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Gun Bluing Other Metal Objects
STEEL LETTERS & FIGURES Stamp Your Own Combination Of Numbers & Specs In Softer Steels & Metals “FIRST STEP” BLUING KIT Hand cut and taper-ground for making “factory perfect” impressions on custom rifle barrels and Gun Bluing other metal objects. Made from the finest quality steel, selected for its proven ability to withstand hard use, then heat-treated to three distinct hardnesses. The character end is hardened to Rc 62 to prevent chipping. Hammer end is crowned and hardened to prevent mushrooming, and the center WHY GUN BLUING? is hardened to transmit the hammer blow. Each stamp is individually inspected and marked with index on thumb side so you’ll always know which way the character is facing. Sets of letters consist of 27 characters, including period. Sets of figures consist of nine characters No other activity or line of work in a gun shop or from 0 to 8, the 6 also being used for the 9. Packed in sturdy wooden box with lid. ab sporting goods store teaches the mechanics of a gun 1 3 SPECS: Steel Stamps stocked in /16" (1.6mm) and /32" (2.4mm) sizes. The characters are cut into the end better than bluing. To reblue a gun, you have to com- 1 3 METAL WORK METAL of a steel bar measuring /4" (6.4mm) square x 2 /8" (6cm) long. Purchase as sets or by the individual piece. pletely dismantle it piece-by-piece, and each of the hun- STK# 1/16" STK# 3/32" CHARACTER STK# 1/16" STK# 3/32" CHARACTER STK# 1/16" STK# 3/32" CHARACTER dreds of varieties of guns has its own peculiarities. -
Bluing of Iron and Steel
e GWG : CAR U. S. DEPART MENT OF COMMERCE Letter VtII-2 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Circular WASHING-TON LC630 • February 19’Ul 1 , BLUING OF IRON AND STEEL CONTENTS // * I. Introduction II. Influence o,f surface conditions on the coloring 1. Surface finish 2. Cleanliness of the surface III. Temper-coloring or heat- tinting in air 1. Interference colors 2. Time -temperature relationship Influence of the size and shape of the articlf l Coloring by preheating IV. Coloring in molten salt baths 1. Time-temperature relationship 2. Composition of baths and operating conditions V. Coloring in aqueous solutions 1. Advantages and limitations 2 . C 1 e an i n g pr 0 c e dur 3. Formulas and operating conditions VI. Coloring by electrolytic methods 1. Types and controlling factors 2. Cathodic coloring 3. Anodic coloring 4-, Alternate anodic and cathodic coloring VII. Selected references BLUING- OF IRON AND STEEL I. INTRODUCTION The bluing of iron- or steel is the subject of f requent in- quiries, for replies to which this letter circular has been pre- pared. Many formulas and methods have been described in the technical literature. The results of a survey of these methods form the basis of this letter circular. Only the favorably re- ported methods for the d irect bluing have been included, and no tests were made with indTirect methods, such as those requiring the electroplating of the steel with another metal and the sub- sequent bluing of that metallic surface. Similarly this report does not include any study of coloring by painting, enameling, or other coating methods. -
Chromate Conversion Coating and Alternatives As Corrosion-Resistant Treatments for Metal Parts
Chromate conversion coating and alternatives as corrosion-resistant treatments for metal parts Isaac Omari, Johanne Penafiel and J. Scott McIndoe* Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. Fax: +1 (250) 721-7147; Tel: +1 (250) 721-7181; E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents Chromate conversion coating and alternatives as corrosion-resistant treatments for metal parts.......................................................................................................................................1 1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................2 1.1 Disadvantages of hexavalent CCCs..........................................................................2 1.2 Hexavalent CCC alternatives.....................................................................................3 2.0 Experimental design......................................................................................................5 2.1 Chromate conversion process...................................................................................5 2.2 Chromic acid bath evaluation....................................................................................5 2.3 Corrosion test............................................................................................................6 2.4 Reduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium prior to disposal................6 2.5 Zinc plating procedure...............................................................................................7 -
Introduction to Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance
