MnTTEX Tools for Typesetting the Secret History of the Mongols Version 0.3
Oliver Corff
December 26, 2004 Abstract
The MnTTEX package assists the scholar typesetting the complex Chinese material of The Secret History of the Mongols (Mongγol-un niγuca tobciyan) by accessing all characters either by number or pronounciation as well as offering convenient access to small and combined characters. Contents
1 Documentation 2 1.1 Introduction ...... 2 1.2 Technical requirements ...... 3 1.3 How to use the MnTTEX package ...... 3 1.3.1 Input by pronounciation ...... 4 1.3.2 Input by number ...... 4 1.3.3 Input of special characters ...... 5 1.3.4 Typesetting complete words ...... 6 1.4 Desiderata ...... 7
2 Tables 8 2.1 Scope of Chinese Characters ...... 8 2.2 Radical Index ...... 8 2.3 Pinyin Index ...... 15 2.4 Character Enumeration by Sum‘yaabaatar ...... 18 2.5 Character List by Bayar ...... 20
1 Chapter 1
Documentation
1.1 Introduction
The Secret History of the Mongols (Mongγol-un niγuca tobciyan — hence the abbreviation MNT) is the oldest work of Mongolian literature surviving today. Though the language of the text is Middle Mongolian, the text was written entirely in Chinese characters which were used to render Mongolian phonetically. The complete reconstruction of the underlying Middle Mongolian text has been a scholarly endeavour which mainly took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries while research on particular issues of the text, its language and lexicon, is widely continued today. Modern tools for typing, editing and typesetting Chinese do not easily lend themselves for preparing research documentation due to two pecularities of the historical source: • Despite the limited set of characters used in in the Secret History (only about 520 characters), a considerable number of characters occurs vir- tually only in this text and was never coded in internationally used CJK character sets; • Special, small characters are used to modify the pronounciation of the main character to which they are attached. Some scholars consider these pairs of main character and small modifying character as in- separable entities. However, due to the limited number of modifying characters and their uniform use, they are also frequently regarded as diacritics.
The MnTTEX package assists the scholar typesetting the complex Chinese material by accessing all characters either by number or pronounciation as well as offering convenient access to small or combined characters. 2 1.2 Technical requirements
The MnTTEX package relies on an existing environment for processing Chi- nese characters and assumes that the package CJK is installed1, since, tech- nically speaking, MnTTEX is little more than a wrapper around the CJK package. Furthermore it is required to use the font zysong.ttf or a similar font in Song style. Since not all characters used in the MnT are provided by modern fonts they had to be made for this package. Being closely modelled according to Song style, these especially made characters would stand out in stark contrast from e.g. Kaiti style character sets. Limited in number, these individual characters were coded as scalable vector images, rather than as font. No difference between these characters and ordinary characters can be perceived in print even though the on-screen display may appear less than intelligible. If these made-up characters appear uniformly in a different size in compar- ison to the other Chinese characters, their size can be adjusted by changing the value of \psscalebase in the preamble of the document.
1.3 How to use the MnTTEX package MnT Text material must always be enclosed in a mnt environment (as in the figure on page 3; for long texts) or \textmnt capsule (for short texts; see examples further down) no matter which input method, by syllable or by number, is chosen. Inside the mnt environment or the textmnt capsule MnT characters and ordinary letters can be mixed freely.
\begin{mnt} ...... \end{mnt}
Figure 1.1: The mnt environment is useful for big portions of text.
MnT material can be expressed in a number of ways. The basic mod- els are input by pronounciation and input by number. The most important difference between the two input methods is the usage. Input by pronoun- ciation will always and exclusively return single Chinese characters while
1The CJK package is available at ctan:language/chinese
3 the input by number generates a character which may only be ‘complete’ if accompanied by its potential diacritic.
1.3.1 Input by pronounciation The input by pronounciation model takes a pronounciation and returns a character with that pronounciation. The pronounciation takes, for conve- nience, the modern Hanyu Pinyin system as its base. The command is in the form of \
ᡂᔡ U \textmnt{\cheng1\ji1\si\han1}\\ cinggis xan \textit{cinggis xan} It can be seen from the example that not all pronounciations point to more than one character. If a syllable like \si is erroneously followed by digit, a spurious digit will then appear in the text, as in \si1 which results in 1. If the syllable requires a selector and the selector is missing, the following error message will appear: ! Missing number, treated as zero. If there is a selector digit but it is out of range, like in cheng4, the following error message will appear: ! LaTeX Error: Package MNT: Select between 1 and 3 for syllable cheng.
1.3.2 Input by number The input by number model takes a number as argument and returns the character with that number. There are at present two enumeration schemes available within MnTTEX, one by Sum’yaabaatar, one by Bayar.
Sum‘yaabaatar’s numbering scheme The basis of Sum‘yaabaatar’s numbering scheme is the enumerated list of characters found in his edition of the MnT2. Sum‘yaabaatar counts the char- acters in the order in which they appear for the first time in text and takes
2B. Sum‘yaabaatar, ed.: Mongγol-un Niγuca Tobciyan. Usgi¨ın¨ galig. Ulsyn X¨awl¨ali¨ın Gazar, Ulaanbaatar 1990, p. 927–953
4 differences of pronounciation into account. It may thus be that a character has two or even three different positions in Sum‘yaabaatar’s arrangement. In the majority of these cases pronounciation is differentiated by a small modifier character acting as pronounciation marker and diacritic. Hence, the potential return value of a number in Sum‘yaabaatar’s system is not neces- sarily a canonical character but a combination of diacritic and character. See section 2.4 below for a full list of all characters and combinations. The following example shows the title of the MnT in Chinese characters. It can be seen from the example that the small character \ is reduced to its consonant value. The brackets indicate that this character was inserted later; the high index number (161) indicates that this character has its first original appearance far later in the text.
