D. Building Types

D. BUILDING TYPES

D8. OTHER BUILDING TYPES

A History of Building Types by N.B.L. Pevsner, 1976, contains international surveys and bibliographies of the following subjects: national monuments and monuments to genius; government buildings from the late twelfth to the late seventeenth century (Houses of Parliament, ministries and public offices, town halls, law courts); theatres; libraries; museums; hospitals; prisons; hotels; exchanges and banks; warehouses and office buildings; railway stations; market halls; conservatories and exhibition buildings; shops; stores and department stores; factories.

D8A. ALMSHOUSES AND WORKHOUSES

Bailey, B. 1988 Almshouses Dickens, A. 1976 The architect and the workhouse, Architectural Review 160 (December), 345–52 Godfrey, W.H. 1955 The English Almshouse, with some account of its predecessor, the medieval almshouse Morrison, Kathyrn 1999 The Workhouse: a study of poor-law buildings in England

D8B. BRIDGES

Blakstad, L. 2002 Bridge: the Architecture of Connection Bostico, M. 1970 Early concrete bridges in Britain 1867–1910, Concrete 4 (September), 363–6 Cossons, N., and Trinder, B. 1979 The Iron Bridge, symbol of the Industrial Revolution Henry, D., and Jerome, J.A. 1965 Modern British Bridges Jervoise, E. 1930–36, reprinted 1973 The Ancient Bridges of the South of England, 1930; of the North of England, 1931; of Mid and Eastern England, 1932; of Wales and Western England, 1936 Maré, E. de 1975 Bridges of Britain Public Works, Roads and Transport Congress 1933 British Bridges: an illustrated technical and historical record Richards, J.M. 1984

1 Building Types The National Trust Book of Bridges Ruddock, E. 1979 Arch Bridges and Their Builders, 1735–1835 Ruddock, Ted (ed.) 2000 Masonry Bridges, Viaducts and Aqueducts (Studies in the History of Civil Engineering, 2) Sealey, A. 1976 Bridges and Aqueducts

D8C. COMMERCIAL

Adburgham, A. 1964 Shops and Shopping Booker, J. 1990 Temples of Mammon: the architecture of banking Burns, W. 1959 British Shopping Centres Burton, N. 1985 Robert Lutyens and Marks and Spencer, Thirties Society Journal 5, 8–17 Crossick, G., and Jaumain, S. (eds) 1999 Cathedrals of Consumption: the European Department Store 1850-1939 Cruickshank, D. 1983 Origins of offices, Architectural Review 174 (November), 81–5 Dan, H., and Wilmot, E.C.M. 1907 English Shop Fronts, old and new Dean, D. 1970 English Shop Fronts (from pattern books) Duffy, F. 1981 Office buildings and organizational change, Buildings and Society, ed. A.D. King, 255–80 Eldridge, M. 1958 The plate-glass shop front, Architectural Review 123 (March), 192–5 Ferry, J.W. 1960 A History of the Department Store Geist, J.F. 1983 Arcades: the history of a building type Girouard, M. 1983 Acrobatic architecture: William Sharp Ogden and others, In Search of Modern Architecture, ed. H. Searing, 121–34 Grundy, J. 1981 Inter-war shop fronts, Thirties Society Journal 2 Heathcote, E. 2000 Bank Builders Herzberg, H. 1994

Building Types 2 The Atrium Comes of Age [John Lewis Partnership] 1985 John Spedan Lewis 1885-1963 MacKeith, M. 1985 Shopping Arcades: a gazetteer of extant British arcades 1817–1939 MacKeith, M. 1986 The History and Conservation of Shopping Arcades Orbell, J., and Turton, A. 2001 British Banking: a guide to historical records Saxon, R. 1986 Atrium Buildings Schmiechen, J and Carls, K 1999 The British Market Hall: a social and architectural history Stenning, D.F. 1985 Timber-framed shops 1300–1600: Comparative plans, Vernacular Architecture. 16, 35–8 Taylor, N. 1968 Monuments of Commerce

