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Understanding Paleoclimate and Human Evolution Through the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project Andrew Cohen University of Arizona

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Understanding Paleoclimate and Human Evolution Through the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project Andrew Cohen University of Arizona University of Dayton eCommons Geology Faculty Publications Department of Geology 9-2009 Understanding Paleoclimate and Human Evolution Through the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project Andrew Cohen University of Arizona Ramon Arrowsmith Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus Anna K. Behrensmeyer National Museum of Natural History Christopher Campisano Arizona State University at the Tempe Campus Craig Feibel Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway SeFoe nelloxtw pa thige fors aaddndition addal aitutionhorsal works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/geo_fac_pub Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, Geophysics and Seismology Commons, Glaciology Commons, Hydrology Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Paleontology Commons, Sedimentology Commons, Soil Science Commons, Stratigraphy Commons, and the Tectonics and Structure Commons eCommons Citation Cohen, Andrew; Arrowsmith, Ramon; Behrensmeyer, Anna K.; Campisano, Christopher; Feibel, Craig; Fisseha, Shimeles; Johnson, Roy; Bedaso, Zelalem; Lockwood, Charles; Mbua, Emma; Olago, Daniel; Potts, Richard; Reed, Kaye; Renaut, Robin; Tiercelin, Jean- Jacques; and Umer, Mohammed, "Understanding Paleoclimate and Human Evolution Through the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project" (2009). Geology Faculty Publications. 51. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/geo_fac_pub/51 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Geology at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Author(s) Andrew Cohen, Ramon Arrowsmith, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Christopher Campisano, Craig Feibel, Shimeles Fisseha, Roy Johnson, Zelalem Bedaso, Charles Lockwood, Emma Mbua, Daniel Olago, Richard Potts, Kaye Reed, Robin Renaut, Jean-Jacques Tiercelin, and Mohammed Umer This article is available at eCommons: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/geo_fac_pub/51 Workshop Reports Understanding Paleoclimate and Human Evolution Through the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project by Andrew Cohen, Ramon Arrowsmith, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, Christopher Campisano, Craig Feibel, Shimeles Fisseha, Roy Johnson, Zelalem Kubsa Bedaso, Charles Lockwood†, Emma Mbua, Daniel Olago, Richard Potts, Kaye Reed, Robin Renaut, Jean-Jacques Tiercelin, and Mohammed Umer doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.8.10.2009 Understanding the evolution of humans and our close conditions (Vrba, 1988; Potts, 1996) be related to the relatives is one of the enduring scientific issues of modern evolution, diversification, stasis, or extinction of hominin times. Since the time of Charles Darwin, scientists have species? speculated on how and when we evolved and what conditions drove this evolutionary story. The detective work required to Most of the efforts to address these questions to date have address these questions is necessarily interdisciplinary, centered on evidence from outcrops where the hominin involving research in anthropology, archaeology, human fossils have been collected. Earth scientists have made great genetics and genomics, and the earth sciences. In addition to strides in understanding these contextual questions using the difficult tasks of finding, describing, and interpreting fluvial, paleosol, and marginal lacustrine sediments hominin fossils (the taxonomic tribe which includes Homo associated with hominin fossils; however, this approach has sapiens and our close fossil relatives from the last 6 Ma), its limitations. Outcrops, for example, cannot normally much of modern geological research associated with paleo- provide us with continuous, unweathered stratigraphic anthropology involves understanding the geochronologic sections needed to address many questions relating events and paleoenvironmental context of those fossils. When were in hominin evolution and environmental change. The places they entombed in the sediments? What were the local and where hominins actually lived (literally, above the water regional climatic conditions that early hominins experi- table) tend to have only discontinuous and relatively low enced? How did local (watershed scale) and regional climate resolution lithostratigraphic records of climate and other processes combine with regional tectonic boundary condi- aspects of environmental change. tions to influence hominin food resources, foraging patterns, and demography? How and when did these conditions vary For these reasons the paleoanthropology community has from humid to dry, or cool to warm? Can the history