the tures in the National Capital, is one of ro• corner-stone of the new building for the mantic interest. It is the story of a woman's American Red Cross in Washington, his act courage and devotion, of unflagging zeal and marked the beginning of what was to be the all-embracing pity. It is also the story of a finest monument to women in the world. man's friendship for a man. There is, it is true, one other memorial, the The tale begins in .April of '61. when Pres• famous Taj Mahal, at Agra, India, that sur• ident Lincoln issued his call for seventy-five passes it; but the creation of Shah Jahan thousand volunteers. Two young men. Fran• stands to the memory, not of womenkind in cis Barlow and James Scrymser. close friends general, but of one woman alone—his favor• and living in the city of New York, enlisted ite wife. The Washington memorial is to all in the Engineer Corps of the Twelfth New the women of the Civil War, Union as well York Regiment. Barlow was engaged to a as Confederate, who worked to alleviate the young and lovely woman of no inconsider• sufferings of that dreadful struggle. able intellectual attainments and of assured The story of the splendid building that social standing. Arabella Griffith. They

13 ^^^^ ?Ri:^MTHRQVGH THE AGES

of darkness, succeeded in crossing the open space that separated the ar• mies, though fired upon by sentries of both sides. Again she nursed her husband to health and for the remainder of the war until her death on July 27. 1864. she dis• played tireless energy in organizing the work of relief that brought com• fort and aid to many wounded soldiers. Her death was directly due to her incessant labors, for it was typhus con• East and South Porticos. tracted in the army camps that brought an were married the day before his regiment untimely end to a noble life. left for Washington. She immediately en• Captain Scrymser had remained a devoted listed in the Sanitary Commission, and friend of Barlow, now a major-general, and reached Harrison's Landing on the 2nd of after the war the two were in close touch July. 1862. Death had reaped a great har• with each other. .After Barlow's death, he vest and thousands of u'ounded and dying began to take definite steps toward securing men were arriving. Mrs. Barlow gave every the necessary funds for the erection of a energy of body and mind to their relief. suitable memorial to the women of the Civil While nursing in a field hospital at .^ntietam War who had. like the wife of his best friend, her husband was brought in on a stretcher, given up so much for the cause of mercy. severely wounded. When he recovered con• The idea of a building in Washington that sciousness, it \\as to find his young wife would be both a memorial and a practical leaning over him, ministering to his hurts— home for the Red Cross appealed to the Mil• like an angel of mercy. itary Order of the Lo>al Legion, and re• Upon his recovery, he returned to the ceived its active support. Captain Scrymser battle-front, while she continued her work in urged upon Congress the appropriation of a other fields. At the Battle of Gettysburg he sum of money sufficient to care for the cost was desperately wounded again, and within of such a structure. F'inally. in 1Q13. Con• the Confederate lines. Mrs. Barlow learned gress set aside $400,000 for a building and of his plight and sought General Hancock site, provided that not less than $300,000 for permission to cross the lines, but import• more were donated. ant strategical conditions made this unde• Contributions to the amount of $400,000 sirable. Thereupon, at the risk of her life, were shortly received, including $100,000 she crept to the picket lines and under cover each from Captain Scrymser and the Rocke-

14] THROVGH THE AGES

feller Foundation, $150,000 from Mrs. Rus- breaking the altitude and yet allowing, with• sel Sage and $50,000 from Mrs. E. H. Har- out loss of proportion, for the addition of a riman. Trowbridge and Livingstone, of New third floor and the necessary fenestration. York City, were chosen as architects and The whole mass is of a pleasing harmony. construction work was shortly begun. Particularly happy are its surroundings. A The corner-stone was laid on March 27, wide sweep of driveway, its arc embracing a IQ15. Two years later, on February 3, iqij, verdant lawn, provides a charming contrast the Red Cross moved in. It seems now al• to the severe and gleaming whiteness of the most like a wise provision of destiny that marble pile. the building should be ready for occupancy just when most needed. Without it during The entrance corridor is as beautiful as the World War, it is hard to imagine just the exterior. The white marble walls are a what the Red Cross would have done, with fitting frame for the handsome marble stair• its quarters already overgrown and its of• way that strikes the eye immediately upon ficers scattered in various buildings about entering. Indeed, the columns of Royal Washington. Antique furnish the only variation in the The building occupies a whole block on scheme of the interior marble treatment. Seventeenth Street, and is flanked by the Over two hundred carloads of White Cloud Corcoran Art Gallery on the north and the Rutland were used. Memorial Continental Hall on the south. Its white marble, that stands in bold relief .\scending this broad stairway, there is against the dark, graceful elms, was taken soon reached a landing where the steps di• from the hills of Vermont, the product of vide. Here, in the three windows, are three the Danby quarries. The fagade is simple in marble busts by Hiram Powers, personify- line, quiet and stately after the wonderfully dignified style of theGre- cianCorinthian.The por• tico, with its quartette of towering free stand• ing columns, topped by impressive acanthus- capitals, is a fitting in• troduction to the ma• jesty to be found with• in. On either side is a similar portico, while across the front are ranged eight semi-en• gaged columns, between which are windows in two tiers. Above the cor• nice is a marble balcony, an effective device for The entrance lobby and main stairway.

15I THROVGH THE AGES

The columns of the grand stairway are Royal Antique marble, the rest is Light Cloud Vermont.

ing Faith. Hope and Charity. Just below, in sign, execution and color. The one on the letters of gold, a marble tablet [informs us left, representing St. Filomena and her that the building is handmaidens, was the gift of the Women's Relief Corps of the North. The right window, A MEMORI.\L showing Una and her attendants, was gi\ en Built by the Government of the United by the United Daughters of the Confeder• States and Patriotic Citizens acy. The finest of them, the central window, TO THE WOMEN OF THE NORTH was the joint gift of the two organizations. AND THE WOMEN OF THE SOUTH It shows a Good Samaritan in armor giving Held in Loving Memory a healing draught to a wounded comrade. By a now United Countr\' The remainder of the second floor is taken That their labors to mitigate the sufferings up by a large conference room and offices. The third floor also contains offices and a of the sick and wounded in war may be per• library where are kept the records of the petuated, this memorial is dedicated to the Red Cross. service of In the rear of the main building, on the THE .AMERICAN RED CROSS same lot, are other buildings connected by On the second floor is the .Assembh' room, co\'ered passageways. These house \ arious occupying the whole north end of the build• departments necessary to the maintenance ing. It contains the famous gift windows, of the Red Cross service. Other departments three in number, that are said to occupy were necessary during the World War. but greater wall space than any stained glass as normalcy returned, eliminations and con• windows of modern times. They are by Tif• tractions could be effected, and the work fany, of New York, and are exquisite in de• reduced to a pre->\ar basis.