D8D. EDUCATION

Baynes, K. 1973 Henry Morris: reform through architecture, Architectural Review 154 (December), 369–70 Birks, A., and Holford, M. 1971 Building the New Universities Brawne, M., ed. 1970 New Universities (special issue), Architectural Review 147 (April) Clay, F. 1902 (2nd edn 1930) Modern School Buildings, elementary and secondary Edwards, B. 2000 University Architecture H.M.S.O. 1957 The Story of Post-War School Building Howe, J. 1952 New schools in Britain, Architects Year Book No. 4, 64–79 Kitchling, C. 1993 Archive Buildings in the United Kingdom 1977-92 Maclure, S. 1984 Educational Development and School Building: aspects of public policy 1945–73 McKean, J.M. 1975 Student housing at universities, R.I.B.A.Journal. 82 (October), 9–16 McKean, J. 1980 Building study: post-war schools, Architects’ Journal 171 (19 March), 565–80

3 Building Types Muthesius, S. 2001 The Postwar University: Utopianist Campus and College Neal, K.W. 1970 British University Libraries Robson, E.R. 1874 School Architecture (reprinted with an introduction by M. Seaborne, 1972) Saint, A. 1987 Towards a Social Architecture: the role of school-building in post-war architecture Seaborne, M. 1971 Primary School Design Seaborne, M. 1971, 1977 The English School: its architecture and organisation: 1, 1370–1870; 2, 1870–1970 Slessor, C. 1990 Buildings update: Halls of residence: Policy and Practice 1, Architects’ Journal 192 (25 July), 51–4 Ward, C. 1976 British School Buildings: designs and appraisals 1964–74 Wright, H.M., and Gardner-Medwin, R. 1938 The Design of Nursery and Elementary Schools

D8E. ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION

See also D8m. Periodicals: Picture House, the magazine of the Cinema Theatre Association (CTA Bulletins from 1967)

Atwell, D. 1980 Cathedrals of the Movies Brereton, C., et al. 1982 Curtains!!! or New Life for Old Theatres Chesue, D.F., and Brereton, C. 1974 Music Hall in Britain Conway, H. 1988 Sports and playgrounds and the problem of park design in the nineteenth century, Journal of Garden History 8 (January–March), 31–41 Donnelly, M.C. 1973 A Short History of Observatories Earl, J., and Sell, M. 2000 The Theatres Trust Guide to British Theatres, 1750-1950 Eyles, A. 1993 ABC The First Name in Entertainment Eyles, A. 2002 Odeon Cinemas 1: Oscar Deutsch Entertains our Nation Eyles, A. 2001

Building Types 4 Old Cinemas Forsyth, M. 1985 Buildings for Music, the architect, the musician and the listener, from the seventeenth century to the present day Girouard, M. 1986 c18 assembly rooms, Country Life 180 (21 August), 540–4; (11 September), 766–8; (2 October), 1057–9 Glasstone, V. 1975 Victorian and Edwardian Theatres Gray, R. 1996 Cinemas in Britain: one hundred years of cinema architecture Ham, R. 1970 Theatre design in Britain, A.D. 40, 352–7 Harwood, E. 1999 Picture Palaces: New life for Old Cinemas Heathcote, E. 2001 Cinema Builders Kaldor, A. 2002 Great Opera Houses: Masterpieces of Architecture Laing, A. 1982 From bagnios to public baths, Country Life 171 (27 May), 1592–4 Leacroft, R. 1973 The Development of the English Playhouse Leacroft, R. and H. 1984 Theatre and Playhouse: an illustrated survey of theatre building from ancient Greece to the present day Mackintosh, I. 1993 Architecture, Actor and Audience Mullen, D.C. 1970 The Development of the Playhouse: a survey of theatre architecture from the Renaissance to the present day Orrell, J. 1985 The Theatres of Inigo Jones and John Webb Peacock, J. 1995 The Stage Designs of Inigo Jones Pearson, L.F. 2002 Piers and Other Seaside Architecture Rattenbury, K. 2002 The Essential Eye: British Airways London Eye Rodwell, K.A. 1991 The Architecture of Entertainment: Two Examples of a Late C16 Building Type, Archaeological Journal 148, 269–95 (Lodge to Old Wardour Castle, Wilts, and Riding House at Wolfeton, Charminster, Dorset) SAVE 1982 Taking the Plunge: the architecture of bathing Shand, P.M. 1930

5 Building Types Modern Cinemas and Theatres Sharp, D. 1969 The Picture Palace and Other Buildings for the Movies Shewring, M., and Mulryne, R. 1995 Making Space for Theatre: British Architecture & Theatre since 1958 Shipman, D. 1984 The Story of the Cinema; an illustrated history Slessor, C. 1990 Buildings update 2: Swimming pools: A bigger splash, Architects’ Journal 192 (10 October), 67–71 Southern, R. 1970 The Victorian Theatre: a pictorial survey Spain, G., and Dromgoole, N. 1970 Theatre architects in the British Isles, Architectural History 13, 77–90 Stoddard, R. 1978 Theatre and Cinema Architecture: a guide to information sources Tidworth, S. 1973 Theatre: an architectural and cultural history Williams, S. 1979 Fifteen years of theatre design, R.I.B.A.Journal. 86 (February), 65–71 Wolverhampton Polytechnic 1973 Odeon Cinemas, 1931–9 (exhibition catalogue)

