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Physiochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Surface Water in Ewekoro Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria: Case Study of Lala, Yobo and Agodo Rivers

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Physiochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Surface Water in Ewekoro Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria: Case Study of Lala, Yobo and Agodo Rivers International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 4(3), pp. 66-72, March 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijwree DOI: 10.5897/IJWREE11.126 ISSN 1991-637X ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Physiochemical and bacteriological analysis of surface water in Ewekoro Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria: Case study of Lala, Yobo and Agodo Rivers Adejuwon J. O.* and Adelakun M. A. Department of Water Resources Management and Agrometeorology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Accepted 23 January, 2012 This study examined the physiochemical and bacteriological analysis of surface water in Ewekoro Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria - a case study of Lala, Yobo and Agodo Rivers. Water samples were collected from the rivers in October and December 2008. The samples were analyzed for pH, TDS, TH, electrical conductivity, chloride, calcium, nitrate and fecal coli form. Result indicated that total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, nitrate and calcium carbonate were above maximum permissible limit of National Administration for Food, Drugs and Control (NAFDAC), Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water in some sections of the rivers during certain period of the year. The rest of the parameters measured fall within these limits. The bacteriological analysis showed that Escherichia coli were present in all the rivers in October while only Lala River is free from E. coli in December. All the samples showed no growth of salmonella under the period of investigation. The implication of these results is that the rivers pose a health risk to the rural communities who rely primarily on them as the only source of domestic water supply. Key words: Surface water, rivers, water samples, Ewekoro Local Government. INTRODUCTION Water is one of the important natural resources useful for latrines and septic tanks, refuse dump, industrial, developmental purposes in both urban and rural areas. domestic and municipal wastes released into water Despite this, most of the rural communities in the bodies are often responsible for surface water developing countries, especially Nigeria, lack access to contamination. Bremen et al. (2001) observed that most portable water supply. They rely commonly on rivers, surface water resources accessible to household in rural streams, wells, and ponds for daily water needs areas are subjected to chemical and biological (Nevondo and Cloete, 1991). However, World Health contaminations which may come from animals, septic Organization (WHO, 1993) maintained that water from tanks, storms water run off. most of these sources was contaminated, yet they are Contaminated water is associated with health risks. It used directly by the inhabitants. leads to the spread of diseases such as dysentery, Agricultural wastes such as pesticides, fungicides and cholera, typhoid, diarrhea and so on. According to fertilizers, human and animal feces, seepage from pit Grabow (1996), the diseases associated with most surface water supplies include Campbacteriosis, Shigellosis, Salmollosis, Cholera and a varieties of other bacteria as well as fungi, viral, and parasitic infection. *Corresponding author. E- mail: [email protected]. These diseases are caused by microscopic organisms Adejuwon and Adelakun 67 Figure 1. Map of Ogun State showing Ewekoro Local Government. including bacteria, virus, fungi, and single celled and bacteriological analysis of selected rivers in Ewekoro protozoan. They eventually results in crippling, Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. The devastating and debilitating effect on rural residence and objectives of this study are to: assess the physical further exacerbate the already strained health burden and chemical component of Lala, Yobo and Agodo rivers in facilities in the country. the study area; examine the seasonal variation of the However, there is no doubt that governments at local, physiochemical and bacteriological components of the state and federal have attempted in ensuring water rivers; identify some of the diseases prevalent in the supply in some rural areas, but these have been grossly rivers in the study area; and compared the quality of the inadequate. Nevondo and Cloete (1991) observed that in water in the rivers with both national and international areas where portable water supply are provided, the portable water standards. supplies are unreliable and insufficient, forcing residence to reverse to traditional contaminated water sources. It is therefore imperative to monitor the physico-chemical and Study area microbial quality of water supply in rural areas in other to highlight the quality of water supply and to provide the Ewekoro is one of the