of those turned to drill cores as a potential source of more highly resolved paleoenvironmental information. This concept is not new. Almost thirty years ago, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a workshop to examine the Hinged Escarpment potential of recovering long Margin Margin sediment cores from the deepest and oldest of the modern African Rift Valley lakes, with a particular AB fossil and artifact C emphasis placed on how these sediments fine grained records might inform our organic rich understanding of the environ- coarse clastic mental context of early hominin evolution (Lewin, 1981). In an Figure 1. A conceptual model for drill site targeting in HSPDP (Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project), using a half-graben rift basin depositional model. Note that a lake is shown in the diagrammatic cross influential paper, deMenocal section, although for the current phase of drilling we are targeting paleolake deposits where drilling from (1995) demonstrated how a barge can be avoided. The primary target (Drill Site B) would be far enough from the paleoshoreline to northeastern������������������ African paleocli- avoid most coarse clastic facies (pattern), with a relatively thick and highly resolved stratigraphic record. These types of offshore (fine-grained, organic rich) sediments (shown as yellow and brown solid colors) mate could be inferred from are most likely to yield the continuous paleoclimatic records useful for addressing current questions about dust records encased in Deep hominin evolution/climate interactions. In contrast, a hinged margin site (C), even though potentially in close proximity to fossil and artifact localities, will yield a thinner and more discontinuous record, and one in which Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) high stand lake deposits are over-represented. A more proximal target on the escarpment margin (A) will drill cores collected in the Gulf yield a dominantly coarse-grained stratigraphic record that is also less desirable for paleoclimate studies, of Aden. This paper, as well as although it may provide a useful secondary target for correlation into the hominin-bearing outcrops and/or records of tectonic uplift affecting the watershed. subsequent ones (deMenocal, 60 Scientific Drilling, No. 8, September 2009 Workshop Reports 2004; Feakins et al., 2005) by the same research group, Rift Valley, we have focused on relatively deep, paleolake provided the first more-or-less continuous offshore record of deposits within the same depositional basins as important Neogene climate for hominin evolution occurring nearby hominin fossil finds. Within rift half-graben lake basins, our terrestrially, and also set out a research agenda for investi- search for ideal drilling targets has centered on what would gating the possible role of orbital forcing mechanisms on the have been the offshore portions of escarpment margins of timing of hominin evolution. The idea of drilling the African half-grabens, where water depths would have been deepest Great Lakes ultimately came to fruition in 2005 with the and sediment accumulation rates highest over extended successful completion of the Lake Malawi Drilling Project periods. Secondary objectives might include collecting cores (Scholz et al�������������������������������������������������.������������������������������������������������, 2006), which had important paleoclimate impli- from more proximal locations to the paleoshorelines, to tie in cations for hominin evolution and the expansion of anatomi- the paleoclimate records directly to fossil/archaeological cally modern humans out of Africa (Cohen et al., 2007). sites via correlation and to collect records of tectonic activity and other processes within the watersheds. HSPDP has Despite these successes, the role of scientific drilling in focused efforts on identifying several basins, spanning a answering questions of importance to paleoanthropology is range of “critical intervals” in hominin evolution. By still hampered by the location of the drill core records comparing multiple lacustrine records, we have a realistic currently available relative to where hominin fossils have opportunity to address questions, for example, about the actually been found. Both the Gulf of Aden and Lake Malawi relationship between accurate local climatic records, possible lie at considerable distances from the important fossil orbital forcing mechanisms, or shorter (millennial scale) hominin and artifact sites in East Africa. Additionally, in the events with hominin evolutionary patterns such as adaptive case of the DSDP dust records, the signal itself integrates radiations, species appearances, and species extinctions. climate history over a vast area of northeastern Africa and With a highly detailed environmental record from each Arabia. To address questions about local environmental targeted basin, we can also compare the evolutionary conditions, a drilling effort was needed to specifically
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