D8F. ESTATE, FARM AND AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS

Arts Council of Great Britain 1973 Traditional Farm Buildings (exhibition catalogue) Barnwell,P.S. & Giles, C. 1998 English Farmsteads 1750-1914 Beacham, M.J.A. 1990 Dovecotes in England: An Introduction and Gazetteer, Transactions of the Anicent Monuments Society. 34, 85–131 Beamon, S.P., and Roaf, S. 1990 The Ice Houses of Britain Bettley, J., and Wolton, J. 1985 Established in pompous style, the heyday of the kennel, Country Life 177 (7 February), 308–11 Brigden, R. 1986 Victorian farms Brunskill, R.W. 1982 Traditional Farm Buildings of Britain Crane, E. 1984 The Archaeology of Beekeeping Darley, G. 1982

Building Types 6 The National Trust Book of the Farm Du Prey, P.de la R. 1987 Ornamental Dairies and their owners, Country Life 181 (5 March), 120–2; (12 March), 104–5 Festing, S. 1987 Animal crackers, menageries and aviaries in the 18th century, Country Life 181 (11 June), 124–5 Fowler, P. 1983 Farms in England: prehistoric to the present Hansell, P. and J. 1988 Doves and Dovecotes Harvey, N. 1978 A History of Farm Buildings in England and Wales Harvey, N. 1980 The Industrial Archaeology of Farming Harvey, N. 1985 Historic Farm Buildings: sources of information Hughes, C. 1985 Barns of Rural England Loudon, J.C. 2000 Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture and Furniture Martins, S. Wade 2002 The English Model Farm: Building the Agricultural Ideal 1700-1914 McCann, J. 1991 A Historical Enquiry into the Design and Use of Dovecotes, Transactions of the Anicent Monuments Society. 35, 89–160; Dovecotes, An Addendum, 36 (1992), 137–8 Powell, C. 1991 Stables and Stable Blocks Robinson, J.M. 1983 Georgian Model Farms: a study of decorative and model farms in the age of improvement 1700–1846 Sambrook, P. 1996 Country House Brewing in England 1500–1600 Vlach, J.M. 2003 Barns Wade-Martins, S. 1991 Historic Farm Buildings (includes a Norfolk survey) Wade-Martins, S. 2002 The English Model Farm, building the agricultural ideal Weller, J. 1982 The History of the Farmstead Wenham, P. 1989 Watermills Worsley, G. 1989 The Design and Development of the Stable and Riding House

7 Building Types in Great Britain from the 13th century to 1914, Ph.D. thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London Worsley, G. 1987 Stables with steeples, Country Life 181 (10 September), 134 Worsley, G. 1990 Schooling Movements, Country Life 184 (4 October), 158–60 (surviving riding houses from the c17)

D8G. HOSPITALS

Abel-Smith, B. 1964 The Hospital Cox, A., and Groves, P. 1991 Hospitals and Health-Care Facilities Dainton, C. 1961 The Story of England’s Hospitals Forty, A. 1981 The modern hospital in England and France: the social and medical uses of architecture, Buildings and Society, ed. A.D. King, 6193 Hayward, R.A. 1998. Changing hospital design in the second half of the 19th century PhD, Keele. Hughes, J. 1991 Just what the doctor ordered: modern architecture and health centres in the 1930s, M.A. report, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London Hughes, J. 1996 The brutal hospital: efficiency, form and identity in the National Health Service, Ph.D. thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London James, W.P., and Noakes, T. 1994 Hospital Architecture Orme, N., and Webster, M. 1995 The English Hospital 1070–1570 Poynter, F.N.L., ed. 1964 The Evolution of Hospitals in Britain Richardson, H (ed.) 1998 English Hospitals 1660-1948: a survey of their architecture and design. Scull, A. 1981 A convenient place to get rid of inconvenient people: The Victorian lunatic asylum, Buildings and Society, ed. A.D. King, 37–60 Stevenson, C. 2000 Medicine And Magnificence: British Hospital and Asylum Architecture 1600-1815 Stone, P., ed. 1980 British Hospitals and Health Care Buildings Taylor, J. 1988

