Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016 RELEVANCE OF INDIGENOUS INSTITUTIONS IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND SUSTAINABLE LAND USE MANAGEMENT AMONG SETTLED FULANI AGRO-PASTORAL COMMUNITIES OF , David, O. A. Department of General Studies, School of Communication & Information Technology, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic Ojeere, , Ogun state Correspondent contact details: [email protected] ABSTRACT There is a need to bring to fore the contribution of indigenous institutions in promoting peace building, fostering co-operation and collaboration among settled Fulani Agro-pastoralists in communities of Ogun State, Nigeria. The leadership institutions in pastoral communities were found to be involved in the process of investigating and resolving conflict as well as making authoritative decisions in respect of land access and sustainable use of natural resources management. Sustainable access to land resources and use for cattle and crop production in pastoral communities is dependent on the prevalence of strong local institutions for collective action (co- operation and collaboration). Purposive sampling technique was used to select 435 respondents. Data were collected using semi-structured Interview Guide. Fulani respondents maintained that some of the challenges facing them were loose collaboration/contradiction between statutory and indigenous institutions, intrusion of migratory pastoralists ( Bororo ), illegal entry of new herders, lack of policy support by government to settle conflict between Fulani agro-pastoralists and others constitute collective action problems and challenges. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that there were significant relationships (p<0.01) between available local rules (r=0.252), utilised leadership institution (r=0.234) and conflict management. The study concludes that local institutions for building collective action in the management of conflict and water pollution such as Sarkin Fulani, Mawdo and Jawmu saare embedded with tradition ( aldu ), laws ( doka ) and justice ( sharia ) are important for the maintenance of peace and sustainable land resources among the Fulani pastoralists. It is recommended that leadership training in monitoring, enforcement and sanctions be provided to settled Fulani agro-pastoralists, host Yoruba farmers and migrant farmers. Keywords: Fulani agro-pastoralists; indigenous institutions, conflict, resolution, natural resources, land management.

INTRODUCTION poverty alleviation and rural development. The immigration and settlements of Therefore, local institutions are important rural pastoralists in Ogun State South Western, Nigeria, structures for organising collective action in the dated back to over five decades (Oyesola, 2000; management of conflict and natural resources; Sodiya, 2005; and Fabusoro, 2006). These practice of viable agriculture, promotion of food movements were occasioned by First Franco security, poverty alleviation and rural development Dahomean war (Fabusoro, 2006), increased (HaIler, 2005; Fabusoro and Sodiya, 2011). pressure on land in the northern part of Nigeria due Leadership structure enforces and protects to upsurge in human and animal population, institutions in the society while institutions create persistent drought and conflicts with sedentary leadership structures. It is only the enforced and farming groups (Mohammed, 1990) as well as the protected institutions that can serve as mechanisms discovery by pastoralists that some parts of that facilitate coordination among people regarding Southwest, especially Ogun State have become their behaviour. Local institutions towards more environmentally favourable to pastoralist collective action and governance structure in the devoid of drought, water shortage, wide spread of management of conflicts are the concern in this disease, pasture shortage and lean market (Adebayo study because according to Messer and Townsley and Olaniyi, 2008). Local institutions are many and (2003) they have become over time the repository diverse, ranging from family, economic, political, of indigenous knowledge systems and the religious, health system among others. These major foundation by which local society organises itself. spheres of social life evolve rules, regulations, Natural resource conflicts can occur among roles, norms and values to which large numbers of different user groups. This is because natural people conform, and all institutionalized mode of resources provide the means by which users sustain behaviour are protected by sanctions. Haller (2005) their livelihoods, and thus tend to attract many noted that local institutions exist in various users competing for their access and use. It is in the communities to alleviate pressure on common pool cause of competition for limited natural resources natural resources by ensuring that unregulated that conflicts emerge. The following are examples resource access and intense competition among the of conflicts that do occur as a result of competition user groups are avoided. This is to promote among natural resource user groups. (i) Settled peaceful coexistence and optimal land resource Fulani agro-pastoralists versus host Yoruba farmers managements as well as provide viable agricultural (ii ) Fish farmers versus vegetable/dry (Fadama) practices that are pathways to food security for season farmers (iii) Fish farmers versus Herders