.6] THROVGH THE AGES

The front portion of this store in Pittsburgh is all Black and Gold with Siena pilasters at either side of the door and Italian Pa\onaz:o panels on the side walls.

STORE FRONTS AND INTERIORS OF MARBLE The modern tendency is towards the more lavish use of this most beautiful of materials

By JOHN FRELND. Architect. Baltimore

T hardly needs the eye of an expert to the past dozen years, when the demand for see that a decided change has come about store fronts of individuality brought about I in the course of the past few years in the the introduction of other materials in the construction of fronts for stores, especially construction of the lower parts of these fa• in those of comparatively small dimensions, cades. Today we find on every hand many located in crowded shopping districts. store fronts built of brick, tile, limestone For years it was the custom to use wood. and marble in lieu of wood, carefully planned The average main street in any of our cities and successfully executed. would present a succession of plate-glass This is especially true of marble. Not only windows framed by 'wood, with wooden base- are the basework and sills fashioned from work and cornices, the monoton>' relieved this material, but the window flooring, cor• only by variations in the color of the paint• nices and general exterior ornamentation ing. This condition prevailed up to within are built of it. Even entire fronts up to the

17 ^^fTHROVGH THE AGES

One of Bakimore s • smart" shops—made attractive by combining a Vermont green with a dull white marble. The architect was John Freund. of Baltimore.

Tokeen marble from Alaska plays a very important part in this front.

1

This small shop is in New York. Verde .^ntiquc marble from Vermont was used en• TICE C: GATES HfSRY Rnr Owrvi ^ Glass w^iit tirely. ^Claude Bragdon was the architect.

• 8] THROVGH THE AGES m^JR:

Marble from Beaver Dam. Maryland, gives a fine effect CO this well-designed store in Baltimore. Theodore Wells Pictsch was the architect.

Vermont marble of a creamy whiteness was the material chosen for this iVont. Jos. Evans Sjxrry. of Baltimore, was the architect.

These stores in Oakland. Cali• fornia, present an attractive appearance. Verde Antique from Vermont was used here also. THROVGH THE AGES

This is a candy shop at Lincoln Avenue and Lawrence Street. Chicago. Cool, dainty and generally inviting, through the use of marble.

The soda fountain of the same store. Tennessee Pink and two kinds of Vermont marbles were used.

20] THROVGH THE AGES |^

Underwood &' Underwood, N. Y. The Horn and Hardhart Lunch Room in the basement of the Astor Trust Building. New York. Pilasters and wainscoting in Napoleon Gray marble.

The sea food department of this Omaha store is wonderfully clean looking—suggesting fresh goods—and all on account of the marbles used. ^F^^rfHROVGH THE AGES

1

View of the interior of the New Central Market, in Omaha. The counters and walls are Marde Veined Alabama, the bases Wcstficld Green, and the trim Napoleon Gray. roof are often constructed altogether of mar• shopkeeper succeeds best who tells this story ble. Shop interiors as well have found the most effectively. need for its use. in flooring, counters, panel• A marble front always stands out promi• ling columns and the like. nently beside one of the old-style wooden The reasons for its choice are not hard to fronts, and certainly holds its own in com• find. Its richness, beauty, dignity and per• parison with those built of any other ma• manence make it particularly suitable for terial. The cost of marble is not exces• this character of work. Effects can be ob• sively greater than wood, and when the con• tained with it that cannot be secured with siderably lower upkeep cost and immeasur• any other medium. Color combinations, ably greater attractiveness are taken into kept within the bounds of good taste and consideration, the argument is entirely in practical purposes, may be wisely employed. favor of the more pleasing and lasting stone. The suggestion of "class" is conveyed to the If the proper kinds of marbles are chosen, prospective customer, and since, after all, they are easy to keep clean; and. when the whole object of the store front is to tell cleaned, retain their "newness," as well as the passerby the character and quality of colors and textures, for a greater number of goods he may expect to find within, the vears than do other materials. THROVGH THE AGES

•Altar of St. Mary Magdalen Cathedral, one of several fine churches in Salt Lake City. Utah. The top and sides are Dark Golden Travise marble. The die is Ltah Cream, with Chocolate Onvx inserts. Risers are alternate L'tah Cream and Golden Travise.

[23 II THROVGH THE AGES

I

UTAH'S FINE UNIVERSITY

The Cultural Center of the Rocky Mountain District

TAH is famed for its excellent climate education, music, art and the drama. It is, and Salt Lake City. Salt Lake City is indeed, the very center of the cultural activ• U famed for its beauty, Beautiful streets, ity of the Rocky Mountain district. Among broad and shad\-, welcome the visitor. the institutions that influence for good the Beautiful buildings meet the eye—magnifi• life of the city and state, not the least is the cent public edifices and splendid private University of Utah, which occupies a ninety- residences. From most any point in the city two acre tract of land on the Fort Douglas inspiring views may be had of the surround• Reservation, and known as one of the three ing mountains, the scenes of the vast mining most beautiful college plots in the country. interests of the state. Many of these mills, The University of Utah consists of twenty- smelters and refineries may be reached by five buildings located around or near the the street cars, and the many mines, includ• campus, a short distance east of Thirteenth ing the largest copper mine in the world, East Street, on a plateau commanding a view that of the Utah Copper Company, are ac• of the city, valley and the Great Salt Lake to cessible by railway. the west. To the east, tower the wonderful Salt Lake Citv is known for its interest in Wasatch Mountains. The John R. Parks