twenty local governments in Ogun impetus for sustained government intervention. State (Figure 1). It is bounded in the north by Abeokuta This study intends to carry out the physical, chemical North and Abeokuta South Local Governments, in the 68 Int. J. Water Res. Environ. Eng. Table 1. The result of physico-chemical analysis of Yobo, Agodo and Lala Rivers in Ewekoro Local Government in October. E.C. Dissolved Alkalinity Total hardness Chloride Carbonate Calcium Nitrate River Sample pH TDS (us/mc) oxygen (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) mg/L (mg/L) (mg/L) Up-stream 6.25 540 45 5.52 89 35 83 67.4 20.65 40.50 Yobo Downstream 6.65 525 60 5.84 150 40 78 67.3 22.25 37.00 Upstream 6.25 535 130 5.77 181 39 78 130.0 23.50 43.51 Agodo Downstream 6.55 535 125 5.72 62 44 81 104.2 21.50 47.01 Upstream 6.50 535 65 5.77 150 38 83 128.1 20.30 51.50 Lala Downstream 6.45 525 35 5.74 72 43 78 103.4 20.90 47.41 south by Ifo Local Government, in the east by and December 2008. Systematic random sampling kept in a refrigerator to avoid contamination and gas Yewa North and Yewa South Local Governments, technique was adopted for the collection of the samples at dissolution. This is because all the analyses were not and in the west by Obafemi Owode Local a fixed distance. performed the same day. A duplicate measurement was The most important step in trace analysis is the sample made in order to ensure accuracy of the measurement. Government. Ewekoro local government lies collection. All possible sources of contamination from The physico-chemical parameters analyzed include, pH, between Latitude 6.2 and 7.8°N and Longitude 3.0 sampling device were taken into consideration while total dissolved solid (TDS), dissolved oxygen (D.O), and 5.0°E. Ewekoro Local Government is performing the analysis. As part of the precautionary electrical conductivity (E.C) total hardness (TH), alkalinity, - - + characterized by tropical climate with distinct wet measure, residue of previous sample needs to be removed chloride (Cl ), nitrate (N0 3 ), calcium (Ca 2 ), and carbonate. and dry seasons. Between March and October from the container to eliminate or minimize error. The The pH, conductivity and TDS were measured through the plastic bottles used for sample collection were washed use of electrode. Total hardness, total alkalinity and (wet season), the climate is dominated by the using detergent. Afterward, the bottles were rinsed properly chloride were analyzed by titrimetric method while nitrate tropical maritime air mass from the Atlantic Ocean with de-ionized distilled water. A total of twelve plastic analysis was carried out by spectrophotometer method. while November and February (dry season), is sample bottles of two litres capacity each was used to The quality control measure of Batley and Gardner were under the influence of the dry continental air mass collect water sample from the field. Six (6) plastic bottles, adhered to during the sampling and analysis. from Sahara desert. The little dry season in the with 2 for each river were used in the wet and dry season Coliform and Salmonella/shigella tests were the mid-wet season of July/August months is respectively. The samples were then put in a cool bacteriological analysis performed for this study. The Mac environment immediately after collection. Each bottle is Conkey Agar without salt was used in the detection of the dominant in the area (Adedokun, 1978; Adekoya, tagged with different code, to differentiate them from each enterobacteriae and Coli gram positive. The standard 1979; Ilesanmi, 1981; Omotosho, 1988; Gbuyiro other. analysis was divided into presumptive, confirmed and et al., 2005; Adejuwon and Odekunle, 2006). The The samples were collected at the up-stream and the completed tests. This principle is that except for many study area has a mean annual temperature of down-stream sections of the rivers. The samples collected coliforms only a few bacteria will ferment lactose with the 27 0C, relative humidity of 71.09% and means were transported to the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta simulation production of acid and gas. The ultimate aim is annual rainfall of 1194.33 mm (Oguntoyinbo, where they were analyzed. The analysis for physico- to narrow down the identification of the coliforms to E. Coli chemical parameters were carried out at the Water or to rule it out. 1978; Emielu, 2000). Laboratory in the Department of Water Resources A fresh pipette was used for each dilution and non- Management and Agricultural Meteorology (WMA) while dilution and 0.5 ml of each of the dilution and undiluted the bacteriological analysis was carried out in the water sample was placed into a separate and properly Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Biology. The labeled stente Petri-dishes. Forty-nine (49 g/l) grams of METHOD OF STUDY samples were analyzed for bacteriological analysis in not Mac Conkey Agar was dissolved in water in a water bath, more than 24 h after collection. The samples for physico- sterilization was at 121°C for 15 bv minutes in an Water samples were collected from the rivers on October chemical analysis were left capped and cello taped and autoclave.
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