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Abstract the Food Pyramid: Mexicans, Agribusiness

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Abstract the Food Pyramid: Mexicans, Agribusiness ABSTRACT THE FOOD PYRAMID: MEXICANS, AGRIBUSINESS, GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES IN THE MIDWEST MIGRANT STREAM Katie Sutrina-Haney, Ph.D. Department of History Northern Illinois University, 2016 Rosemary Feurer, Director As recent scholarship and even popular works and documentaries demonstrate, the United States public is largely unaware how our food ends up on our table. While some popular works found in bookstores explore where our food comes from, these works rarely analyze the role of labor and specifically the system of the migrant farmworker stream. Workers in the field make possible the complex process from the growth of produce to the selling of food to consumers. By the 1960s, communities and states in the Midwest reacted to editorialized and documented condemnation of the living and working conditions of migrant farmworkers as seen in films like Harvest of Shame, as well as national concerns over the civil rights of minorities. In analyzing the migrant stream of the Midwest before the international and national changes of the North American Free Trade Agreement signed in 1993, this work expands upon a part of the migrant experience that is rarely detailed. While national factors influenced the structure of the migrant stream in the Midwest, this study argues that the crops, communities, and corporations of the Midwest migrant stream also played a distinctive role in the national story of the migrant stream. In analyzing the structure of power in the Midwest migrant stream through the roles of farmworker families, national and state governments, growers, farmworker unions, agribusinesses, and Catholic organizations, this dissertation enhances our understanding of the Midwest through the lens of gender, resistance, manipulation, agency, communities, and control. Specifically focusing on the Mexican migrant farmworkers who came primarily from Texas, Florida, and Mexico to the Midwest states of Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, and Indiana as laborers during the 1960s to 1993, my dissertation explores the importance of gender, governments, agribusinesses, farmers, and migrants in shaping the Midwest migrant stream. NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY DEKALB, ILLINOIS MAY 2016 THE FOOD PYRAMID: MEXICANS, AGRIBUSINESS, GOVERNMENTS AND COMMUNITIES IN THE MIDWEST MIGRANT STREAM BY KATIE SUTRINA-HANEY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSPOHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctoral Director: Rosemary Feurer ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals contributed their support and expertise to this dissertation. First, I would like to thank my dissertation advisor, Rosemary Feurer, who read over countless drafts and offered her knowledge and insight on the topic. My committee members, Dr. Stanley Arnold and Dr. Barbara Posadas, and other faculty at NIU offered important advice. I would also like to thank my family for all their moral support as well as my friends and co-workers who offered moral support in the way of humor and compassion- Cindy, Annie, Margaret, John, Katherine, Joan, Jessie with his big smile, Kayla, and Cinda. I especially wish to thank my husband, Joe, who offered me any help he could from reading a chapter to making dinner. I could not have survived writing this without him. I also wish to thank Carol Abrahamson for her editing help. I could also not have successfully written this without the generous support of the Northern Illinois University History Department, the CUSHWA Center at Notre Dame, the Latino Center at Northern Illinois University, the College of Liberal Arts & Science at NIU, and the Illinois State Historical Society’s King V. Hostick Committee who all offered funding for me to conduct research throughout the Midwest region. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION………………………………………...……………………..…..….…… 1 Chapter 1. “WHEN WE ARRIVE…” GOVERNMENT POLICIES, MIGRANT FAMILIES AND BELONGING IN THE MIDWEST MIGRANT STREAM……………………….…….. 15 Antecedentes/Background……………………………………….…….….…………. 19 From the Grapes of Wrath to Harvest of Shame…………………………......….…... 24 “Arms” to Aid………………………………………………...……..….……………. 28 Power from Field to Table…………………………..………………………….…….. 33 IRCA, NAFTA, and Maquiladoras………………………………….….…….….…... 40 Conclusion……………………………………………….…………...……….…........ 49 2. YOU SAY TOMATO, I SAY TOMATE: SPANISH SPEAKERS, FAMILIA AND MIDWEST BUREAUCRACY; A CASE STUDY OF ILLINOIS…………………..…… 51 La Cosecha y el gobierno de Illinois/The Harvest and Government in Illinois.......... 54 The Illinois Committee on Agricultural Migrants…….…………….………...….….. 60 Illinois State Employment Service…………….……………….………….….……... 