Ù-Aß+(\)ß \textmnt{\sn{1}\sn{2}\sn{3}\sn{4}% mongγol-un niγuca to(b)ciyan \sn{5}\sn{6}(\sn{161})\sn{5}\sn{7}}\\ \textit{mong\g ol-un ni\g uca to(b)ciyan}
Bayar’s numbering scheme Bayar’s positioning scheme3 is radically different from Sum‘yaabatar’s scheme as he arranges all syllables by pronounciation, following Chinese tradition by rhyme first, and by initial as secondary sort key. In further contrast to Sum‘yaabaatar, he does not recount a syllable if it appears in a different context. See section 2.5 below for a list of all characters. The following example shows the title of the MnT again, however since the character doesn’t appear in Bayar’s list it has to added using, e. g., the pinyin input method.
Ù-Aß+(\)ß \textmnt{% mongγol-un niγuca to(b)ciyan \bn{446}\xooloi\bn{62}\bn{423}\niu% \bn{25}\bn{77}(\scriptsize\bn{181})% \bn{25}\bn{345}}\\ \textit{mong\g ol-un ni\g uca to(b)ciyan}
1.3.3 Input of special characters A limited number of diacritical marks is used for indicating a modified pro- nounciation of the base character. These are \textmnt{\xooloi} producing
3Bayar, ed.: Monggol-un niγuca tobciyan. Neimenggu Renmin Chubanshe, Huhehaote, Xincheng Xijie 82 hao, 1980, reprint 1998. ISBN: 7-204-02537-7/K.76.
5 a small zhong character: - which is normally combined with characters the (pinyin) initials of which are h or k, and \textmnt{\xel} producing a small she character: which is usually combined with characters the (pinyin) ini- tial of which is l. Other small characters appearing in the text can be produced with the {\scriptsize ...} command, like Ñ. It is however always possible to use Sum‘yaabaatar’s numbering system for producing combinations of special characters and main characters.
1.3.4 Typesetting complete words It is also possible to typeset complete words appearing in the MnT using the command \mntword{
temujin \glossencoding{UTF8} ᩈ \mntword{\tie1\mu2\zhen} º {\UC{78}{186}\UC{84}{13}} {temujin}
It ist possible to define one’s own range of frequently used words which can be invoked conveniently.
We write about Temujin, ren- \newcommand{\temujin}{% temujin \mntword{\tie1\mu2\zhen} dered as ᩈ . {\UC{78}{186}\UC{84}{13}} º {temujin}} We write about Temujin, rendered as \temujin.
4Nonetheless, in the example the characters of the gloss (º — renming) were not entered in native characters, which would have been perfectly possible but were entered as \UC{78}{186}\UC{84}{13}, in order to keep this document as portable as possible with regard to any encoding.
6 1.4 Desiderata
Several scholars have presented different lists of Chinese characters used in recording the MnT, and it is planned to integrate these numbering and pro- nounciation tables into this software at the next opportunity. This includes also characters from various editions of the MnT. Other problems remain, for which the author takes sole and full respon- sibility. Users of this software package are kindly requested to report any problems to the author at [email protected].
7 Chapter 2
Tables
2.1 Scope of Chinese Characters
There is no single authoritative text of the MnT from which a unique and complete list of Chinese characters could be compiled. Different editors of the MnT have different opinions on which characters should be included in lists, and which characters are merely considered variants. Differences between character sets of various editors sometimes are only differences of shape while essentially the same character is intended, but sometimes indi- vidual characters are unique to one list. The most notable example is the character which is not listed by Bayar. These are the characters individual to the authors:
Bayar È ¹ ᨵ J ® | Ὓ C ü - ⓛ
Sum‘yaabaatar ᏺ ] º 4 ) ᮾ ṣ T : Ý
The Radical and Pinyin indices below give access to all characters be the authors, including material like vs. |, or vs. , and including char- acters which are merely considered form variants kept in the same position, like o vs. ¦, both listed as Nr. 47 by Bayar.
2.2 Radical Index
The radical index shows all Chinese characters of the MnT, sorted in tra- ditional manner by Kangxi radical. Each character entry is followed by the command sequence for pinyin input consisting of the command and the op- tional selector. The numbers in italics refer to:
8 • the appearance of the character in Sum‘yaabaatar’s list; the command \sn<..> with the number inserted will either result in the character or a combination of diacritics and this character.