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(iv) Hunters versus Tourists (v) Crop farmers versus peri-urban/urban dwellers. METHODOLOGY In Ogun State, the population is fast Ogun State was created in 1976 and lies growing with 3percent annual growth rate and an within the southern part of the country neighboured increasing peri-urban settlement (Kadiri, 2013). by Oyo, Ondo and Lagos States. The State which The population up surge has created pressure on has Abeokuta as its headquarters lies between the land among competing users and in many longitude 2º 2' and 3º 55' E and latitudes 7º 01' and places total loss of land to infrastructural 7º 18' N with an annual growth rate of 3 percent per development, built up areas, industrialization and annum. The land area is 1,640,926 square road construction (Kadiri and Oyalowo, 2010). kilometres. The Ogun State projected population as This has resulted in significant loss of land at year 2006 was 4,054,272 (National Population available for farming and grazing. Continued use of Commission, 2006). The vegetation in Ogun State land resources due to population growth can put ranges from derived savannah to rain forests. Its significant pressure on land resources, creating land area consists of natural resources such as biophysical impact which can have a multitude of forest reserves, rivers, rocks, mineral deposits and negative effect leading to ecological crisis and an ocean front, as well as extensive fertile soil threat to human security. More than a decade of suitable for the cultivation of a wide range of continued conflicts between Fulani pastoralists and equatorial, tropical and savannah crops. Yoruba farmers on natural resources have been A multi-stage sampling technique was occasioned in the state by weak indigenous used to select the respondents (household heads institutional structures prevalent in pastoral and Fulani pastoralists) for this study. The first communities. These weak institutional structures stage, involves purposive sampling of four Local have not been able to foster effective collective Government Areas (Imeko- Afon, North, action in ensuring meaningful and peaceful and ) out of the twenty (20) coexistence among different rural users of natural Local Government Areas in Ogun State due to the resources and promote sustainable land use in the high presence of settled Fulani Agro-pastoralist state. Institutional weakness in pastoral communities in the areas. The second stage communities has been instigated by collective involves the selection of the communities. Out of action problems resulting in incidence of conflicts the communities within the study area, fourteen and reported cases of water pollution which cut (14) pastoral Fulani communities-locations were across the north-western part of the state. This purposively selected within the four (4) Local spate of violence has led to the loss of many lives Government Areas used for the study. The third and property in many communities where Yoruba stage; host farmers that coexist with Fulani farmers and Fulani pastoralists coexist. The study pastoralists were selected by simple random utilised the theoretical position by Fabusoro and sampling. Some locations had history of conflict Sodiya, (2011), that institutions and governance while some others do not. The sampling procedure structure matter in development and that collective involves the selection of 8 farmers from 11 pastoral action is one veritable approach in sustainable Fulani communities (locations) while in the resource management and building peaceful remaining three (3) locations 9 farmers were coexistence among different stakeholders. The randomly selected (due to high incidence of broad objective of this study is to assess the conflicts) totalling 115. In the same vein, the relevance of indigenous institutions towards selection of Fulani pastoralists was achieved collective action in the management of conflicts in through simple random sampling technique in settled Fulani agro-pastoral communities of Ogun which 22 pastoralists were selected from each of State Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study the 11 pastoral locations while 26 pastoralists were are to: selected for interview in the remaining three (3) 1. identify the personal characteristics of the pastoral locations (due to high incidence of respondents (agro-pastoralist and resident conflicts and concentration of herders) totalling of host communities). 320. Arising from this procedure, in each of the 2. investigate incidence and causes of household heads (host farmers and Fulani herders) conflict related to natural resources use in were randomly selected from the population list of the study area. pastoral communities purposively compiled for the 3. identify the indigenous institutions study. This is a large sample size technique when involved in conflict and natural resource the population is unknown, n ≥ 30 (Babbie, 1988 management. cited in Adebayo et al, 2008). Table 1 indicates The hypothesis of this study, stated in null how the 115 host farmers and 320 settled Fulani forms, that there is no significant relationship household heads were selected through simple between local rules implementation and conflicts random sampling technique for semi-structured management. interview to elicit information for the study.

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Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016 Table 1: Selected Pastoral Community Local Government Area Community selected Imeko-Afon Iwoye-ketu, Afon/Otapele/Oloka, Idofa/Oke-agbede Yewa North Ibeku/Agbon -Ojudu, Eggua/Imoto, Gbokoto/Korele, Atokun/Olodo, Agboro church/Okorori Village/ Obete Akanbi Odeda Opeji, Alabata and Mahuko Abeokuta North Imala, Ijale-papa, and Olorunda

