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In Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria For. Stud. China, 2012,14(2): 152-159 RESEARCH ARTICLE DOl 10.1007/s11632-012-0205-3 Decline in flora diversity and poverty trap in a peri-urban settlement (Ijeun lukosi village) in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria J.A.SOAGA* Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria © Beijing Forestry University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract The study examined flora decline in a peri-urban settlement (Ijeun Lukosi village in Abeokuta, Nigeria) and the consequent poverty trap in the village. Respondents were selected by simple random sampling (SRS) with a total of 90 respondents selected, cutting across different age groups and occupations. Ijeun Lukosi village is a stone throw from a Government Secretariat with influx of government employees. The status offlora in the village revealed 34 species of trees and shrubs, 36 species of herbs and climbers and 12 species of aquatic plants. Thirty-two families of plants were identified showing the diversity of flora species in the settlement. An influx of people into the settlement changed the pattern of land tenure system from communal and family inheritance to personal ownership of land. This change in land ownership status promoted the destruction of the diversity of loacal flora under private prop­ erty development. This impacted negatively on the livelihood of respondents. The poverty line was determined to be NAD 2,600 ($17.33) per month, a condition categorized by the World Bank as abject poverty. Over 51 % of farming respondents were displaced, including 20% entrepreneurs (artisans) trading in trado-medical herbs derived from the diversity in the flora. The conclusion is drawn that abject poverty encouraged the destruction of flora diversity in the settlement with the poverty trap turning into a cycle and the perpetuation of poverty in the village. It is recommended that the government should put in place programs to alleviate poverty in this and similar areas to protect flora diversity and consequently protect the environment, thereby ensuring the sustenance of rural liveli­ hood. Key words flora diversity, poverty trap. 1 Introduction another but all stems from human need and desire that are in turn governed by human attitudes, beliefs, cul­ Human beings and the environment relate to each oth­ ture and norms, by economic exchange mechanisms, er dialectically. As man affects the environment, man as well as by knowledge, skills and technologies and in turn is affected by the environment. The effects, policies, regulations and institutions. With improved both ways, can be positive or negative. Man affects civilization, nations have made advancements in the environment through various activities summarily biotechnology with positive utilization of biological termed development. Development, although benefi­ resources for development. However, our understand­ cial from an economic point of view, creates threats ing of the biological diversity of the earth is marred to the environment. Development may be seen as the by significant gaps. This lack of information hampers increasing capacity of human beings to obtain,the re­ our ability to comprehend the magnitude of the loss sources required to meet regular needs from their im­ of biodiversity, prevents further losses and formulates mediate environment. In fact, about 40% of the global sustainable alternatives to resource depletion (Huston, economy is based on biological products and pro­ 1995). cesses. However, human activities have been a major Simply put, biological diversity refers to the num­ problem causing environmental degradation the world ber, variation and variability among living organisms, over. The direct effects of development on the envi­ including ecological complexes in which they occur ronment include the conversion of forest land to agri­ (OTA, 1987; Brown et aI., 1993). Biodiversity oc­ culture or infrastructural provision. According to the curs at three levels of biological organization:-genes UNDP/GEF (2008), the relative importance of various (the sum of genetic information contained in genes types of biodiversity loss varies from one location to of individual plants, animals and micro-organisms), ·Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] J. A. SOAGA: Decline in flora deversity and poverty trap in a peri-urban settlement... 153 species (populations within which gene flows occur 100-150 cm (Iloeje, 1978; Onakomaiya, 1992; Oye­ under natural conditions, where normal individuals siku, 1992). It is characterized by two distinct seasons. are capable of breeding with members of the opposite The longer wet season lasts for eight months (March­ sex) and ecosystems (habitats, biotic communities and October) and the shorter dry season for four months ecological processes in the biosphere). When there (November-February). The relative humidity is high is heterogeneity among species, ecosystem stability all the year round and generally above 80% during the and resilience are heightened, biodiversity becomes wet season and varies between 60%-80% during the value laden and is better able to perform both protec­ dry season. Major economic activities in Abeokuta tive functions and provision of sundry services. Ac­ include, trading, farming, quarrying, sawmills, block cordingly, Diversitas (2001) reported that the value making, traditional clothing and pottery. Other activi­ of biodiversity to humanity lies only in its capacity ties include collection and gathering of medicinal to sustain human life and the systems that support it. plants, basket weaving and civil service jobs. Therefore, the direct benefit of biological diversity to humanity cannot be over emphasized, man depends on animals, plants, fungal and microbial species for 3 Data collection food, fuel, fibers, medicines, drugs and raw material for a host of manufacturing technologies and purposes Pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to 90 re­ (BOSTID, 1992; Diversitas, 2001). Thus, biodiversity spondents within the settlement using simple random is of significance in diverse locations both to man and sampling. Respondents cut across the diverse econom­ the environment. This study therefore aims to examine ic activities in the settlement. Questionnaire informa­ the following objectives: a) to identify diverse plant tion includes plant species exploited and traded, parts species at Ijeun Lukosi village, b) to determine the exploited, the land tenure system, income derived socio-economic contribution of these species to rural from exploited species, income level of respondents livelihood and c) to determine the poverty line in the and conservation information on species availability. village and the consequences of species loss on in­ come. 4 Data analysis 2 Study area Data from the survey were analyzed using both de­ scriptive statistics and statistical inferential proce­ The study area was Ijeun Lukosi village, a peri-urban dures. The variables analyzed include age, gender, settlement in the Abeokuta metropolis, Nigeria, with marital status, income and educational background a land area of less than 500 ha. The village is envel­ of respondents as socio-economic characteristics of oped by development in the Abeokuta metropolis respondents. The poverty line at the village was deter­ with the seat of government of Ogun State located at mined using an income level approach based on the a distance of two kilometer from the village. The vil­ method of Deaton (1997). The income distribution of lage is separated from the Government Secretariat by respondents was sorted into levels and a mean of the a major road leading to Abeokuta from neighboring income determined. A percentage of the mean (50%) settlements of Sagamu, Mowe, ljebu-Ode and other was selected as required and the poverty line calcu­ villages. The village is more concisely described as lated by multiplying the selected percentage and the part of the Abeokuta environment. Abeokuta is located mean income value. between latitude 7°15' N and longitude 3°25' E. Abeo­ kuta was founded in 1830 by the Egba people and is located between the Ogun river and Olumo rock. The rock is a massive outcrop of granite origin of primitive 5 Results and discussion formation forming part of the plateau of Yoruba land and from which the town derived its name, Abeokuta, The socio-economic characteristics of respondents are meaning under the rock. The Abeokuta metropolis is shown in Table 1. The variable gender determines the divided into two major local governments: Abeokuta percentage of male and female respondents. North and Abeokuta South. The local governments Table 1 shows that ages 31-40 had the highest per­ cover a total land area of 125,593.3 ha, representing centage of respondents with over 41 %. This indicates 7.7% of total land area in Ogun State (Popoola, 1990; that the village is populated by an active working age Enilolobo, 2002). Abeokuta is situated in the rainfor­ group. As well, there were more married female re­ est belt of Nigeria but transited into derived savanna spondents (48) than males. The majority of the respon­ through agricultural activities with annual rainfall of dents were married, i.e., over 98%. The educational 154 Forestry Studies in China, Vo1.l4, No.2, 2012 background of the respondents indicated that the vival of the human population. May (1994) reported majority of the respondents had basic primary educa­ that the direct benefits of biodiversity to humanity are tion, over 43%, with more male respondents (22)
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