• the position of the character in Bayar’s list if this character is not found in Sum‘yaabaatar’s list: In this case, the number is preceded by a B:; the command \bn<..> with this number inserted will produce this character. kkk Ò \le1 040, 552 Ù \wu7 545 ¦ \yi1 036 k \ding 464 \ba4 188 ä \qin1 122 \san1 143 ¬ \jing 394 l \gong 536 \bu1 052, 487 | \jian2 480 úúú \cheng3 395 ººº ᑌᑌᑌ ú \shao 160 ä \ling2 403 ((( / \bai1 080 ¢ \zhong2 507 0 \gu4 376 ᓃᓃᓃ - \zhong3 534 Y \yuu1 128 ««« ᓅ \bei3 548 ` \ni1 075, 328 \lai 098, 256 Æ \zhun2 459 666 \lun1 003, 164 õõõ 9 \dan 298 Ý \bao2 273 ᓉ \kuang 171 ; 034 \zhu1 \shu3 B:214 ú \chu1 078 ú \an3 237 ᓝᓝᓝ ᎑ \cang 567 ??? ᎔ \dao1 190 ᑐᑐᑐ ᓣ \sheng 180 ᓩ Ꮻ \bei2 123 \kan1 103 \zhuo2 288 C \nai1 238 ᓪ ç \seng 417 ᑡ \lie1 020, \xie1 415 ᓭ ᏺ \chou2 329 092, 333 \nan2 255 ; YYY \tang2 491 ᑩ \bie 105 L \la1 059, 101 \\\ ^ \qi 181, 563 ??? \ _ \ye1 074 \bu2 148, 161 ᐔ \wu1 016, 070 ᐙ \chong1 472 \li5 283 ᓹᓹᓹ ᐜ \xian 029 \jia 554 K \ke1 028, 217 £ \lie2 140, o \mao 141 \yun 527 ᐠ \er1 017 210 ᓻ \wei2 219
9 ᔆᔆᔆ ᙔ \tu2 142 é \nen 057 \kun7 B:432 ᙖ \tuan2 279 ᔈ \e2 379 PPP ÛÛÛ P ããã \zi 245 Ý \chuan 483 T \tu5 203 \kong 340 Þ \zhou2 530 ä \gu2 125 N \kan3 516 [ \bei1 030 ê \zhi1 041 ᚄ \kun2 220 i \hai1 146, ï \ke3 062 ᚖ \chui 424 197 ñññ ð \tai1 120 ¤ \die5 442 k \sun1 137 ñ \chi4 469 Ã \ai1 037 q \can 378 ô \ba2 060 ᔛ \chi3 462 Ë \mai 357 ᔠ \he1 011, 054, ᚪ \tang3 493 073 ᚭ \jian1 112 þþþ ᔡ \ji1 009 ᚮ \dui1 153 \shou 547 \xi2 380 + \han2 189, ᛞ \ta1 061 \an1 007 \tie1 031 336 ^ \sai2 550 \wan 121 ᕜ \zhou1 044 © \dun2 352 \guan2 539 k \tie3 517 Ç \tan1 156 \yi3 114 rrr ¥ \die2 198 ¢ \ke2 043 Â \shen1 144 £ \xuan2 531 r \gan1 067, Ç \wa4 557 ¤ \shi8 450 521 å \ge4 321 \duo2 191 Å \yin3 310 t \nian1 129 È \ha B:027 ß \cha 005 ò \zhe3 373 æ \shi9 488 ᖅ \ai2 489 ᜧᜧᜧ ì \kuan2 542 ᖆ \tang1 348 * \tai3 244 \fu2 532 ᖟ \an4 347 + \fu3 549 · \kang1 246, \ øøø \chai 306 ᜫ \shi1 159, 463 ¬ \chi5 B:131 421 \dui2 433 É \lian3 294 ᗏ 511 \nan3 \nai3 B:246 Û \chan5 412 \xi3 457 \yan4 404 ooo Ô \tian4 513 ᝂ \ben 096 Ú \wu2 116 ᝏ \ao 520 o \tun 204 ôôô / \xiao 429 ö \yan2 106 qqq ××× } \hao 254, 346 | \wu5 370 þþþ à \yin1 064 Ô \wei3 261 Ï \er2 053 \guo2 506 µ \ying2 515 \kun4 369 \yan5 569
10 \ba3 175 ᦦ \dun1 055 ᩐ \duo1 095 ᢚ \zhe2 296 \zheng1 441 ᩏ \duo3 B:075 \yin2 226 ¹ \m6 B:070 m \hang 416 ) \nu 322 ½ \chou1 162 ᧅᧅᧅ ᩳ \dong2 535 Ö \tuo2 368 ᩹ \ba5 224 aaa Ù \zhuo1 248 ¡ \wo1 046 ~ \song 476 Û \zhao2 399 \lin3 225, q \ying1 455 Ü \bai4 468 ¤¤¤ 247 í \shi2 183 \guo1 430 ᢧ sss \tiao 184 ¤ \jin 222 ¯ \ku2 309 K \luo3 111, º \mo4 263 \zheng2 528 132 ð \nai2 386 ª \xun2 317 O \nie1 051, ¹¹¹ < \ge1 022 · \de2 272 126 Ë 265 ᫃ \sang 324 ¹ \che2 270 ᣓ \bu4 249 \xuan1 ᫅ \huan1 201 k \men2 503 \mei 176 ᣯ \sao 364 ÃÃà ÄÄÄ ååå 443 , \zhang 385 \suo4 Í \gun 414 Å \bi1 084 ¢ \tan3 566 \ang 242 J \yang4 B:471 Ù \mang1 001 ¨ \tui 498 \kun1 199 » Ý \tian1 185 Ú \yang1 445 \chang2 419 \ta3 358 Ð ý \hu 014, 099 ᤑ \dao3 B:281 \hun2 533 \huai 157 ᧖ \da2 305 \sun2 456 \xi1 289 ! \mo1 212 \lian4 363 ᤔ \shuo 278 ᧳ \huang2 241, ® \tao2 B:283 \si 010, 377 ¦ \che3 B:047 282 \luan 228, ឮ \hui1 170 \xun1 076 ᨣ \shu1 381 262 Õ \ti 090 ᥜ \sa 071 ó \xiang1 236 \nian3 446 ððð ᠡ \kang2 565 « \fu1 529 ã \dao2 260 ò \qu 088 # \xin 556 ú \bai3 326 ᡀᡀᡀ = \qin2 500 \chan2 258 ᨴᨴᨴ > \kuan1 304 ᡀ \ge2 139 L \ge3 285 ᡂ \cheng1 008 ᨴ \yue2 490 ᦆᦆᦆ a \huan3 510 ᨵ \you2 B:308 KKK, LLL O \min2 454 ] \bi3 372 ᩈᩈᩈ bbb ᡭ \da7 461 ^ \chang3 519 o \che1 024 ᦢ \gan2 350 ᩈ \mu2 150, 302 e \bu3 167 ᢌ \chao2 235 ᦣ \san2 266 - \zha 015 x \gui2 411