Building Types 8 Circular hospital wards, Medical History 32, 426–48 Taylor, J. 1991 Hospital and Asylum Architecture in England 1840–1914 Taylor, J 1997 The Architect and the Pavilion Hospital: Dialogue and Design Creativity in England 1850 - 1914 Thompson, J.D., and Goldin, G. 1975 The Hospital, a social and architectural history

D8H. HOTELS AND PUBLIC HOUSES

Aslet, C. 1983 Beer and skittles in the improved public house, Thirties Society Journal 4, 2–9 Boniface, P. 1981 Hotels and Restaurants Denby, E. 1998 Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion: An Architectural And Social History Elwall, R. 1983 Bricks and Beer: English pub architecture 1830–1939 Girouard, M. 1975 Victorian Pubs Monkhouse, C. 1970 The Station Hotel in Nineteenth Century England, M.A. report, Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London Oliver, B. 1947 The Renaissance of the English Public House Richardson, Sir A.E. 1934 The Old Inns of England Richardson, Sir A.E., and Eberlin, H.D. 1925 The English Inn, past and present SAVE 1983 Time Gentlemen Please! Spiller, B. 1973 Victorian Public Houses Thorne, R. 1976 The improved public house, Architectural Review 159 (February), 107–11 Thorne, R. 1981 Places of refreshment in the nineteenth century city, Buildings and Society, ed. A.D. King, 228–53 Watkin, D., et al. 1984 The Grand Hotel … a social and architectural history

D8I. INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES AND SITES

9 Building Types Two series, The Industrial Archaeology of the British Isles, ed. K. Falconer, 1976– (now called Batsford Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of the British Isles), and The Industrial Archaeology of the British Isles, ed. E.R.R. Green, 1965–, provide regional coverage, the former in four volumes to date, the latter in fourteen volumes. Shire Albums provide brief introductions to the main manufacturing and rural industries, from Bricks and Brickmaking to Ironworking and Framework Knitting. Bibliographies: see Greenwood below.

Periodicals: Industrial Archaeology Review; Construction History; Transactions of the Newcomen Society. See also D8f, D8n. Allison, G. 1994 The Miner's Welfare Commission & Pithead Baths in Scotland. Journal of the Twentieth Century Society, I; 55-64 Anon 1991 J.M.W. Dudding and the architecture of the Miners’ Welfare Commission, Thirties Society Journal 7, 48–50 Bannister, T. 1950 The first iron-framed buildings, Architectural Review 107 (April), 231–46 Beckett, D. 1984 Stephensons’ Britain Beedell, S. 1975 Windmills Benton, C. 1979 Miner improvements, Architectural Review 166 (November), 305–8 Binney, M., et al. 1990 Bright Future. The reuse of industrial buildings (SAVE) Bird, R.H. 1977 Yesterday’s Golcondas Booth, G. 1973 Industrial Archaeology Bracegirdle, G. 1973 The Archaeology of the Industrial Revolution Brockman, H.A.N. 1974 The British Architect in Industry, 1841–1940 Brown, R.J. 1976 Windmills of England Buchanan, R.A. 1972, reprinted 1980 Industrial Archaeology in Britain Buckley, C. 1984 Miners’ welfare, Architects’ Journal 179 (24 November), 48–59 Burton, A., ed. 1977 Industrial Archaeological Sites of Great Britain Calladine, A., and Fricker, J. 1993 East Cheshire Textile Mills Chapman, S.D. 1967

Building Types 10 The Early Factory Masters Clough, R.T. 1962 The Lead Smelting Mills of the Yorkshire Dales Cossons, N., and Trinder, B. 1979 The Iron Bridge Crossley, D. 1994 Early Industrial Landscape, Building on the Past (150 years of the Royal Archaeological Institute), 244–82 Douet, J. 1990 Going up in smoke: the history of the industrial chimney English, W. 1969 The Textile Industry Falconer, K. 1980 Guide to England’s Industrial Heritage Finch, C. 1974 Watermills and Windmills Fitzgerald, R.S. 1988 The development of the cast iron frame in textile mills to 1850, Industrial Archaeology Review 10 (2) Giles, G., and Goodall, I.H. 1992 Yorkshire Textile Mills 1770–1930 Greenwood, J. 1987 The Industrial Archaeology and Industrial History of the English Midlands: A Bibliography Greenwood, J. 1988 The Industrial Archaeology and Industrial History of London: A Bibliography Greenwood, J. 1990 The Industrial Archaeology and Industrial History of South-Eastern England: A Bibliography Griffin, A.R. 1971 Coal Mining Harwood, E. 1994 ‘Prestige Pancakes’: The Influence of American Planning in British Industry since the War, Twentieth Century Architecture I: Journal of the Twentieth Century Society, 77–89 Hudson, K. 3rd edn 1976 Industrial Archaeology: a new introduction Jones, E. 1985 Industrial Architecture in Britain 1750–1939 Labrum, E.A., ed. 1994 Civil engineering heritage: eastern England Lindsey, G.F., compiler 1974 Windmills: a bibliographical guide Loader, R., and Skinner, J. 1991 Management, Construction and Architecture: The Development