© 2001 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance (#06835G) CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance SURFACE ENGINEERING is a multidisciplinary activity intended to tailor the properties of the surfaces of engineering components so that their function and serviceability can be improved. The ASM Handbook de- fines surface engineering as “treatment of the surface and near-surface regions of a material to allow the surface to perform functions that are distinct from those functions demanded from the bulk of the material” (Ref 1). The desired properties or characteristics of surface-engineered components include: • Improved corrosion resistance through barrier or sacrificial protection • Improved oxidation and/or sulfidation resistance • Improved wear resistance • Reduced frictional energy losses • Improved mechanical properties, for example, enhanced fatigue or toughness • Improved electronic or electrical properties • Improved thermal insulation • Improved aesthetic appearance As indicated in Table 1, these properties can be enhanced metallurgically, mechanically, chemically, or by adding a coating. The bulk of the material or substrate cannot be considered totally inde- pendent of the surface treatment. Most surface processes are not limited to the immediate region of the surface, but can involve the substrate by © 2001 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear -
Phosphate Conversion Coating Composition and Process
Europa,schesP_ MM M II M Mill I M Ml M M M I II J European Patent Office ***** Att nt © Publication number: 0 610 421 B1 Office europeen- desj brevets^ . © EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION © Date of publication of patent specification: 27.12.95 © Int. CI.6: C23C 22/36, C23C 22/44 © Application number: 92924113.1 @ Date of filing: 28.10.92 © International application number: PCT/US92/08982 © International publication number: WO 93/09266 (13.05.93 93/12) &) PHOSPHATE CONVERSION COATING COMPOSITION AND PROCESS ® Priority: 01.11.91 US 786694 (73) Proprietor: HENKEL CORPORATION 140 Germantown Avenue, @ Date of publication of application: Suite 150 17.08.94 Bulletin 94/33 Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462 (US) © Publication of the grant of the patent: @ Inventor: BOULOS, Mervet Saleh 27.12.95 Bulletin 95/52 4395 Stonehenge Court Troy, Ml 48098 (US) © Designated Contracting States: AT BE DE DK ES FR GB IT NL SE © Representative: Jonsson, Hans-Peter, Dr. et al References cited: Patentanwalte EP-A- 0 015 020 EP-A- 0 287 133 von Krelsler Seltlng Werner, EP-A- 0 361 375 EP-A- 0 448 130 Bahnhofsvorplatz 1 (Delchmannhaus) EP-A- 0 454 361 FR-A- 2 347 459 D-50667 Koln (DE) 00 CO Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to the European patent granted. Notice of opposition shall be filed in a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid (Art. -
Surface Finishing Treatments
Tel.: 1-800-479-0056 Fax: 1-888-411-2841 www.aspenfasteners.com [email protected] Surface finishing treatments Surface finishing treatments can have a significant impact on the properties of fasteners, making them more suitable for specific applications. Most typically finishes are applied to improve durability (wear resistance and corrosion resistance) and/or for decorative purposes. Fasteners that are to be used in conditions where they are exposed to high physical stress levels, corrosive elements, or extreme temperatures may benefit greatly from plating/coating. Anodizing An electrolytic passivation process that forms a thin, transparent oxide layer that protects the metal substrate. Anodizing modifies the surface of the metal to produce a decorative, durable, corrosion and wear resistant finish. Unlike plating or painting, the oxide finish becomes integrated with the metallic substrate, so it cannot chip or peel and minimally alters the dimensional aspects of the part. The physical properties of this oxide layer also provides excellent adhesion for secondary processes like colouring and sealing. The term "anodizing" reflects the process whereby the metal part to be finished forms the anode of an electric circuit immersed in an electrolyte bath. The current in the circuit causes ionic oxygen to be released from the electrolyte and combine with the metallic substrate of the finished part. Black Oxide Black Oxide is a low cost conversion coating where oxidizing salts are used to react with the iron in steel alloys to form magnetite (Fe304), the black oxide of iron. The result is an attractive and durable matte black finish. While steel is the usual substrate, other materials including stainless steel, alloy, copper, brass, bronze, die cast zinc, and cast iron react equally well. -
Historical Iron by CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS by LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR
The Care and Preservation Of Historical Iron BY CLARA DECK, CONSERVATOR REVISIONS BY LOUISE BECK, CONSERVATOR Introduction Historical iron can be maintained for years of use and enjoyment provided that some basic care and attention is given to its preservation. The conservation staff of The Henry Ford have compiled the information in this fact sheet to help individuals care for their objects and collections. The first step in the care of collections is to understand and minimize conditions that can cause damage. The second step is to follow basic guidelines for care, handling and cleaning. Please note - this fact sheet will present a brief overview of the care of iron objects, stressing good storage as the best method of preservation. It does not address the serious problems of preserving archaeological metals excavated from land or marine sites. People who collect Un conserved archaeological artifacts should be aware that those types of objects are rarely stable if left untreated and require significant specialist intervention. Please contact a conservator if you need assistance with conservation of these materials. Iron is a common metal in historical collections. It is found in a variety of alloys, known as "ferrous metals", including wrought iron, cast iron and steel. Galvanized or tin-plated sheet is also a familiar material in historical collections. Ferrous metals are magnetic so the presence of iron can, therefore, be easily identified with the use of a magnet. Types of Damage Poor handling and inappropriate storage are the major causes of damage to iron artifacts and can result in corrosion and physical damage to the object. -
Formation Mechanism and Properties of Fluoride–Phosphate Conversion
RSC Advances View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Formation mechanism and properties of fluoride– phosphate conversion coating on titanium alloy Cite this: RSC Adv.,2017,7,16078 Shuaixing Wang,*a Xiaohui Liu,a Liqiang Wang,b Qingjie Wen,b Nan Dua and Jianhang Huanga A uniform grey conversion coating with the thickness of 4–5 mm was prepared on titanium alloy by a fluoride–phosphate treatment. Scratch testing results indicated that the conversion coating greatly improved the adhesion strength of the paint coat to the titanium substrate. The growth mechanism of the conversion coating was analyzed comprehensively by E–t curve, SEM, EDS, XPS and XRD. In the conversion process, the titanium substrate was first dissolved (0–45 s), then Na3TiF6 nucleation occurred via a series of reactions (45–120 s), whereby the conversion coating grew steadily with the nucleation Received 23rd November 2016 and growth of Na TiF grains (120–600 s); after 600 s, the conversion coating reached dynamic Accepted 28th February 2017 3 6 equilibrium of growth/dissolution. In the drying process at 100 Æ 5 C, some Na3TiF6 grains reacted with DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27199e O2 to form Na3TiOF5. The components of the conversion coating were Na3TiF6,Na3TiOF5, a little TiO2, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. rsc.li/rsc-advances TiF4 and phosphate derivatives. 1. Introduction phytic acid (PA) treatment17 and Zr/Ti-based treatment18–20 may also be used for the pretreatment of titanium alloy. In general, Titanium and its alloys are increasingly -
Assessment of Chemical Conversion Coatings for the Protection of Aluminium Alloys
ESA STM-276 February 2008 Assessment of Chemical Conversion Coatings for the Protection of Aluminium Alloys A Comparison of Alodine 1200 with Chromium-Free Conversion Coatings A.M. Pereira, G. Pimenta Instituto de Soldadura e Oualidade (ISO), Oeiras, Portugal B.D. Dunn Product Assurance and Safety Department, ESA/ESTEC, The Netherlands 'uropean Spate Agenty Agenle spatiale europeenne 2 ESA STM-276 Publication: Assessment of Chemical Conversion Coatings for the Protection of Aluminium Alloys (ESA STM-276, February 2008) Editor: K. Fletcher Published and distributed by: ESA Communication Production Office ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Tel: +31 71 565-3408 Fax: +31 71 5655433 Printed in: The Netherlands Price: €20 ISBN: 978-92-9221-897-2 ISSN: 0379-4067 Copyright: (Q2008 European Space Agency ESA STM-276 3 Contents Introduction 5 1.1 Project Background and Objectives 5 1.2 State of the art 6 1.2.1 Commercially Available Chemical Conversion Coatings ... 6 1.2.2 Review of Published Papers 9 2 ExperimentalPhase ... 17 2.1 Materials, preparation of specimens, and treatments 17 2.2 Evaluation of the aluminium alloys samples 17 2.2.1 Surface roughness 17 2.2.2 Surface electrical resistivity 18 2.2.3 Thermal cycling tests 18 2.2.4 Salt spray tests ... ... 18 2.2.5 Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) 19 2.2.6 Chemical conversion coatings procedure 19 3 Results / Discussion... 21 3.1 Visual inspection 21 3.1.1 'As received' ... 21 3.1.2 'As produced' 21 3.1.3 After thermal cycling tests 21 3.1.4 After salt spray tests 21 3.1.5 After thermalcycling+ salt spraytests , 21 3.2 Surface roughness. -
CORROSION PROTECTION PROVIDED by TRIVALENT CHROMIUM PROCESS CONVERSION COATINGS on ALUMINUM ALLOYS By