11 yyy w \hai2 229 ᱛᱛᱛ ᷼᷼᷼ \nie3 409 y \dai1 313 ᱛ \yaa1 025 ᷾ \gui1 290 ¼ \liang1 344, { \deng 460 351 ÛÛÛ ú \qian2 568 [[[ û \tian5 571 }}} \san3 426 \zhu4 474 } \qian1 418 \zhan2 135 } \bai2 315 3 \mi3 497 Ḅ \de1 173 | \nie4 B:111 > \hun1 119, ᳘᳘᳘ 269 ᳛ ¿¿¿ \min1 257 \shuai 508 M \tuan1 267 Þ \zhan5 485 \suo3 434 444, 555 « \wen1 063 ᳝᳝᳝ # \lian1 049, îîî 4 335 \shui 186 475 \wang2 ; \le2 401 í \ban1 100 ø n \chao3 287 \xiang3 396 ` \chi2 297 ᳮ \li1 023, 308 þ \shun 499 z \chan3 366 j \wang1 218 ᴄ \kun6 398 \zhen 079 | \tong2 540 r \ji2 042 ᴊ \qin3 518 ṣ \du3 432 ¤ \ze 330 \chen2 280 \la2 102, 505 § \chen4 B:397 \li6 400 » \zhan4 471 \mu1 048 Õ \shi6 410 æææ Ñ \lu6 431 \sha2 B:026 ã \wo2 391 æ \chong2 501 Ὓ \Long2 B:507 \wa2 311 « \mo5 526 âââ ³ \he4 543 ᵞᵞᵞ å \zhi2 320 ¼ \zhao1 227 kkk, lll ½ \gu3 325 ᵞ \gan3 551 Ä \xie2 423 k \huo2 300, óóó Ð \le3 437 492 å \ni2 136 ᮞ \hui2 195 ᵪᵪᵪ ó \shi4 275 ð \tai2 240 È \lie3 438 ù \wu6 478
\lie4 524 ᮾ \shu2 425 ᵪ \tian3 316 \kan2 206 ᵫ ỹ \zhi3 453 \er3 408 ᰪ \lu5 301 \you1 124 ) \xie3 466 ᵭ \shen2 233 * \hong 207 O \wei4 422 :::, ;;; 9 \huan2 343 *** ᶇ \liu 546 < \wa3 338 ᶊ \bi2 151 \lu4 154 o \wu3 251 ᱀ \wei1 131 ᶘ \dang 165 ª \chan1 239
12 ¸¸¸ øøø ὁὁὁ ⁖⁖⁖
¹ \yuu2 243 \yue1 149 ὁ \lao2 286 ± \hua 268, 365 \ren 172 ὅ \zhe1 115 ß \gou2 481 \na3 056 ₙ \da1 085 ¾¾¾ \niu 004 ₠ \huang1 205 ¿ \tu1 027 \chun 375 ὌὌὌ \zhuang2 ã \mo2 213 " \suo2 292 B:473 . \zhong1 374 ? \dai2 388 ὓ \ba6 B:004 \sha1 284 1 \cheng2 367 p \die3 361 \nou 113 « \mo3 230 i \wen2 281 q \tong1 107 ½ \mang2 097 ½ \chao4 327 [ \ge5 341 ¿ \mian 349 ὡὡὡ ℏ \dong1 332 ttt \chan4 371 ℳ \meng 169 ὤ \ye2 182 \xue1 127 \tu4 179 Í \lan2 155, \ku1 192, 355 666 382 - : \que 447 ᾙᾙᾙ \lan4 B:322 ËËË ý \neng 319 Ù \zhan1 068 QQQ + \tuo1 006 NNN ï \duan 168 U \han1 012, ⇎ \qian3 570 109 ùùù ããã w \ba1 045 kkk \luo1 069, ã ù \zhu3 337 \chen1 082 196 T \da5 420 Ù \wa1 094 u \yan3 397 Ò \mang3 303 ¡ \guan1 383, üüü â \xi4 484 502 ; \man 215 ‐ \xing 504 é \shai 562 \yang3 558 þ \mie 066 \nie2 360 C ⊟⊟⊟ \lan3 B:320 \li7 451 ` \Long1 435, ⊨ \na4 359 467, 494 ½½½ , \ban2 448 Ý \zhuang1 512 é \kun5 392, sss Á \weng 271, 473 509 nnn ⋙ \da4 342 s \mi1 163 Ê \yi5 553 \kun8 B:434 \nian2 194 ü \yi6 B:175 o \liang2 514 ⋰ \xiang2 393
13 ~~~ ppp ⎃⎃⎃, ,
\xi5 544 \chao1 178 £ \na2 033 ? \A 026 ¦ \zhao3 538 \bang 479 ◀ \chu2 187 Î \lang 145, \yi4 291, 439 ◉ \chen3 307 264, 314 } ý 093 \yang2 486 © \du2 299 \du1 ³³³ ⎪ \lin1 211, 223, 458 Ì \die4 405 ¹¹¹ ï \lu7 477 \tao1 274 ÆÆÆ â \li8 470 % \na1 013 \da6 428 ã Ë \shi3 252 \nan1 047 1 \xu 208 \chan6 537 6 \he2 216 A \gu1 117 ÌÌÌ èèè r \gai 035 ÊÊÊ Ì \li2 050, 072 y \zhan3 295 ê 177 \qing 345 \xue2 \cheng4 523 ö \chuo 158 \ling4 555, Ä \zhun1 193 ÑÑÑ 561 * \lun3 449 Ç \tan2 387 ÷ \lei 452, 482 Ö \lun2 118 \gou1 293 ⒴ ☔ \ling3 495 ø \zhu2 331 \suo1 077 ÷ X \shi5 362 °°° \pu1 200 ⓯ \zhi4 496 ² \nong 318 ⓛ \tie4 B:107 óóó 777 ó \yin4 525 A \huo1 002, µµµ ╩╩╩ 065 ╩ \chang1 406 Ó \yaa2 166 ♉♉♉ ê \di 436 í \die1 018 ╬╬╬ ♚ \ling1 234 Ó 402 ÷ \mi2 259 M \bin ╬ \men1 134 \e1 019 ý 390 ⌶ \tu3 147 \sai1 \wu8 B:230 O \yan1 081 \su 083 \wu4 276 [ \dian2 564 ddd ⌿ \lian2 174, Ê \kuo 133, 522 209 Ì \lan1 039, d \chi1 032, ⍒ \sui 427 130 ßßß 323 ⍞ \da3 334 Ð \tian2 277 k \he3 312 \bian 152 Ü \guan3 541 ß \shi7 413
14 ¬¬¬ ¨¨¨ Ý \bi4 440 Þ \dian1 232 \ku3 354 ï \an2 231 ¬ \ma1 038 \pu2 389 \bo 559 »»» \lu1 089 ZZZ \wen3 407 » \ma2 339 \ge6 B:054 Z \yuu3 250 \ta2 091 \lu3 138 o \lu2 104, 110 > \luo2 087 ÍÍÍ 0 \teng 021 KKK Î \li3 108 N 214 ååå \lin2 Ï \nian4 B:357 K \zhai 384 V \tie2 465 \bao1 253 [ \yi2 086 \lao1 202 ÑÑÑ RRR \luo4 560 \ke4 353 j \li4 221 ¤ \kun3 356 Ñ \hei 058 \la3 444
2.3 Pinyin Index
Due to technical constraints (clashes with existing commands, either in the TEX base system or other packages), not all syllables are given in true pinyin spelling. The deviations are \A (instead of \a), \Long (instead of \long), \yaa (instead of \ya) and \yuu (instead of \yu).
