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Christian House Church Members by the Public
Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 8 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven- year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. Please note that some RIRs have attachments which are not electronically accessible. To obtain a PDF copy of an RIR attachment please email [email protected]. 10 October 2014 CHN104966.E China: Treatment of "ordinary" Christian house church members by the Public Security Bureau (PSB), including treatment of children of house church members (2009-2014) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. House Church Demography According to the Bertelsmann Stiftung Transformation Index (BTI), which analyzes the quality of democracy and political management in 128 countries (Bertelsmann Stiftung n.d.), there are an estimated 80 million Christians in China, "many of whom congregate in illegal house churches" (ibid. 2014, 5). The Wall Street Journal reports that house church members could number between 30 and 60 million (29 July 2011). Voice of America (VOA) notes that the exact number of Christians is difficult to estimate because many worship at underground house churches (VOA 16 June 2014). For detailed information on the estimated number of registered and unregistered Christians in China, by denomination, as of 2012, see Response to Information Request CHN104189. -
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117Th Congress
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46750 SUMMARY R46750 Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues March 31, 2021 for the 117th Congress Thomas Lum U.S. concern over human rights in China has been a central issue in U.S.-China relations, Specialist in Asian Affairs particularly since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. In recent years, human rights conditions in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have deteriorated, while bilateral tensions related to trade Michael A. Weber and security have increased, possibly creating both constraints and opportunities for U.S. policy Analyst in Foreign Affairs on human rights. After consolidating power in 2013, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary and State President Xi Jinping intensified and expanded the reassertion of party control over society that began toward the end of the term of his predecessor, Hu Jintao. Since 2017, the government has enacted new laws that place further restrictions on civil society in the name of national security, authorize greater controls over minority and religious groups, and further constrain the freedoms of PRC citizens. Government methods of social and political control are evolving to include the widespread use of sophisticated surveillance and big data technologies. Arrests of human rights advocates and lawyers intensified in 2015, followed by party efforts to instill ideological conformity across various spheres of society. In 2016, President Xi launched a policy known as “Sinicization,” under which the government has taken additional measures to compel China’s religious practitioners and ethnic minorities to conform to Han Chinese culture, support China’s socialist system as defined by the Communist Party, abide by Communist Party policies, and reduce ethnic differences and foreign influences. -
2019 International Religious Freedom Report
CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution, which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, states that citizens have freedom of religious belief but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” and does not define “normal.” Despite Chairman Xi Jinping’s decree that all members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must be “unyielding Marxist atheists,” the government continued to exercise control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions – Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to the five state- sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. There were several reports of individuals committing suicide in detention, or, according to sources, as a result of being threatened and surveilled. In December Pastor Wang Yi was tried in secret and sentenced to nine years in prison by a court in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, in connection to his peaceful advocacy for religious freedom. -
CMS in China Should Be Dated Back to 1801 During the Treaty of Nanjiang (Formerly Known As Nanking)
MISSION IN CHINA A History of the Church Mission Society by P. K. Tang A Review of CMS History in China (1810-1942) : Its Success and Failure The earliest record of CMS in China should be dated back to 1801 during the Treaty of Nanjiang (formerly known as Nanking). Under the Treaty, China had to open its ports of Shanghai, Ningbo (formerly Ningpo), Guangzhou (formerly Canton), Amoy and Hong Kong on the eastern coast for trade. This gave opportunity for Mission to China. Eventually, Church Missionary Society (CMS) along with many other mission bodies started to build their churches and hospitals in 1844. Bishop George Smith and T.M. McClatchie were the first CMS missionaries sent to China, based in Shanghai in 1844.1 Over the years, CMS had been mainly focused on the mission of health and education, both the needy part of China at that time. The first education project was started in Ningpo in 1847, followed by a medical project in Fujian (formerly Fukien) in 1849. It was a sort of pioneer project for CMS during that time as CMS used to send the clergymen for ministerial mission instead of sending 'laity' for mission. Mission in China in some ways 'altered' CMS’s traditional mission policy. The first five Chinese converts of the CMS China Mission were baptised in 1851 -- two in Ningbo and three in Shanghai. For a long time the Chinese church was under the supervision of missionaries, with all the ordination proposed from the Church of England until the 1920s when they started to consider handing over the church leadership to Chinese. -
China: Mass Arbitrary Detentions in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) October 2018 · for Public Use