[24 THROVGH THE AGES

Memorial dominates the group. This build• ing contains the general administrative of• fices of the University, as well as the Uni• versity Library, the Art Gallery, the Ar• chaeological Museum, the Law School and the Post Office. To the north of the central circle are the Physical Science Building, occupied by the School of Engineering; and the Liberal Arts Building. The Museum Building, housing the departments of Ge• ology, Botany and Psychology, and the In• dustrial Education Building, are close by, as Matched pancN in central stairway. is also the Mechanical Building. The Medi• cal Building, which is one of the new est on erected in 1Q12 at a cost of $300,000. The the campus, contains the most modern structure is 150 feet wide by 250 feet long equipment, and the course is ranked of class and consists of three stories and a basement. A standing. The style is a modern adaptation of the Other buildings are the William M. Grecian Ionic; the severely classical lines of Stewart Hall, for kindergarten and normal the fagade are softened, however, by the in• training work; the Metallurgy Building; troduction of two pairs of free-standing col• various laboratories; a fine gymnasium with umns at either end supporting a broken-out a large swimming pool; and the Dining Hall, cornice. The entrance portico is effective, with space for 500 persons at one time. A with the six columns arranged in a way that center heating plant is provided with mod• harmonizes with the general design. em appliances for both heating and venti• Within, the main corridor of the lobby ves• lating the group. tibule is panelled with marble from Alaska, The University was not always located on furnishing an effect of richness that is quite the present site, nor did it bear at first the in keepingwith the exteriordignity. The cen• present name. Originally called the Uni• tral stairway is also of this same material. versity of Deseret, it was opened in 1850 in There is, all told, a total of over ten thou• a small way in a building in Salt Lake City, sand square feet of wall space covered by but was discontinued in 1851. Instruction this .-\laskan marble, and in many cases the was commenced again in 1867. Two years matched panels are so striking as to attract later. Dr. John R. Parks reorganized the in• the admiration of the most casual passerby. stitution, and in 1884 the Legislature be• The whole of the second floor is occupied by stowed the power to confer degrees. In i 8Q2 the University Library, and contains over the name was changed to the University of 70.000 bound volumes and about 30,000 Utah, and in 1804 the grant was made of a pamphlets. The third floor contains the Art sixty-acre tract, part of the present location. Gallery. The Museum and the Post Office To this was added thirty-two acres adjoin• both being in this same structure, it natur• ing, a gift of the Government. The State ally takes a commanding position among the provided for the construction of buildings many fine buildings of the University as the and in i8qq the removal was begun. center of the educational as well as the The John R. Parks VIemorial Building was social life of the institution. h5 THROVGH THE AGES

.PhotoRraph from E. H Glidclen. .\rchitect. Balto . Md. St. Catherine's Chapel. Ely Cathedral. NORMAN ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND

"In Norman strength, that abbey frown'd Built ere the art was known With massive arches broad and round, By pointed aisle and shafted stalk That rose alternate row on row The arcades of an alley'd walk On ponderous columns, short and low; To emulate in stone—" Sir Walter Scott

REVIOUS to the Norman Conquest of tic buildings disclose a poverty of ideas and 1066 the buildings of England, even only moderate skill. The Irish towers, with Puntil a period not long before the ad• their conical tops, whose date and purpose vent of William of Normand\-. were mostly are controversial: a few churches and crypts of timber. This included the largest churches. and an Occasional doorway or window, are The plan of the later stone-built Saxon all that are left of this period. Among the church seems to have been a single-aisled most important of these are the church of nave with a small square-ended chancel, it Bradford-on-Avon, the tower of EarFs Bar• being easier to build a square end than a cir• ton. St. Pancras at Canterbury. Brixworth. cular apse. During the time when all church Reculver and Monkweannouth. building was Norman, the apse form pre• One feature of Saxon remains deserves vailed. There was a reversion to the tradi• mention, and that is the baluster found in tional form after the country had to some two or three instances in the center of a two- extent freed itself from Norman influences. light opening. It is unlike any other archi• The few extant remains of Sa.xon and Gel- tectural feature in the world. Some shafts of

2b THROVGH THE AGES \^&^

Following iob6 there was an extraordin• ary activity in the building of churches and abbeys. The architecture of England and Normandy proceeded along identical lines. William the Conqueror himself founded a number of these structures, and it was only natural that his ambitions should be spurred on by endeavors to surpass on English soil the contemporaneous churches of Nor- mand\'. The list of cathedrals and great mon• astic churches built in Britain during the last thirty years of the eleventh century and the first twenty years of the twelfth is as• tounding. Little seems to have been attempt• ed before 1070. William and his nobles were probably otherwise engaged, and the priests were beginning to familiarize themselves with the customs and sites of the new land.

Photograph fn>m E. H. Glidden, Architect, Balto , Md. Saxon Church Font at Decrhurst. this type exist in the transept triforium of St. Alban's. having apparently been made use of by the Norman builders when they replaced the older Saxon church by one of their own construction. Saxon architecture suffered sadly from the invasion of the Danes and Norsemen. We can surmise from the little that we have, however, that it was a rude attempt to im• itate the Roman remains in England, with a certain character of its own, and influenced, too, by Lombardic design coming either di• rect or through Germany or Burgundy. The windows were probably not glazed. In many cases the openings were filled by pierced stone slabs. The capitals generally were of the corbel type common to Romanesque PhotoRraph from E H Gliddcn, Architect, Balto . Md. work. The Norman Stair. Canterbury Cathedral

27] ^1 THROVGH THE AGES Ij

Phi.to from E H. Glidden. Balto.. Md. The Prior's Doorwav. Elv Cathedral.

[28 Once under way. the operations were car• This is not the mere lantern of the southern ried on with little delay. Such churches as French Romanesque, but a great tower that Canterbury. Lincoln, St. Alban s. Winches• dominates the whole design, as at Winches• ter, York, St. Paul's. Ely, Worcester, ter and Tewkesbury. The French builders Tewkesbury, Chester. Peterborough. Wal- used the twin towers placed on the western tham, Durham. Norwich and many others ends, a custom partially followed in Eng• were products of this period. land, but they did not place—nor was the Local influence and the employment of greater height of their churches conducive native masons soon gave these buildings a to placing—an emphasis upon the crossing distinctive character. They differed from by such towers as these in Britain. Indeed their Norman prototypes in size. They were the more moderate height and greater longer, narrower and lower, with longer tran• length of these English churches almost de• septs and square instead of apsidal ends. At manded the tower as a contrast to the long Norwich, for instance, the total length is horizontal line of the nave. Many of these nearly six times the width if we leave the towers have disappeared, but those at Can• transepts out of consideration. But the most terbury and York, and others of the Gothic important architectural feature of all those period stand on Norman piers and replace which are peculiarly English is the large Norman towers that have either fallen or central tower which rose over the crossing. been destroyed. Durham has both the west-

i

Photograph from E. H. Glidden. Architect, Balto . Md. The Galilee. Durham Cathedral.