\A: ? \bi<1..4>: 1Å 2ᶊ 3] \chao<1..4>: 1 2ᢌ \ai<1..2>: 1Ã 2ᖅ 4Ý 3n 4½ \an<1..4>: 1 2ï 3ú \bian: \che<1..3>: 1o 2¹ 4ᖟ \bie: ᑩ 3¦ \ang: \bin: Ó \chen<1..4>: 1ã 2 \ao: ᝏ \bo: 3◉ 4 ᡂ 1 \ba<1..6>: 1w 2ô 3 \bu<1..4>: 1 2\ 3e \cheng<1..4>: 1 2 4k 5᩹ 6ὓ 4ᣓ 3 4 d ` \bai<1..4>: 1/ 2} \can: q \chi<1..5>: 1 2 ᔛ ñ ¬ 3ú 4Ü \cang: ᎑ 3 4 5 ᐙ \ban<1..2>: 1í 2, \cha: ß \chong<1..2>: 1 2 \bang: ¦ \chai: \ \chou<1..2>: 1½ 2ᏺ ú ◀ \bao<1..2>: 1 2Ý \chan<1..6>: 1ª 2 \chu<1..2>: 1 2 \bei<1..3>: 1[ 2Ꮻ 3z 4 5Û 6 \chuan: Ý 3ᓅ \chang<1..3>: 1╩ 2 \chui: ᚖ \ben: ᝂ 3^ \chun:
15 \chuo: \han<1..2>: 1U 2+ \lei: ÷ \da<1..7>: 1ₙ 2 3⍞ \hang: m \li<1..8>: 1ᳮ 2Ì 3Î 4⋙ 5T 6 7ᡭ \hao: } 4j 5 6§ 7 8â \dai<1..2>: 1y 2? \he<1..4>: 1ᔠ 26 3k \lian<1..4>: 1# 2⌿ \dan: 9 4³ 3É 4 \dang: ᶘ \hei: Ñ \liang<1..2>: 1¼ 2o \dao<1..3>: 1᎔ 2ã \hong: * \lie<1..4>: 1ᑡ 2£ 3ᤑ \hu: ý 3È 4 \de<1..2>: 1Ḅ 2· \hua: ± \lin<1..3>: 1⎪ 2N \deng: { \huai: Ð 3 \di: ê \huan<1..3>: 1᫅ 29 \ling<1..4>: 1♚ 2ä \dian<1..2>: 1Þ 2[ 3a 3☔ 4ö \die<1..5>: 1í 2¥ \huang<1..2>: 1₠ 2᧳ \liu: ᶇ 3p 4Ì 5¤ \hui<1..2>: 1ឮ 2ᮞ \Long<1..2>: 1` 2Ὓ \ding: \hun<1..2>: 1> 2 \lu<1..7>: 1 2o 3 \dong<1..2>: 1ℏ 2ᩳ \huo<1..2>: 1A 2k 4 5ᰪ 6Ñ 7ï \du<1..3>: 1ý 2© 3ṣ \ji<1..2>: 1ᔡ 2r \luan: \duan: ï \jia: \lun<1..3>: 1 2Ö \dui<1..2>: 1ᚮ 2 \jian<1..2>: 1ᚭ 2| 3* \dun<1..2>: 1ᦦ 2© \jin: ¤ \luo<1..4>: 1 2> \duo<1..3>: 1ᩐ 2 \jing: ¬ 3K 4 3ᩏ \kan<1..3>: 1 2 \ma<1..2>: 1¬ 2» \e<1..2>: 1M 2ᔈ 3N \mai: Ë \er<1..3>: 1ᐠ 2Ï 3 \kang<1..2>: 1· 2ᠡ \man: ; \fu<1..3>: 1« 2 3+ \ke<1..4>: 1K 2¢ 3ï \mang<1..3>: 1Ù 2½ \gai: r 4 3Ò \gan<1..3>: 1r 2ᦢ \kong: T \mao: o 3ᵞ \ku<1..3>: 1 2¯ 3 \mei: \ge<1..6>: 1< 2ᡀ 3L \kuan<1..2>: 1> 2ì \men<1..2>: 1╬ 2k 4å 5[ 6 \kuang: ᓉ \meng: ℳ \gong: l \kun<1..8>: 1 2ᚄ \mi<1..3>: 1s 2÷ 33 \gou<1..2>: 1 2ß 3¤ 4 5é 6ᴄ 7 \mian: ¿ \gu<1..4>: 1A 2ä 3½ 6 \mie: þ 40 \kuo: Ê \min<1..2>: 1 2O \guan<1..3>: 1¡ 2 \la<1..3>: 1L 2 3 \mo<1..5>: 1! 2ã 3« 3Ü \lai: 4º 5« \gui<1..2>: 1᷾ 2x \lan<1..4>: 1Ì 2Í \mu<1..2>: 1 2ᩈ \gun: Í 3C 4- \na<1..4>: 1% 2£ 3 \guo<1..2>: 1 2 \lang: Î 4⊨ \ha: È \lao<1..2>: 1 2ὁ \nai<1..3>: 1C 2ð \hai<1..2>: 1i 2w \le<1..3>: 1Ò 2; 3Ð 3