11 Building Types of the Model Factory, Construction History 7, 83–103 Major, J.K. 1978 Animal-powered Engines Otter, R., ed. 1994 Civil engineering heritage: southern England Palmer, M., and Neaverson, D. 1994 Industry in the Landscape Pannell, J.P.M. 1974 Techniques of Industrial Archaeology Pearson, L. 2000 British Breweries: an architectural history Reynolds, J. 1970 Windmills and Watermills Richards, J.M. 1958 The Functional Tradition in Early Industrial Buildings Richardson & Turton 1992 The Brewing Industry: a guide to historic records SAVE 1979 Satanic Mills: the industrial architecture of the Pennines (companion to exhibition) Skempton, A.W., ed. 1981 John Smeaton, FRS Skinner, J.S. 1997 Form and Fancy: Factories and Factory Buildings by Wallis, Gilbert & Partners Smith, D. 1972 Pumping stations, Architectural Review 151 (March), 324–8 Syson, L. 1965 British Watermills Syson, L. 1980 The Watermills of Britain Tann, J. 1970 The Development of the Factory Thornes, R. 1994 Images of industry: Coal Trinder, B. 1982 The Making of the Industrial Landscape Trombley, S. 1985 Industrial architecture, R.I.B.A.Journal. 92 (January), 25–37 Twentieth Century Society 1994 Industrial Architecture, Twentieth Century Architecture 1 Vince, J. 1976 Discovering Watermills Vince, J. 1984 Discovering Windmills Wailes, R. 1955, 2nd edn 1967

Building Types 12 The English Windmill Wailes, R. 1979 A Source Book of Windmills and Watermills Wenham, P. 1989 Watermills Williams, M., and Farnie, D.A. 1992 Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester Winter, J. 1970 Industrial Architecture: a survey of factory building

D8J. LIBRARIES, MUSEUMS AND ART GALLERIES

See also D8d. Berriman, S.G., and Harrison, K.C. 1966 British Public Library Buildings Cruickshank, D. 1992 The evolution of the Gallery, Architectural Review 190 (January), 63–7 Dulwich Picture Gallery 1992 Palaces of Art: Art galleries in Britain 1790–1990 Greenwood, T. 1888 Museums and Art Galleries Guilding, R. 1996 Robert Adam & Charles Townley: The Development of the top-lit sculpture gallery, Apollo (March), 27–32 Lank, H. 1992 The display of paintings in public galleries, Burlington Magazine 134 (March), 165–71 Pevsner, N. 1961 Libraries: nutrimentum spiritus, Architectural Review 130 (October), 240–4 Steele, J., ed. 1994 Museum Builders Streeter, B.H. 1931 The Chained Library Thompson, A. 1963 Library Buildings of Britain and Europe

D8K. PRISONS

Brodie, A. and others 1999 Behind Bars: the Hidden architecture of England’s Prisons Brodie, A., Croom, J., and Davies, J.O. 2002 English Prisons: an architectural history English Heritage 2002 English Prisons: an Architectural History

13 Building Types Evans, R. 1983 The Fabrication of Virtue: English prison architecture,1750–1840 Fairweather, L. 1989 Prisons: a new generation, Architects’ Journal 189 (15 March), 26–31 Fairweather, L. 1992 Prisons, Architects’ Journal, 196 (2 September), 28–38 (post 1991) McConville, S. 1995 English Local Prison 1860–1900, Near Only to Death Semple, J. 1993 Bentham’s Prison: A study of the panopticon penitentiary Tomlinson, H. 1981 Design and reform: the ‘separate system’ in the nineteenth century English prison, Buildings and Society, ed. A.D. King, 94–119

D8L. PUBLIC BUILDINGS