[2Q1 ^teM^pTHROVGH THE AGES

projection that characterizes the English style. Heavy walls, recessed arches, round mouldings, clustered piers and a door jamb- shaft for each stepping of the arch were com• mon to both styles. In all large Norman churches the nave wall was divided into arcades, triforium and clerestory. These divisions were by no means always equal. The cathedrals of Norwich, Winchester and Ely do show approximately equal heights, but in Durham, Tewkesbury and Gloucester the arcade story is by far the highest of the three. The design of the tri• forium was as varied as its height. The m.ost usual design was a pair of openings enclosed

i

Photograph from E H Gliddcn, Architect. Balto . Md. West Front of Iffley Church. em towers and th*e great central tower, this latter completed in the Gothic period, how• ever. Another important difference between the French and English Norman plans is the comparative insignificance of the westem portal in the more northern churches. Lat• eral entrances near the west end were given greater prominence and called Galilees. We find at Durham that a Galilee chapel takes the place of a western porch. The general features employed by the Romanesque builders of Normandy were used by their English cousins, without their refinement and technical elegance, but with far more picturesqueness. The plan is cruci• Phiitograph from E. H. Glidden, Architect. Balto . Md. form, with the transepts having the marked West Front of Lincoln Cathedral.

30 THROVGH THE AGES under a single arch as at Ely, Chichester and Peterborough. The stonework of the tym• pana under the enclosing arches often had chevrons, triangles and other patterns rough• ly chiselled or axed on its face, as at Christ Church. About the early capitals and other details of Anglo-Norman work there was a crude clumsiness of design, as in the capital formed with heavy scallops that meets us at every turn as the typical capital of the style. The zigzag ornament was extensively employed. It was repeated over and over. Durham's interior is loaded with it and the doorway of Lincoln shows it in abundance. The massiveness of the piers and walls suggests an intention of vaulting the nave that was never carried out except in small churches and crypts, though many were vaulted at a later date, as at Norwich. Glou• cester, etc. The roofs were of wood and so the clerestory could safely be made lofty, with windo"u's of considerable size. These were placed near the outside of the thick wall and a passage was left between them and a triple arch on the inner face of the wall—a device adopted from the abbeys of Photograph from E. H. Gliddcn, .Architect, Balio , Md. Caen. Often we find small windows, narrow West Tower. Ely Cathedral. and deeply splayed with semi-circular heads. The side aisles were vaulted and low with Few really important examples remain of wide pier-arches. The piers were often round, Norman facades in their original form. as at Gloucester, Exeter and Bristol; some• When the round arch was displaced during times they alternated with clustered piers, the latter part of the twelfth century by the as at Durham and Waltham; occasionally pointed arch, these fagades were altered to clustered piers alone were used, as at Peter• conform to the new style. Iffley Church, at borough and in the transepts of Winchester. Oxfordshire, dating from about 1135 to The details were mostly of the simplest 1160, is a good example of the original form, character. One exception, however, was the the west front being one of the richest doorway, where we find rich carving and specimens of Norman work in the country. clustered jamb-shafts. The variety of decor• In the naves of Ely. Durham, and Peter• ation was poor, the zigzag mentioned above borough. English Romanesque can be seen being the most common, supplemented by in its perfection. Tewkesbury Abbey and the appearance of birds' heads with the Gloucester Cathedral offer very fine naves beaks pointing to the center of the arch. but spoiled by later vaults. The capitals and

31 THROVGH THE AGES arches are overly plain, and the columns .•\nglo-Norman work. In the larger arcades possibly too high, whereas at Hereford the and arches, the English mouldings are far columns are too low and the capitals and worthier. No finer example of this in all arches too elaborate. Durham differs from England can be found than in the great ex• all the others in having its nave vault of ap• terior arch of the west front of Tewkesburx. proximately the same date as the rest of the almost as sharp and clean-cut now as the church. It is also the only example in Eng• da\- it was built. land of a completely vaulted Romanesque To all the Romanesque builders we owe church on a large scale. Begun in 10Q3 by our thanks for the progress that led straight Bishop Carileph, it really dates from 1128 to to the Gothic style. To the Normans, es• 1133 when the present nave vault with its pecially, are we indebted for the ex'cntual wide spans and pointed arches was built. solving of the vaulting problem b\' the The diagonal ribs start awkwardh' from Gothic builders, who made use of the form corbel heads instead of from the side vault• of the pointed arch for their vaulting ribs. ing shafts. On each side of the capitals of It was in Northern France, in and around the main piers there is a head, and over each Normandy itself, that the new Western column a pair of heads under one abacus, style of architecture sprang into existence. from which spring the two diagonal ribs that meet here. There is no transverse arch above this point. Durham is generally considered to be the finest Norman cathedral in England. Gothic builders remodeled the east end, replacing the apse with the Chapel of the Nine Altars (1242 to 1280). and added the western and central towers, the former at the beginning of the thirteenth century and the central tower about 1470. The chapter-house was mutilated by Wyatt in the last part of the eighteenth century in carrying out his scheme of "restoration. " but was afterwards brought back into harmony with the origi• nal design. The original high, oblong, ribbed \aults are thought to be the earliest ex• amples of their kind in England, and possi• bly in Europe. The mouldings of the English Norman were much superior to the French. There was indeed a general similarity between the designs, but in many cases the hard edges found on the Continent were replaced by a much finer and more \-aried style. In the doorways alone do the many moulded port• Phi'tDgraph from E. H Glidden. Architect. Balto . Md. als of the French cathedrals surpass the Columns in \";i\c ul Elv Cathedral THRpVGH THE AGES

I

THE MARYLAND INSTITUTE

A Beautiful Monument, as well as a Practical School Building

N the 5th of February. 1824. the twelve years later. At a public meeting held Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on the ist of December. 1847. plans were O was organized—the first of its kind laid to form a school of design, with a course in the country, and still in successful opera• of annual lectures and an annual exhibition tion. A year later, the first Maryland Insti• with premiums for excellence in manufac• tute, patterned after its predecessor, came tures and mechanic arts. The name was to into being in the city of Baltimore. A fine be the Maryland Institute for the Promo• library was established and courses of scien• tion of the Mechanic Arts. The first lecture tific and general lectures were conducted in was by Horace Greele\-. then a member of the .AthencEum. at the corner of Lexington Congress from New York, upon the subject. and St. Paul Streets. In 1835 the building "Self-Culture, the Paramount Duty of .Amer• was destroyed by fire and the entire prop- ican Young Men." ert\" of the Institute consumed. Four years later a site was secured for a It was from the ashes of this Institution building to be devoted to the Institute's that the present Maryland Institute arose purposes and in 1851 the ne\\- hall on Marsh

33 THROVGH THE AGES

In this grand stairway of the Maryland Institute, marbles from Tennessee. Georgia and Greece were used.