16 \nan<1..3>: 1ã 2ᓭ \shuai: ᳛ \weng: Á 3ᗏ \shui: 4 \wo<1..2>: 1¡ 2ã \nen: é \shun: þ \wu<1..8>: 1ᐔ 2Ú 3o \neng: ý \shuo: ᤔ 4 5| 6ù 7Ù 8 \ni<1..2>: 1` 2å \si: \xi<1..5>: 1᧖ 2 3 \nian<1..4>: 1t 2 \song: ~ 4â 5 3 4Ï \su: \xian: ᐜ O ⍒ \nie<1..4>: 1 2 \sui: \xiang<1..3>: 1ó 2⋰ | k 3 4 \sun<1..2>: 1 2 3ø \niu: \suo<1..4>: 1⒴ 2" \xiao: / \nong: ² 3 4 \xie<1..3>: 1ᓪ 2Ä \nou: \ta<1..3>: ᛞ » 1 2 3 3) ð \nu: ) \tai<1..3>: 1ð 2 \xin: # ÷ * \pu<1..2>: 1 2 3 \xing: ‐ ^ Ç Ç \qi: \tan<1..3>: 1 2 \xu: 1 } ú ¢ \qian<1..3>: 1 2 3 \xuan<1..2>: Ë £ ⇎ : ᖆ ; 1 2 3 \tang<1..3> 1 2 \xue<1..2>: ê \qin<1..3>: ä = ᚪ 1 2 1 2 3 \xun<1..2>: ª ᴊ \tao<1..2>: ® 1 2 3 1 2 \yaa<1..2>: ᱛ Ó \qing: \teng: 0 1 2 \yan<1..5>: O ö \qu: ò \ti: Õ 1 2 u \que: : \tian<1..5>: Ý Ð 3 4 5 1 2 \yang<1..4>: Ú } \ren: ᵪ Ô û 1 2 3 4 5 J \sa: ᥜ \tiao: ᢧ 3 4 \ye<1..2>: 1_ 2ὤ \sai<1..2>: 1ý 2^ \tie<1..4>: 1 2V \yi<1..6>: 1¦ 2[ 3 \san<1..3>: 1 2ᦣ 3k 4ⓛ 4 5Ê 6ü 3 \tong<1..2>: 1q 2| \yin<1..4>: 1à 2 \sang: ᫃ \tu<1..5>: 1¿ 2ᙔ 3⌶ 3Å 4ó \sao: ᣯ 4 5 \ying<1..2>: 1q 2µ \seng: ç \tuan<1..2>: 1M 2ᙖ \you<1..2>: 1ᵫ 2ᨵ \sha<1..2>: 1 2 \tui: ¨ \shai: é \tun: o \yuu<1..3>: 1Y 2¹ Z \shao: ú \tuo<1..2>: 1+ 2Ö 3 : ᨴ \shen<1..2>: 1Â 2ᵭ \wa<1..4>: 1Ù 2æ 3< \yue<1..2> 1 2 \sheng: ᓣ 4Ç \yun: ¤ \shi<1..9>: 1ᜫ 2í \wan: \ze: 3Ë 4ó 5X 6Õ 7ß \wang<1..2>: 1j 2 \zha: - 8¤ 9æ \wei<1..4>: 1᱀ 2ᓻ \zhai: K \shou: 3Ô 4O \zhan<1..5>: 1Ù 2 \shu<1..3>: 1ᨣ 2ᮾ \wen<1..3>: 1« 2i 3y 4» 5Þ 3 3 \zhang:
17 \zhao<1..3>: 1¼ 2Û \zhi<1..4>: 1ê 2å 3ù 4 3 3ỹ 4⓯ \zhuang<1..2>: 1Ý \zhe<1..3>: 1ὅ 2ᢚ \zhong<1..3>: 1. 2¢ 2 3ò 3- \zhun<1..2>: 1Ä 2Æ \zhen: \zhou<1..2>: 1ᕜ 2Þ \zhuo<1..2>: 1Ù 2ᓩ \zheng<1..2>: 1 2 \zhu<1..4>: 1; 2ø \zi: P
2.4 Character Enumeration by Sum‘yaabaatar
1 Ù 32 d 63 « 94 Ù 125 ä 156 Ç 2 -A 33 £ 64 à 95 ᩐ 126 O 157 Ð 3 34 ; 65 A 96 ᝂ 127 158 4 35 r 66 þ 97 ½ 128 Y 159 ᜫ 5 ß 36 ¦ 67 r 98 129 t 160 ú 6 + 37 Ã 68 Ù 99 -ý 130 Ì 161 \ 7 38 ¬ 69 100 í 131 ᱀ 162 ½ 8 ᡂ 39 Ì 70 -ᐔ 101 L 132 K 163 s 9 ᔡ 40 Ò 71 ᥜ 102 133 Ê 164 10 41 ê 72 Ì 103 134 ╬ 165 ᶘ 11 ᔠ 42 r 73 -ᔠ 104 o 135 166 Ó 12 -U 43 ¢ 74 _ 105 ᑩ 136 å 167 e 13 % 44 ᕜ 75 ` 106 ö 137 k 168 ï 14 ý 45 w 76 107 q 138 169 ℳ 15 - 46 ¡ 77 ⒴ 108 Î 139 ᡀ 170 ឮ 16 ᐔ 47 ã 78 ú 109 -U 140 £ 171 ᓉ 17 ᐠ 48 79 110 o 141 o 172 18 í 49 # 80 / 111 K 142 ᙔ 173 Ḅ 19 M 50 Ì 81 O 112 ᚭ 143 174 ⌿ 20 ᑡ 51 O 82 ã 113 144 Â 175 21 0 52 83 114 145 Î 176 22 < 53 Ï 84 Å 115 ὅ 146 i 177 ê 23 ᳮ 54 -ᔠ 85 ₙ 116 Ú 147 ⌶ 178 24 o 55 ᦦ 86 [ 117 A 148 \ 179 25 ᱛ 56 87 > 118 Ö 149 180 ᓣ 26 ? 57 é 88 ò 119 -> 150 ᩈ 181 ^ 27 ¿ 58 Ñ 89 120 ð 151 ᶊ 182 ὤ 28 K 59 L 90 Õ 121 152 183 í 29 ᐜ 60 ô 91 122 ä 153 ᚮ 184 ᢧ 30 [ 61 ᛞ 92 ᑡ 123 Ꮻ 154 185 Ý 31 62 ï 93 ý 124 ᵫ 155 Í 186 4