China: Mass arbitrary detentions in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) October 2018 · For public use Background Summary of findings During 2017 and 2018 there have been reports of the Over one million individuals are believed to have been widespread detention of Uyghurs, Kazakhs and members detained without charge in political re-education camps since of other ethnic groups in political re-education camps1 in 2017. Recent estimates are as high as three million. Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). The strength of the evidence leaves no doubt that mass detentions are taking Reasons for detention in the camps include: place in XUAR which violate domestic and international law. • Having the messaging service WhatsApp on one’s phone The information in this briefing has been compiled by CSW from interviews and data provided by witnesses and family • Having relatives living abroad members of victims of arbitrary detention and enforced • Accessing religious materials online disappearance in XUAR. This information is consistent with other publicly available reports based on the following • Having visited certain ‘sensitive’ countries sources: • Communal religious activities • Behaviour indicating ‘wrong thinking’ or ‘religious • Public recruitment notices extremism’ • Government procurement and construction bids Sometimes no reason is given at all. • Chinese state media Detainees are predominantly but not exclusively Muslim, • Eyewitness testimony from former re-education camps and include people of Uyghur, Kazakh and Kyrgyz ethnicity. employees, detainees and visitors Uyghur Christians, including religious leaders, have also been • Uyghur diaspora sent to re-education camps. • Testimony from legal proceedings (Kazakhstan) Individuals sent to re-education camps do not have access • Academic research2 to legal counsel and there is no mechanism for appeal. -
The Spreading of Christianity and the Introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949)
Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Programa de doctorado en Concervación y Restauración del Patrimonio Architectónico The Spreading of Christianity and the introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949) Christian churches and traditional Chinese architecture Author: Shan HUANG (Architect) Director: Antonio LOPERA (Doctor, Arquitecto) 2014 Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 20 . Presidente: Vocal: Vocal: Vocal: Secretario: Suplente: Suplente: Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día de de 20 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid. Calificación:………………………………. El PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO Index Index Abstract Resumen Introduction General Background........................................................................................... 1 A) Definition of the Concepts ................................................................ 3 B) Research Background........................................................................ 4 C) Significance and Objects of the Study .......................................... 6 D) Research Methodology ...................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chinese traditional architecture 1.1 The concept of traditional Chinese architecture ......................... 13 1.2 Main characteristics of the traditional Chinese architecture .... 14 1.2.1 Wood was used as the main construction materials ........ 14 1.2.2 -
The Pentecostal Missionary Union (PMU), a Case Study Exploring the Missiological Roots of Early British Pentecostalism (1909-1925)
The Pentecostal Missionary Union (PMU), a case study exploring the missiological roots of early British Pentecostalism (1909-1925) Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Goodwin, Leigh Publisher University of Chester Download date 29/09/2021 14:08:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/314921 This work has been submitted to ChesterRep – the University of Chester’s online research repository http://chesterrep.openrepository.com Author(s): Leigh Goodwin Title: The Pentecostal Missionary Union (PMU), a case study exploring the missiological roots of early British Pentecostalism (1909-1925) Date: October 2013 Originally published as: University of Chester PhD thesis Example citation: Goodwin, L. (2013). The Pentecostal Missionary Union (PMU), a case study exploring the missiological roots of early British Pentecostalism (1909- 1925). (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Version of item: Submitted version Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10034/314921 The Pentecostal Missionary Union (PMU), a case study exploring the missiological roots of early British Pentecostalism (1909-1925) Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Chester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Leigh Goodwin October 2013 Thesis Contents Abstract p. 3 Thesis introduction and acknowledgements pp. 4-9 Chapter 1: Literature review and methodology pp.10-62 1.1 Literature review 1.2 Methodology Chapter 2: Social and religious influences on early British pp. 63-105 Pentecostal missiological development 2.1 Social influences affecting early twentieth century 2.1 Missiological precursors to the PMU’s faith mission praxis 2.2 Exploration of theological roots and influences upon the PMU Chapter 3: PMU’s formation as a Pentecostal faith mission pp. -
The Case and Treatment of Prominent Human Rights Lawyer Gao Zhisheng Hearing Congressional-Executive Commission on China
THE CASE AND TREATMENT OF PROMINENT HUMAN RIGHTS LAWYER GAO ZHISHENG HEARING BEFORE THE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION FEBRUARY 14, 2012 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 74–543 PDF WASHINGTON : 2012 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, SHERROD BROWN, Ohio, Cochairman Chairman MAX BAUCUS, Montana FRANK WOLF, Virginia CARL LEVIN, Michigan DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California EDWARD R. ROYCE, California JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon TIM WALZ, Minnesota SUSAN COLLINS, Maine MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio JAMES RISCH, Idaho MICHAEL HONDA, California EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS SETH D. HARRIS, Department of Labor MARIA OTERO, Department of State FRANCISCO J. SA´ NCHEZ, Department of Commerce KURT M. CAMPBELL, Department of State NISHA DESAI BISWAL, U.S. Agency for International Development PAUL B. PROTIC, Staff Director LAWRENCE T. LIU, Deputy Staff Director (II) CO N T E N T S Page Opening statement of Hon. Chris Smith, a U.S. Representative from New Jersey; Chairman, Congressional-Executive Commission on China ................ 1 Brown, Hon. Sherrod, a U.S. Senator from Ohio; Cochairman, Congressional- Executive Commission on China ........................................................................ 4 Wolf, Hon. Frank, a U.S. Representative from Virginia; Member, Congres- sional-Executive Commission on China ............................................................ -