Market was occupied. The Scientific Ameri• President by the Democrats; two weeks can of October of that year devoted consid• later the Whig Convention nominated Gen• erable space to a full description of it. stat• eral Winfield Scott in the same hall. In 185b ing that the floor of the main hall was "the Millard Fillmore was nominated for Presi• largest clear floor in America." The affairs dent by the National Whig Convention, and of the organization prospered. New depart• in i860 JohnC. Breckinridge by the seceders ments were added from time to time. In from the National Democratic Convention. 1858 George Pea body donated a sum of mon• The building was a model of substantial and ey yielding an annual income of $500 to be workmanlike construction. It stood for distributed as prizes to pupils of the gradu• more than half a century, and was pointed ating class. The exhibitions were usually out to visitors as one of the show-places of opened by speakers of distinction and some Baltimore. of the most noted men in the country made In the great fire of 1Q04 the building was addresses on these occasions. The large hall practically wiped out of existence. The con• of the building was used frequently for pub• tents were completely destroyed. Strangely lic gatherings. Here on June ist. 1852, enough, this was on the anniversary of the General Franklin Pierce was nominated for burning of the old .AtheniEum sixty-nine

34 THROVGH THE AGES

>ears before. While the fire was still raging, the staff of the Institute gathered in the President's office, and imme• diate steps were taken for the continuation of the classes. These were held in scattered quarters while plans were being perfected for a new building. The State appropriated $175,000; Andrew Carnegie added to this the gift of $2b3,000, and a public-spir• ited townsman, Michael Jen• kins, donated the splendid lot on which the structure stands. The City of Balti• more built upon the old site a new market house with two upper stories for the use of the Evening Schools. In the competition of thirty- one architects, the plan of Pell and Corbett, of New York, was selected. Later, this plan received the award The handsome columns in the main lobby of a gold medal by the Chap• are of Numidian marble. ter of Architects of the State of New York for the excellence of their de• em art—the Italian Renaissance. The Flor• sign. entine palaces, with their fine proportion, The ground was broken in 1Q05. but the great unbroken wall surfaces and richly actual completion was not accomplished un• carved cornices are surely a fitting model for til three years later. The dedication took a building intended to house a school of art. place on November 23, IQ08. The practi• The peculiar interest of the new building cal requirements of the plan and the almost lies in the combination of ancient palace and square form of the lot, 140 by 115, suggested modem school. We find in the pleasing ex• a building of simple outline and dignified terior of Vermont marble the suggestion of proportion. Thefact that the higher branches the best Italian work and in the interior of art were to be taught led to the use of an every practical requirement well cared for, exterior treatment that would properly ex• with an abundance of natural light in e\ ery press the work to be carried on within. part of the building. The main entrance is There could be no truer source of inspira• by a broad flight of steps at the center of tion than the fountain-head of all our mod- the long front on Mt. Royal Avenue. Mag-

35] •U^-^I, THROVGH THE AGES

names of artists famous at the time of the Italian Renaissance, and the colors recall the tints of the marble columns and the mo• saic floor below. On the fourth side of this court, and direct• ly opposite the entrance to the building, the main stairs lead in a single flight, branching into two symmetrical side flights to the sec• ond floor level. These stairs are of Tennes• see, Pentelicand Georgia marble with a beau• tifully car\'ed rail of bronze. .Around the sec• ond floor gallery a polished marble wain• scot rises to a height of twelve feet. .Abo\ e this is a frieze, while higher up is the decor• ated coffered ceiling forming a frame to the delicately tinted leaded glass light. This whole spacious hall thus becomes a great top-lighted exhibition space for the per• manent display of sculpture. On either side of the main entrance are the rooms for the principal and actuary,

The Ikxjr tiling is of Tennessee marble. while in the west corner is a room 25 by 28 feet, used as the headquarters of the Board nifkcnt bronze doors vxhich. when open, of Managers. Twelve feet above the floor is form with the transom bar above a bronze the spring line of the great arched windows entrance \ estibule. mark the entrance to a of the main front. Above this line an ellip• \aulted hallway which leads to the central tical vault with penetrations rises to a court. This court is the principal architec• height of 20 feet above the floor level. The tural feature of the interior, and here again Library is also on the main floor, as well we feel the inspiration of the Italian palace. as two large classrooms and a large lecture The great arcaded court which we almost room in the rear. always find as forming the heart of the pa- .•\t the point where the main stairs join lazzo. and into which opened all parts of the the balcon\- at the second le\el two doors edifice, is found here. This broad open space lead to the art gallery. This room, 74 feet is 40 feet by 60 feet, and is two stories in long by 31 feet wide, with a clear height to height. It leads directly to every part of the the vaulted leaded glass light of 25 feet, is building and is the distributing point for all the principal one of this floor, containing as classes. An arcade of Monolith Numidian it does the art treasures of the Institute. marble columns supporting arches with The balance of the floor, forming two sides car\ ed spandrels and cornices and forming and front of the building, comprises unin• the gallery at the second floor level, runs terrupted space for classes, getting its light around three sides of the court. The frieze from the unbroken band of double arched of the cornice is of faience decorated with windows which is the architectural feature garlands and plaques on which one reads the of the interior of the building.

36] THROVGH THE AGES

A MODERN HIGH SCHOOL

The Theodore Roosevelt School at Wyandotte, Michigan, contains large quantities of marble

YANDOTTE, Michigan, is a sub• allows for future extensions on the rear. It Wurb of Detroit, but it is so complete is estimated that at very little additional in itself that it has practically an cost accommodations for 600 more students entity of its own. Located in the "Down• can be secured. There is. besides, a play• river" industrial district, its 20,000 inhabit• ground on the west side, with a complete ants are forward-lookers in every way, and athletic field and running track. this spirit is evidenced in the many fine The approach on Eureka Street is laid out buildings erected in the town. Perhaps the in such a manner as to secure the best effect, most impressive of these, to the practically at the same time furnishing the maximum of minded, is the new Theodore Roosexelt safety for the entrance of the pupils. It High School, between Eureka, Sycamore, consists of steps and horizontal surfaces Seventh and Fifth Streets, facing Eureka. worked out in brick patterns flanked with a This structure is 300 feet on Eureka and circular seat and lamp posts on each side, 178 feet deep, of U shape and fireproof con• the earth terraced to meet the approach. In struction. It has a capacity of 1,400 pupils the rear are openings in the driveway, al• and cost $Q52,OOO. The architect was B. C. lowing the coal supply to be dropped di• W'ertzel Co. The location of the lot rectly into the bunkers, eliminating any fur-

-Main Entrance Vestibule of Wyandotte High School.