18 187 ◀ 228 269 > 310 Å 351 ¼ 392 é 188 k 229 -w 270 ¹ 311 æ 352 © 393 ⋰ 189 + 230 « 271 Á 312 k 353 394 ¬ 190 ᎔ 231 ï 272 · 313 y 354 - 395 191 232 Þ 273 Ý 314 Î 355 - 396 ø 192 233 ᵭ 274 315 } 356 -¤ 397 u 193 Ä 234 ♚ 275 ó 316 ᵪ 357 Ë 398 ᴄ 194 235 ᢌ 276 317 ª 358 ᛞ 399 Û 195 -ᮞ 236 ó 277 Ð 318 ² 359 ⊨ 400 § 196 237 ú 278 ᤔ 319 ý 360 401 ; 197 -i 238 C 279 ᙖ 320 å 361 p 402 Ó 198 ¥ 239 ª 280 321 å 362 X 403 ä 199 240 ð 281 i 322 ) 363 404 200 ÷ 241 ᧳ 282 -᧳ 323 d 364 ᣯ 405 Ì 201 ᫅ 242 283 324 ᫃ 365 ± 406 ╩ 202 243 ¹ 284 325 ½ 366 z 407 203 244 * 285 L 326 ú 367 1 408 204 o 245 P 286 ὁ 327 ½ 368 Ö 409 205 -₠ 246 -· 287 n 328 ` 369 - 410 Õ 206 247 288 ᓩ 329 ᏺ 370 | 411 x 207 * 248 Ù 289 ᧖ 330 ¤ 371 412 Û 208 1 249 ᣓ 290 ᷾ 331 ø 372 ] 413 ß 209 ⌿ 250 Z 291 332 ℏ 373 ò 414 Í 210 £ 251 o 292 " 333 ᑡ 374 . 415 ᓪ 211 ⎪ 252 Ë 293 334 ⍞ 375 416 -m 212 ! 253 294 É 335 376 0 417 ç 213 ã 254 } 295 y 336 -+ 377 418 } 214 N 255 ᓭ 296 ᢚ 337 ù 378 q 419 215 ; 256 297 ` 338 < 379 ᔈ 420 T 216 6 257 298 9 339 » 380 421 ᜫ 217 K 258 299 © 340 T 381 ᨣ 422 O 218 j 259 ÷ 300 -k 341 [ 382 Í 423 Ä 219 ᓻ 260 ã 301 ᰪ 342 ⋙ 383 -¡ 424 ᚖ 220 ᚄ 261 Ô 302 ᩈ 343 -9 384 K 425 ᮾ 221 j 262 303 Ò 344 ¼ 385 426 222 ¤ 263 º 304 > 345 386 ð 427 ⍒ 223 ⎪ 264 Î 305 346 -} 387 Ç 428 224 ᩹ 265 Ë 306 \ 347 ᖟ 388 ? 429 / 225 266 ᦣ 307 ◉ 348 ᖆ 389 430 226 267 M 308 ᳮ 349 ¿ 390 ý 431 Ñ 227 ¼ 268 -± 309 ¯ 350 ᦢ 391 ã 432 ṣ
19 433 457 481 ß 505 529 « 553 Ê
434 458 ⎪ 482 ÷ 506 530 Þ 554 435 ` 459 Æ 483 Ý 507 ¢ 531 £ 555 ö 436 ê 460 { 484 â 508 ᳛ 532 437 Ð 461 ᡭ 485 Þ 509 -Á 533 556 # 438 È 462 ᔛ 486 } 510 a 534 - 557 Ç · ᗏ ᩳ 439 463 487 511 535 558 440 Ý 464 488 æ 512 Ý 536 l 441 465 V 489 ᖅ 513 Ô 537 559 442 ¤ 466 ) 490 ᨴ 514 o 538 560 443 467 ` 491 ; 515 µ 539 561 ö 444 468 Ü 492 k 516 N 540 | 562 é 445 Ú 469 ñ 493 ᚪ 517 k 541 Ü 446 470 â 494 ` 518 ᴊ 542 ì 563 ^ 447 : 471 » 495 ☔ 519 ^ 543 ³ 564 [ , ᐙ ⓯ ᝏ 448 472 496 520 544 565 -ᠡ 449 * 473 -é 497 3 521 -r 545 Ù 566 ¢ 450 ¤ 474 498 ¨ 522 -Ê 546 ᶇ 451 475 # 499 þ 523 547 567 ᎑ 452 ÷ 476 ~ 500 = 524 548 ᓅ 568 ú 453 ỹ 477 ï 501 525 ó 549 + 569 454 O 478 ù 502 ¡ 526 « 550 ^ ⇎ 455 q 479 ¦ 503 k 527 551 ᵞ 570 456 480 | 504 ‐ 528 552 Ò 571 û
2.5 Character List by Bayar
1 ô 14 » 27 È 40 Ò 53 < 66 [ 79 2 k 15 28 ? 41 Ð 54 67 80 3 16 29 42 ; 55 ï 68 / 81 > 4 ᩹ 17 £ 30 -ᔠ 43 ¤ 56 K 69 ! 82 5 w 18 31 ᱛ 44 ò 57 70 ¹ 83 6 » 19 ⊨ 32 Ó 45 ᢚ 58 ¢ 71 « 84 ⒴ 7 ¬ 20 L 33 ± 46 ὅ 59 6 72 ã 85 8 ₙ 21 34 Ù 47 o 60 ³ 73 « 86 " 9 ⋙ 22 35 < 48 ¹ 61 ᔠ 74 87 Ù 10 23 ᥜ 36 Ç 49 L 62 A 75 ᩐ 88 ᓩ 11 ⍞ 24 - 37 æ 50 å 63 k 76 Ö 89 ½ 12 ᡭ 25 ß 38 · 51 ᡀ 64 M 77 + 90 13 ᛞ 26 39 % 52 [ 65 ᔈ 78 K 91 \