CORROSION PROTECTION PROVIDED BY TRIVALENT CHROMIUM PROCESS CONVERSION COATINGS ON ALUMINUM ALLOYS By Liangliang Li A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Chemical Engineering – Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT CORROSION PROTECTION PROVIDED BY TRIVALENT CHROMIUM PROCESS CONVERSION COATINGS ON ALUMINUM ALLOYS By Liangliang Li High strength aluminum alloys are widely used in aviation and aerospace industries because of their desirable strength/weight ratio that results from the alloy addition ( e.g. , Cu, Fe etc ). However, this alloy addition causes pitting corrosion of the aluminum surrounding those intermetallic inclusions. One efficient way to inhibit the corrosion is through the protective coating system that contains the topcoat, primer, and conversion coating. The conversion coating is in direct contact with the alloy surface and is expected to provide both good corrosion protection and adhesion. The chromate conversion coating (CCC) has been widely used in aviation/aerospace industry and provides excellent active corrosion protection and adhesion to aluminum alloys. Unfortunately, the Cr(VI) is toxic and chromate is a carcinogen. Therefore, a trivalent chromium process (TCP) coating was developed as a drop-in replacement of CCC. This dissertation focuses on a fundamental understanding of the formation mechanism, chemical structure, and basic electrochemical properties of the TCP coating on three high strength aluminum alloys: AA2024-T3, AA6061-T6, and AA7075- T6. The formation of the TCP coating is driven by an increase in the interfacial pH. The coating is about 50-100 nm thick and has a biphasic structure consisting of a 3- ZrO 2/Cr(OH) 3 top layer and an AlF 6 /Al(OH) 3 interfacial layer. -
Black Oxide Project: Full Interview with ZFX Shop Foreman Dylan Lightfoot September 7, 2007
Black Oxide Project: Full Interview with ZFX Shop Foreman Dylan Lightfoot September 7, 2007 E: Tell me about the Black Oxide Project. D: It sounds very mysterious, doesn’t it – even foreboding. It’s actually nothing new. It’s a chemical process, also called passivation, which both darkens ferrous metals by immersion in alkaline salts and makes them rust-resistant. Any local metal finishing or plating firm is set up to do black oxide. Gunsmiths have small black oxide set-ups, only when they do it, it’s called bluing. Basically, a piece of metal is run through a series of chemical treatments and rinses, maintained at specific concentrations and temperatures, which results in a black, dark brown or deep blue finish. E: What, then, is different about what ZFX is trying to do? D: First, we are trying to blacken stainless steel wire rope. Blackening stainless isn’t unheard of: the military does it, and the vendor we use for our chemicals actually makes salts that meet military specifications. But some people I talked to seemed to think I was a little bit stupid when I asked about products or processes for blackening stainless steel, which is already rust- proof, so it’s not all that common. Second, our goal is not to dip discrete lengths of coiled wire rope in vats of chemicals, as has been done for us by outsource firms in the past. This way of doing things only gives a certain length of wire rope the treatment, which is naturally limiting. Also, there have been problems with quality control: black oxide, if done improperly, will give a non-adherent finish, leave residual chemicals inside the strands, and possibly render the rope brittle. -
Annual Firearms Manufacturing and Export Report 2018 Final
ANNUAL FIREARMS MANUFACTURING AND EXPORT REPORT YEAR 2018 Final* MANUFACTURED PISTOLS REVOLVERS TO .22 417,806 TO .22 271,553 TO .25 25,370 TO .32 1,100 TO .32 30,306 TO .357 MAG 113,395 TO .380 760,812 TO .38 SPEC 199,028 TO 9MM 2,099,319 TO .44 MAG 42,436 TO .50 547,545 TO .50 37,323 TOTAL 3,881,158 TOTAL 664,835 RIFLES 2,880,536 SHOTGUNS 536,126 MISC. FIREARMS 1,089,973 EXPORTED PISTOLS 333,266 REVOLVERS 21,498 RIFLES 165,573 SHOTGUNS 27,774 MISC. FIREARMS 6,126 * FOR PURPOSES OF THIS REPORT ONLY, "PRODUCTION" IS DEFINED AS: FIREARMS, INCLUDING SEPARATE FRAMES OR RECEIVERS, ACTIONS OR BARRELED ACTIONS, MANUFACTURED AND DISPOSED OF IN COMMERCE DURING THE CALENDAR YEAR. PREPARED BY LED 01/28/2020 REPORT DATA AS OF 01/28/2020 PISTOLS MANUFACTURED IN 2018 PAGE 1 OF 128 PISTOL PISTOL PISTOL PISTOL PISTOL PISTOL PISTOL RDS KEY LICENSE NAME STREET CITY ST 22 25 32 380 9MM 50 TOTAL 99202128 BOWMAN, FORREST WADE 29 COLLEGE RD #8B-2 FAIRBANKS AK 0 5 0 0 0 1 6 99202850 DOWLE, PAUL GORDON 1985 LARIX DR NORTH POLE AK 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 99203038 EVERYDAY DEFENSE 1591 N KERRY LYNN LN WASILLA AK 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 SOLUTIONS LLC 99202873 HAWK SHOP LLC 2117 S CUSHMAN ST FAIRBANKS AK 2 0 1 0 4 11 18 99202968 HOBBS, THOMAS CHARLES 3851 MARIAH DRIVE EAGLE RIVER AK 0 0 0 6 1 0 7 16307238 ANDERSONS GUNSMITHING 4065 COUNTY ROAD 134 HENAGAR AL 4 0 2 0 0 0 6 AND MACHINING LLC 16307089 BARBOUR CREEK LLC 200 SELF RD EUFAULA AL 0 0 0 1 14 0 15 16307641 BOTTA, PAUL EDWARD 10040 BUTTERCREME DR MOBILE AL 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 S 16303219 CHATTAHOOCHEE GUN 312 LEE RD 553 PHENIX CITY