37 THROVGH THE AGES

wainscoting is Light Cloud marble from Vermont, w ith bases of Verde .Antique from Roxbury, Vermont. The steps, consisting of three ris• ers of unusual width, are of white marble from Carrara. Italy. The richness of the marbles is accentuated by the ceiling, which is of wood• en beams. The main corridor is four• teen f eet wide and the branch corridors are eleven. That on the first floor has a com• position floor, with the Marble wainscoting and built-in lockers on first floor. wainscoting similar to the vestibule treatment. .Abox'e ther handling beyond the transportation by stairs, the corridors all have linoleum floors: car to the boilers. otherwise they are the same as the main The exterior is in the Tudor Gothic style level. There are twent\-five classrooms of in brick and stone. There are three stories standard size located on the outside walls of above ground, the basement being exca• the building. These all have floorso f battle• vated only for the heating and \-entilating ship linoleum cemented directly to the con• rooms, coal storage and vent ducts. The crete. This insures a minimum of noise, and main entrance is in the center of the building lengthens the life of the material. with an entrance on each side and two rear Two special departments are on the first entrances. Stairs lead from the first floor to floor. The Commercial department consists the third floor at each entrance, and these of a group of rooms separated by glass parti• are surfaced with non-slip tile and terrazzo. tions, each room thoroughly equipped w ith On the second and third floors are rest the necessary apparatus for the instruction rooms, while toilets are pro\"ided on all of bookkeeping, stenography and typewrit• floors for both sexes. The building is heated ing. The use of the glass partitions facil• with direct steam heat and ventilated with itates supervision. The Manual Training a duct system that deli\'ers 30 cubic feet of department is in the right wing, and con• conditioned air to each pupil per minute. A sists of lathe and machine rooms, bench- humidifying apparatus keeps the moisture room, tool and locker rooms, washroom, and content of the air between 40 and 60 per lumber and finishing rooms. These all ha\'e cent at all times. finished brick walls and wood-block floors The chief interior feature of the building is without creosote. The lumber room recei\ es the main entrance lobby or \ estibule. This its supply of material from the dri\'eway at floor is exceptionalh' imposing, with a Verde the rear of the building. Special racks have Antique marble bod\- set off by diagonalK- been provided for twent\' different kinds of arranged blocks of white Italian marble. The lumber.

h8] THROVGH THE AGES

In addition to these departments, the first found in the entrance vestibule, having floor contains the executive offices, the Au• steps of white Italian and walls of Verde ditorium, the Community Room and the .Antique and Light Cloud from Vermont. Swimming Pool and Gymnasium. The Au• The second floor contains the General Science ditorium has seats for 1200, with stage, department, with laboratories and apparatus dressing-rooms, balcony and moving-picture rooms. The Library is also on this floor. machine booth. It is finished in oak and the The treatment here consists of ornamental colors of the school. Besides providing a plaster decorated in soft tones, with a ceiling suitable assembling room for the high school, of low-relief plaster work, as in the Com• it is frequently used as a community theater munity room. by the general public. The Swimming Pool On the third floor is the Domestic Science is a feature that provides for healthy amuse• room, with its cooking laboratory, and the ment. It is lined with tile and has a tile floor adjunct sewing and fitting rooms; the Draw• around the pool with non-slip tile curb. The ing department: the Physical Science de• walls are white enameled brick. In connec• partment, with laboratory, and two lecture tion with the pool are the boys' and girls' rooms with raised seats: Chemical Science locker rooms and toilets. All have tile department, with a laboratory able to care floors, enameled brick walls and steel lockers. for 128 students daih'. and thoroughh Two physical directors' rooms for examina• equipped with gas-hoods, chemical desks, tion of the pupils are nearby. The Gym• darkroom and storerooms: and a Dining- nasium, with running track and balcony for room, with its nearby Teachers' Rest Room, spectators, is 60 by qo feet. with a seating capacit\' of 364 people. The Commu• nity room on the first floor is used as a music room as well as for va• rious other activ• ities. The walls are Caen stone up to ten feet high, with ornamental low-relief plaster work on the ceil- ing and walls above the wains• coting. At one end there is a small stage. The stairs lead• ing to the second floorcarry out the same general

marble treatment Main stainvay leading to second floor. This is all marble.

3Q rF^i^rfHROVGH THE AGES STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF MARBLE DUE TO ITS STRUCTURE

[Rcprinlcd through courtesy of "Slone' \

'iHE ease with which it is wrought, its regularly on heating and that a part of the delicac\- and beauty of color and trans- increase is retained and is permanent. I lucency of texture lead many people to No other stone shows so wide a variation believe that marble is rather fragile and per• in strength and durability as do different ishable. But the builders of the olden days, kinds of marble, even when of the same gen• even a thousand years before the beginning eral appearance. These differences are ap• of the Christian era, knew better than this parent only when thin sections of the differ• and they knew from experience, which, ent varieties are put under a microscope. coupled with scientific tests made in our The lens discloses structural features that own time, justify geologists in saying that alone explains a marble's strength or its marble is justly recognized by architects and w eakness as the case may be. Microscopic builders as one of the choicest and most en• examinations have proved that, as a rule, during of constructional materials. Experi• the fossiliferous is the more enduring of all ence has established the fact and science marbles and is the least liable to crack. This confirmed it that marble is strong enough is due to the fact that the fossils cross each for all needed structural purposes and that it other in a network of reinforcements and are will outlast generations and races of men. so firmly packed together that it is difficult The strength of marble depends upon its to start a crack at any point in the mass. structure, but as strength is not always a Microscopic study of stone structures is a necessary quality in determining its useful• most interesting one and requires little equip• ness, this is a question of no concern to man>- ment other than the instrument itself. The marble producers. Two marbles of the same method followed by most lithologists is to general outward appearance of color and grind a small block or chip of marble so thin texture may differ radically when subjected as to be transparent and to mount it. prefer• to strength and pressure tests for the reason ably in Canadian balsam, for inspection un• that their constituent parts are made up of der the lens. This process brings out details elements of strength and of weakness not of structure that would otherwise escape apparent on mere casual examination. The notice. compressive strength of marble, as shown in While fossiliferous marbles withstand pres• tests on some fifty varieties made by the sure and are more enduring in exposed places, Bureau of Standards, ranges between 7,850 there are marbles of a u-hite or clouded va• and 50.250 pounds per square inch. These riety that contain no fossils, but which have tests also shoued that some marbles v\ere been proven to be of equal durabilit\-. An weakened after repeated freezing and thaw• example in illustration of this point is the ing, that some were very little affected and fact that certain European marbles that do that still others were actually strengthened not weather well in some sections of this by the rapid changes of temperature. It was country are probably weakened b\- poor quar- also demonstrated that marbles expand ir• r\-'\na methods that shattered their struc-