20 92 ᤔ 133 ñ 174 215 ½ 256 Ã 297 ᢧ 338 r 93 134 d 175 ü 216 0 257 ᖅ 298 / 339 ᦢ 94 135 Õ 176 217 ä 258 ᳛ 299 340 95 Ê 136 ᜫ 177 Ê 218 A 259 Ð 300 ᕜ 341 N 96 k 137 æ 178 ¦ 219 ¯ 260 ᓅ 301 Þ 342 97 ¡ 138 ß 179 [ 220 261 Ꮻ 302 ½ 343 + 98 ã 139 X 180 ᣓ 221 262 303 344 U 99 ᑩ 140 ó 181 \ 222 ý 263 ÷ 304 345 100 þ 141 ¤ 182 e 223 Ú 264 Ñ 305 ß 346 ᖟ 101 Ì 142 í 183 224 o 265 ᚮ 306 ᶇ 347 ú 102 í 143 Ë 184 ÷ 225 Ù 266 307 ᵫ 348 ï 103 ¤ 144 ᐠ 185 226 ᐔ 267 ¨ 308 ᨵ 349 104 p 145 186 ᩈ 227 | 268 ⍒ 309 í 350 ¿ 105 ¥ 146 Ï 187 228 ù 269 ᚖ 310 , 351 [ 106 147 ᶊ 188 + 229 270 x 311 ; 352 Þ 107 ⓛ 148 Ý 189 230 271 ᷾ 312 9 353 û 108 V 149 Å 190 « 231 ò 272 ᮞ 313 ¢ 354 ᵪ 109 k 150 ÷ 191 ý 232 1 273 ឮ 314 Ç 355 Ð 110 O 151 s 192 © 233 Z 274 ᓻ 315 Ç 356 Ý 111 | 152 3 193 234 Y 275 ᱀ 316 ᓭ 357 112 153 Ḅ 194 ¿ 235 ¹ 276 Ô 317 ᗏ 358 t 113 ᑡ 154 ê 195 ⌶ 236 } 277 O 318 ã 359 114 155 Õ 196 ᙔ 237 ú 278 Ý 319 Í 360 É 115 È 156 å 197 238 Ü 279 320 C 361 ⌿ 116 £ 157 ` 198 ) 239 Ë 280 o 321 Ì 362 # 117 ᓪ 158 Î 199 ᰪ 240 y 281 ã 322 - 363 118 Ä 159 â 200 Ñ 241 ? 282 ᎔ 323 364 | 119 ὤ 160 j 201 242 ð 283 ® 324 365 ᚭ 120 _ 161 § 202 o 243 * 284 325 ᦣ 366 } 121 162 Ì 203 ï 244 ð 285 ὁ 326 y 367 ⇎ 122 ê 163 ᳮ 204 245 C 286 327 » 368 ú 123 164 205 246 287 ᣯ 328 369 ᐜ 124 ᨴ 165 206 247 ð 288 Û 329 Þ 370 O 125 P 166 r 207 ø 248 289 ¼ 330 Ù 371 ö 126 167 ᔡ 208 ù 249 ^ 290 331 372 u 127 å 168 ^ 209 250 ý 291 ᢌ 332 q 373 128 ê 169 210 ; 251 K 292 333 z 374 129 ⓯ 170 211 ú 252 é 293 n 334 Û 375 ï 130 ỹ 171 ᧖ 212 ◀ 253 r 294 ú 335 376 M 131 ᔛ 172 213 ᨣ 254 i 295 } 336 ª 377 ᙖ 132 ` 173 â 214 255 w 296 ᝏ 337 ᵞ 378
21 379 Ý 399 ã 419 © 439 « 459 ^ 479 ℳ 499 q 380 400 ᵭ 420 þ 440 460 · 480 { 500 µ 381 Ü 401 Â 421 o 441 i 461 ᠡ 481 0 501 ᩳ ¡ * m ý 382 402 422 442 462 482 502 ℏ 383 ì 403 Ó 423 443 ª 463 483 ç 503 | 384 > 404 424 Ö 444 464 o 484 504 q 385 a 405 O 425 k 445 ¦ 465 ¼ 485 386 ᫅ 406 426 446 Ù 466 ø 486 1 505 ² 387 9 407 ⎪ 427 Ä 447 ½ 467 ⋰ 487 506 ` 388 408 N 428 Æ 448 Ò 468 ó 488 ᡂ 507 Ὓ 389 £ 409 ¤ 429 449 ᶘ 469 489 508 ~ 390 Ë 410 = 430 Í 450 ᖆ 470 } 490 ᓣ 509 - 391 ᝂ 411 ᴊ 431 451 ᚪ 471 J 491 510 ¢ ╬ ä ; Ú ☔ 392 412 432 452 472 492 511 . 393 k 413 # 433 ᴄ 453 Î 473 493 ä 512 ᐙ 394 é 414 ó 434 é 454 ᎑ 474 ᓉ 494 ö l 395 415 à 435 ¤ 455 ᫃ 475 ₠ 495 ♚ 513 396 Ô 416 Å 436 ᚄ 456 476 ᧳ 496 ¬ 514 T 397 417 437 457 477 j 497 515 * 398 ◉ 418 ᦦ 438 > 458 ╩ 478 498 ‐ 516 Á
22