An Adventure in Cooperation: the Church of Christ in China and Church-State Relations in Nationalist China
An Adventure In Cooperation: The Church of Christ in China and Church-State Relations in Nationalist China By Yan Xiong B.A. in News Interviewing, July 1995, Communication University of China M.A. in Political Communication, May 2005, The George Washington University A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 31, 2011 Dissertation directed by Edward McCord Associate Professor of History and International Affairs The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Yan Xiong has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of July 27, 2011. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Yan Xiong An Adventure In Cooperation: The Church of Christ in China and Church-State Relations in Nationalist China Dissertation Research Committee: Edward A. McCord, Associate Professor of History and International Affairs, Dissertation Director Shawn F. McHale, Associate Professor of History and International Affairs, Committee Member Gregg A. Brazinsky, Associate Professor of History and International Affairs, Committee Member ii © Copyright 2011 by Yan Xiong All rights reserved iii To my parents iv Acknowledgments It is a great pleasure to acknowledge some of the colleagues and friends who have contributed to this dissertation. I am thankful to all the institutions and individuals for their support and assistance during the process of writing the dissertation. The George Washington University provided me with generous fellowships during my Ph.D. study and research. -
Qin2020.Pdf (1.836Mb)
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. THE EVOLUTION OF EVANGELICAL SOCIO-POLITICAL APPROACHES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA (1980S-2010S) Daniel Qin Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2019 DECLARATION I confirm that this thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, has i) been composed entirely by myself ii) been solely the result of my own work iii) not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification A revised version of chapter II is forthcoming in 2020 in Studies in World Christianity as ‘Samuel Lamb’s Exhortation Regarding Eternal Rewards: A Socio- Political Perspective.’ Daniel Qin _________ Date: ABSTRACT This thesis explores the evolution of Evangelical socio-political approaches in contemporary China, arguing that Evangelicals in both the Three-Self church and the house churches have moved towards an increasing sense of social concern in the period from the 1980s to the 2010s. -
2020 International Religious Freedom Report
CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, XINJIANG, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2020 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary Reports on Hong Kong, Macau, Tibet, and Xinjiang are appended at the end of this report. The constitution of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), which cites the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), states that citizens “enjoy freedom of religious belief” but limits protections for religious practice to “normal religious activities” without defining “normal.” CCP members and members of the armed forces are required to be atheists and are forbidden from engaging in religious practices. National law prohibits organizations or individuals from interfering with the state educational system for minors younger than the age of 18, effectively barring them from participating in most religious activities or receiving religious education. Some provinces have additional laws on minors’ participation in religious activities. The government continued to assert control over religion and restrict the activities and personal freedom of religious adherents that it perceived as threatening state or CCP interests, according to religious groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international media reports. The government recognizes five official religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Protestantism, and Catholicism. Only religious groups belonging to one of the five state-sanctioned “patriotic religious associations” representing these religions are permitted to register with the government and officially permitted to hold worship services. There continued to be reports of deaths in custody and that the government tortured, physically abused, arrested, detained, sentenced to prison, subjected to forced indoctrination in CCP ideology, or harassed adherents of both registered and unregistered religious groups for activities related to their religious beliefs and practices. -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Jun XU Nationality: China Residence: Chengdu, Sichuan, China Email: [email protected] Phone: +86-28-84519615 (Home);85412567(W/F) Current Academic Positions: Executive Chair,Himalaya Multimedia Database Project(2014- present) Professor, History Department, Sichuan University (2009- present) Senior Researcher,Anthropology Institute, Sichuan University (2005-present) Senior Researcher, Tibetan Studies Center, Sichuan University (2000- present) Research Interests: Cultural Diversity, Gender, Migration, Historical, Social and Cultural Changes; Multimedia database; Resettlement Issues, Social and Economic Development in Tibetan Areas. Academic Background: 2014.1-7 Visiting scholar, Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit, University of Cambridge 2010.7-10 Visiting scholar, Harvard-Yenching Institute, Harvard University 2003-2009 Associate Professor, History Department, Sichuan University 2001-2002 Visiting scholars, Harvard-Yenching Institute, Harvard University 1997-2003 Lecturer, History Department, Sichuan University 1995-1997 Assistant Lecturer, History Department, Sichuan University Education Background: 1999 Ph.D. Sichuan University 1995 M.A. Sichuan University 1992 B.A. Sichuan University Honors and Awards: 2016 Achievement Awards of Sichuan University 2015 Academic Leaders of Sichuan Province 2009 Prospected Scholar in New Century, Honor from Chinese Ministry of Education 2008 Distinguished Researcher Award from Sichuan University 2008 “An Introduction to Anthropology” as Excellent Course in Sichuan Province. 2005