40] ture. On the other hand, these same im• without alteration in its physical condition. ported marbles when subjected to micro• Both the chemical and microscopic analy• scopic examination disclose certain defects sis of marble show it to be strong enough for in the stone itself, such as soft crystals, all needed structural purposes. Marble build• somewhat decomposed and looseK' knit to• ings thousands of \'ears old have come down gether, or fine materials between the crystals to us to awaken our delight in craftsmanship that make it easy to start a rift at almost that has not been bettered by succeeding any place. Instead of these imperfections generations. Colors that were delicate when working to the commercial disad\ antage of fresh from the quarries may have faded a the foreign marbles just described, they ac• trifle in the centuries, but time has mel• tually add to their value, for they are easier lowed the marble to golden tones. It was worked than som>e varieties of .American not age that wrecked the Parthenon at marbles with the edges of crystals clean, Athens, that matchless building of all time, firm and often knit together like a bone but the vandalism of war. Thecarved statues structure, there being scarcely a loose parti• from the pediment still exist, the greatest of cle between them. The structural character• all museum treasures. istics make the American marbles immune When architectural art provides us with to average climatic changes and accounts the best of which it is able in design, it is but for the large number of marble monuments, natural that we should seek to carr>- the erected a century ago, that are still standing work in one of Nature's choicest materials, in almost perfect condition. and the imagination of the architect cannot It is asserted by certain authorities that carry him beyond the possibilities of marble. marbles of good quality and in large blocks When the nation, a state, or a great muni• are more durable even than granite and that cipality plans to erect a monumental build• they will carry a heavier load. In this con• ing, marble is one of the first materials that nection it is of interest to note that the naturalK" suggests itself. Two of the most makers of the Egyptian obelisk in Central notable of our state capitols are of marble, Park. New York City, were aware of this those of Minnesota and Rhode Island, and fact and under the shaft they placed a foun• of an earlier date and less elaborate design is dation of marble obtained, undoubtedly, that of Connecticut, while marble figures at considerable expenditure of time and largely in the walls of the National Capitol labor. The climatic changes that are causing at Washington. When we seek to commem• the obelisk to cruir.ble show no effect what- orate the virtues of our foremost leaders we e\ er on the marble foundation work, except choose marble, as in the Washington monu• for the loss of the sharp edges and corners. ment and the Lincoln Memorial. So. too. One reason assigned for this superiority of our tribute to the nation's heroic dead—the marble to withstand weight and pressure is .Arlington Memorial Amphitheatre — is in that it is somewhat flexible and will adapt marble. .AH of these structures of marble itself, to a certain extent, to the inequalities testify- to the beauty and durability of the of its bed. It also contains so little water stone. They stand up well and grow richer that it will continue for a long period almost and mellower with the lapse of the years.

41 LIST OF QUARRIES AND MARBLE MANUFACTURERS

REPRESENTED IN THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE

NATIONAL ASSOQATION OF MARBLE DEALERS

Representative City and State Company Flower Marble and Tile Company Jas. T. Flower Akron, Ohio Alex. Reeves Atlanta, Ga. Reeves Marble Company Hilgartner Marble Company A. H. Hilgartner Baltimore, Md. Chas. Scheldt Baltimore, Md. Jos. B. Dunn &l Sons, Inc. P. B. and W. Marble and Tile Co., Inc. Richard T. Salter Baltimore, Md. John S. Sewell Birmingham, Ala. Alabama Marble Company Troy Bros. &l Company M. W. O Brien Boston, Mass. Wm. T. Fleming Brandon, Vt. Middlebury Marble Company Geo. W. Maltby & Son Company Wm. C. Maltby Buffalo, N.Y. R. K. Glass Buffalo. N.Y. Lautz Marble CorpxDration Arnosti Marble Co. A. Arnosti Carthage, Mo. Geo. S. Beimdiek Carthage, Mo. Carthage Marble and White Lime Co. Consolidated Marble and Stone Co. Millard Bryan Carthage, Mo. T. R. Givens Carthage, Mo. Ozark Quarries Co. F. W. Steadley & Company, Inc. K. D. Steadley Carthage, Mo. F. J. Lautz Carthage, Mo. Lautz Missouri Marble Company Spring River Stone Company John E. O'Keefe Carthage, Mo. T. J. Murphy Chicago, 111. AjTierican Marble Mill Company Black 6z Gold Marble Company J. J. Bauer Chicago, 111. C. N. Marthens Chicago, 111. C. N. Marthens Marble Company Corley-Meservey Marble Company Wm. P. Corley Chicago, 111. Humbert Davia Chicago, 111. Da via Bros., Marble Company Enterprise Marble Company Thos. A. Knudson Chicago, 111. F. A. Flavin Chicago, III. Flavin Marble Mill Frank P. Bauer Marble Company Frank P. Bauer Chicago, III. H. K. Townsend Chicago, 111. Henry Marble Company Jas. B. Clow &! Sons Company Jos. Little, Jr. Chicago, III. Thos. F. Keating Chicago, 111. M. Keating &l Sons Company Naughton Marble Company Thos. Naughton Chicago, III. Frank J. Peerling Chicago, 111. Peerling Marble Company Standard Mosaic Tile Company C. R. Borchardt Chicago, III. Geo. W. Bower Chicago, 111. Taylor Marble Company National Mosaic Tile Company George Wilde Cicero, III. H. L. Pike Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati Marble Company Allen Marble Company R. M. Allen Cleveland, Ohio Frank C. Smith Cleveland, Ohio Empire Marble Company Haworth Marble Company W. J. Haworth Cleveland, Ohio E. M. Fritz Cleveland, Ohio Interior Marble and Stone Co. S. J. Weingarten Cleveland, Ohio Prospect Mantel and Tile Company L. G. Yeau Cleveland, Ohio Roy-Cliff Marble Company Columbus, Ohio Wege Marble and Tile Company C. F. Wege J. C. Bruggen Dallas, Texas J. Desco Dallas, Texas J. Desco & Son William Jessop Dallas, Texas Southwest Marble Company D. C. McElhinnev Denver, Col. McElhinney Tile and Marble Co. W. D. Watson Denver, Col. Denver Mantel and Tile Company Des Moines, Iowa Des Moines Marble and Mantel Co. J. R. Golden Des Moines, Iowa Holbrook Marble and Tile Company H. F. McAdow Detroit, Mich. Christa-Batchelder Marble Co. E. L. Leavenworth Detroit, Mich. Detroit Marble Company B. L. Cummins