68 Illinois Departments…………………………………….………………....……….... 75 Spanish Speaking Peoples Study Commission………….…………………...………. 85 The Conclusion or the Continuación of the Migrant Stream?…….………….….….. 94 iv Chapter Page 3. BITTER HARVEST: AGRICULTURE, GENDER, AND GROWER- FARMWORKER RELATIONS IN A CHANGING LANDSCAPE……………….…… 99 Sowing the “Bitter Harvest”…………….…………………………………….……... 103 Jefferson’s Agrarian Ideal and the Harvest of Shame…………………..………….... 110 “You Can Only Push the Farmer So Far”………………………………….………... 119 “And on His Farm He Had a…”…………………………..……………………......... 126 The Other America: Farmworkers or Growers?…………………………………....... 133 Concluding “Reflections on Food, Farmers, and Farmworkers”…………...…..…… 142 4. “I HEARD IT THROUGH THE GRAPE VINE:” CATHOLICISM, GENDER AND AID IN THE ERA OF ACTIVISM……………………………….………..…………….. 146 Vines and Signs…………………………..………………………………...………... 148 Nuns, Priests, and Tomatoes……………………………………..…………..…….... 155 Praying and Marching over Sour Grapes and Rotten Tomatoes………………..…… 164 Equality in the Temple and the Fields……………………………………..………… 177 Planting and Reaping the Seeds of Change………………………………………….. 192 Dead Vines and the End of Aid………………………………..…………………...... 198 5. “CREAM OF EXPLOITATION”: AGRIBUSINESS, THE FOOD CHAIN AND FARMWORKER AGENCY IN THE CASE OF FLOC…………………..…...….…….. 203 Condensed Power….…………………………..………………………………..…… 205 Corporate Alphabet Soup……………..…………..……………….……...…….....… 210 Changing the Tomato and Pickle Pyramids………………………..……………..…. 218 The Public’s Power in the Food Chain…………………………..………………..…. 227 Families, Food and FLOC...……………………………..…………………….….… 233 v Chapter Page Ending the “Cream of Exploitation”……………………..………...……………….. 242 6. COLONIAS AND BARRIOS IN THE NORTH: FAMILY, HOME AND THE MIDWEST IN MIGRANT FARMWORKERS’ LIVES……………………..…...…….. 247 Background……………………………………………………………………….…. 249 “A donde el corazon se inclina, el pie camina”…………………….……………..… 256 Migrating al Norte………………………………………...………………………… 261 Barrios and Migrants…………………………………………….………..………… 271 Conclusion……….………………………………………………………………….. 277 CONCLUSION: THINKING OUTSIDE PYRAMIDS AND PLATES: MIGRANT FARMWORKERS SINCE 1993………………………………………………………...….. 280 WORKS CITED………………………………………..………………………..…….……. 293 APPENDIX: MIDWEST MIGRANT STREAM MAP……………………….……………. 312 INTRODUCTION In the years after the 1960 Harvest of Shame revealed the struggles of migrant farmworkers in the United States, Midwest communities, state governments, farmworkers, growers, unions, and agribusinesses debated and renegotiated the structure of the Midwest migrant stream.1 The decades from 1960 to 1990 were a critical period in the history of the migrant stream. Although the Harvest of Shame focused on the experiences of African American migrants along the East Coast, Midwest state governments and communities realized that migrants lived and worked in similar horrible conditions in their region. This awareness coincided with the advent of the Civil Rights, Chicano, Feminist and United Farm Workers (UFW) movements of the 1960s and 1970s, creating a time period where farmworkers and Midwesterners debated and challenged the power structure of the Midwest stream. During the last half of the twentieth century, individuals within and outside the migrant stream renegotiated power within the home, the Catholic Church, society, and the agricultural system. The migrant agricultural system, or as I call it, the food pyramid, focused power on a decreasing amount of people and was structured so that few could see the pyramid as a whole, but rather seeing only those that held power directly over them. Based on the backs of migrant farmworkers, other groups in the middle of the pyramid: growers, governments, and the public, were largely unaware of their role in the pyramid as a whole, or the role of a few agricultural 1 Edward R. Murrow, Harvest of Shame, directed by Fred W. Friendly, (CBS Report, November 24, 1960), videocassette. 2 corporations on the top. This food pyramid maintained a power structure that abused farmworkers and left few in the agri-corporations and a handful of government leaders, on top. The Midwest food pyramid at the last half of the twentieth century included the growers who hired farmworkers, state and national governments that developed policies that affected the model of the stream and the rights of migrants, the aid organizations and unions that sought to better farmworkers’ lives, and migrant farmworkers themselves; all of which helped to reshape the stream as each group renegotiated their role in the field, the home, and society. The Midwest migrant stream during the last half of the twentieth century was a unique stream during a unique time. In contrast to the East Coast or the Western stream, Midwest growers did not widely employ migrant workers until the 1960s. By the 1960s, Mexican and Mexican Americans traveling from their homes
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