[4t] City and State Company Representative East Cambridge, Mass. Johnson Marble Company T. J. Johnson Fort Worth, Texas Good Marble Company H. G. Good Houston, Texas Salt Lake Marble and Supply Co. Geo. E. Rieder

Indianapolis, Ind. F. E. Gates Marble and Tile Co. F. E. Gates

Kansas City, Mo. Kansas City Marble and Tile Co G. F. Keller Kansas City, Mo. Phenix Marble Company Mast in Simpson Kansas City, Mo. Sutermeister Stone Company C. O. Sutermeister Kasota, Minn. Babcock & Willcox Tyrell S. Willcox Kasota, Minn. Breen Stone and Marble Co. Tyrell S. Willcox Knoxville, Tenn. Candoro Marble Company T. O. Couch Knoxville, Tenn. Gray Eagle Marble Company E. F. Klein Knoxville, Tenn. Gray Knox Marble Company J. B. Jones Knoxville, Tenn. John J. Craig Company John J. Craig Knoxville, Tenn. Knoxville Marble Co. John M. Ross Knoxville, Tenn. Ross & Republic Marble Co. W. E. Moses Knoxville, Tenn. Salomone-0"Brien Marble Company Walter O Brien Knoxville, Tenn. Tennessee Producers Marble Co. B. L. Pease Little Rock, Ark. Southwestern Tile Company R. E. Overman Long Island City, N.Y. Clarendon Marble Company Alexander Thomson Louisville, Ky. Peter & Burghard Stone Co. Jos. E. Burghard

Memphis, Tenn. Central Mosaic and Tile Co. Louis B. Marus Milwaukee, Wis. .\ndres Stone and Marble Company Edgar Andres Milwaukee, Wis. Breidster Marble Company Fred. W. Breidster Milwaukee, Wis. McClymont Marble Company J. J. McClymont Minneapolis, Minn. Twin City Tile and Marble Co. F. O. Streed Minneapolis, Minn. Northwestern Marble and Tile Co. Chas. N. Gramling

New Orleans, La. Albert Weiblen Marble and Granite Co. Albert Weiblen

Oklahoma City, Okla. Taylor Marble and Tile Company G. W. Taylor Omaha, Neb. Sunderland Bros., Compan\ J. P. Williams

Peoria, 111. Peoria Stone and Marble Works H. A. Farley Philadelphia, Pa. John Hegarty Marble Company John Hegarty Pittsburgh, Pa. American Marble Company Max Weiner Pittsburgh, Pa. Iron City Marble Company George L. Sibel Pittsburgh, Pa. Pennsylvania Marble and Mosaic Co. John A. Fiore

Somerville, Mass. Phil. H. Butler & Son Company P. H. Butler St. Louis, Mo. Bradbury Marble Company I. P. Morton St. Louis, Mo. Pickel Marble and Granite Co. H. A. Feldman St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis Marble and Tile Co. R. C. McDonald St. Louis, Mo. Shaw Marble and Tile Company A. Coerver St. Louis, Mo. Union Marble and Tile Company W. C Fox St. Louis, Mo. Weis & Jennett Marble Company Joseph Weis St. Paul, Minn. Drake Marble and Tile Company W. E. Andrews

Tate, Ga. Georgia Marble Company Sam Tate

Wichita, Kan. Hawkins Interior Marble Company M. K. Hawkins Wilmington, Del. Geo. W. McCaulley & Sons, Inc. C. W. McCaulley Winchester, Mass. Puffer Mfg. Company A. W. Puffer

CO-OPERATING— Vermont Marble Company, Proctor, Vermont.

[43] i®,^: THROVGH THE AGES ^ ; ^pMst

'—' — j]

'T~*H I s illuminated mantel aquarium installed .. in a Milwaukee residence, is a combination of mantel, flower vases and fountain. Electric lights concealed in the fountain-stem furnish a soft light sufficient for ordinary use. It WCLS made of Pedrara Onyx by the .McClymont Marble Company. Milwaukee. Wisconsin.

McCLYMONT MARBLE CO.

TWENTY-SEVENTH .AND CANAL STS

MILW.AUKEE - WISCONSIN

[44 THROVGH THE AGES

Boulevard Branch. Wayne County and Home Savings Bank Detroit, Michigan. Albert Kahn. Architect

A CLEANLY and dignified combination of Botticino, Main Entrance, Masonic Tennessee and Verde .Antique Temple, Indianapolis, Ind. creates its own atmosphere. Rubush and Hunter, Archi• tects. I talian.Verde Antique CHRISTA-BATCHELDER and Tennessee Marbles. MARBLE COMPANY r. E. GATES MARBLE G TILE CO. DETROIT MICHIGAN INDIANATOLIS. INDIANA

\ /f.-\RBLES manu- • ^^ factured and furnished for interiors and exteriors of Banks, Office Buildings. Dwellings.

Also Soda Fountains.

THE PUFFER MFG. CO.

WINCHESTER. MASS

45 ^^pfHROVGH THE AGES |B

FIRST NATIONAL BANK. TULSA. OKLAHOMA. WEARY <& ALFORD CO.. ArchiiecU

A magnificent specimen of an all Taver- nelle treatment. One of many conspicuous contracts.

LAUTZ MISSOURI MARBLE CO. Manufacturers and Contractors

CARTHAGE :: :: MISSOURI

46