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION had western education, consisting of 5.3 percent, Personal and Background Information of 7.2 percent, 1.6 percent and 0.6 percent having Respondents adult, primary, secondary and tertiary education The result of the analysis in Table 2 shows respectively while only 53.0 percent of the the distribution of respondents according to their members of the Yoruba farmers’ had western personal characteristics. Therefore, using Fabusoro education, consisting of 15.7 percent, 16.5 percent, (2009) age classification, the result in Table 2 14.8 percent and 6.1 percent having adult, primary, indicates that most (68.2%) of the Fulani heads of secondary and tertiary education respectively. This households and 66.7% of Yoruba farmers were situation limits livelihood opportunity as well as between the age category of 31 - 60years the political influence they can exert on respectively. Farmers within this age category of government at the local level in terms of socio- 31 - 60years constitute the majority of people political and economic policies that affect their engaging in agricultural production in developing destiny. Fulani agro-pastoralists respondents had countries (FAO, 1997). The result shows that varying sizes of households; 53.2percent had more 20.9% of Fulani pastoralists and 27.8% of the host than 10 members of households. Only 31.3percent Yoruba farmers were above 60years of age. The of the Fulani respondents had between six to ten results also revealed that 10.9% of Fulani heads of persons while above half (58.3%) of the Yoruba household were less than 30years of age while farmers had between six to ten persons as 5.2% of the population of Yoruba farmers’ head of household member. According to Omotayo (2003), household were less than 30 years of age. The the predominance of large household size (53.2%) mean age of the Fulani heads of household was among the Fulani agro-pastoralists in the study area 51.57years as compared with the mean age of the is because of the high fertility rate of Fulani women Farmer head of household which was 56.00years. in which women of menopausal age produced an The finding in Table 2 indicates that majority average of 7.2 per live births. The mean household (83.7% and 94.8%) of settled Fulani agro- size for settled Fulani agro-pastoralists and Yoruba pastoralists and host Yoruba farmers were married. farmers’ head of households was found to be 9.80 It was found that being married is a crucial socio- and 7.62persons respectively. The need for this economic factor determining whether the man large household size is occasioned by pastoralism could be allocated land for farming and grazing and which is the main income generating activity the roles he could be assigned to play especially the among the Fulanis. The various heads of settled Fulani agro-pastoralists (Desalegn et al, households’ were engaged in different occupations. 2007). It was observed that 35.9% of Fulani agro- Figures 1a and 1b indicate that majority (95.6% pastoralists and 47.0% of Yoruba farmers’ and 92.2%) of the Fulani and host communities population had no formal education. Almost half engaged in pastoralism and farming respectively, (49.4%) of the members of Fulani agro-pastoralists while very few of them are involved in both non- respondents had Quranic Education while majority farm and off-farm activities. These findings (85.3%) of Fulani agro-pastoral household heads indicate that the two major occupations prevalent in respondents had no western education. Only 14.7 the study area were pastoralism and farming. percent of the members of the Fulani respondents

Table 2: Distribution of Respondents’ Background and Production characteristics Variables Fulani Farmer Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Age (years) Older (>60) 67 20.9 32 27.8 Old (51-60) 117 36.6 25 21.2 Mid age (31 -50) 101 31.6 52 45.5 Young (<30) 35 10.9 6 5.2 Mean = 51.57 Mean = 56.00

Marital status

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Variables Fulani Farmer Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Single 21 6.6 4 3.5 Married 268 83.8 109 94.8 Divorced 16 5.0 1 0.9 Separated 15 4/7 1 0.9 Education attainment No formal education 115 35.9 54 47.0 Quaranic education 138 49.4 - - Adult education 17 5.3 18 15.7 Primary education 23 7.2 19 16.5 Secondary education 5 1.6 17 14.8 Tertiary education 2 0.6 7 6.1 Household size Large (>10) 170 53.2 21 18.3 Medium (6-10) 100 31.3 67 58.3 Small (<6) 50 15.6 27 23.5 Mean = 9.80 Mean = 7.62

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Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016 Incidence and Causes of Conflicts and attack of animals/cattles (52.2% and 40.9%) Results in Table 3a reveal the responses of and lack of tolerance and acceptance (45.9% and Fulani and host farmers on incidence and causes of 47.0%) as major causes of conflicts among them. conflict in the study locations. Incidence connotes Accounting for the categories of people the regularity of occurrence and severity of the affected by conflicts prevailing in pastoral conflict while causes are the conflict driving communities, Table 3b revealed that most (66.9%, factors. Majority (97.2% and 97.4%) of the settled 54.7% and 54.1%) of Fulani respondents and also Fulani agro-pastoralists and the host farmers most (78.3%, 69.6% and 59.1%) of the Yoruba respectively accepted that there were reported cases farmers were victims of conflicts occurrence in the of incidence of conflict in the study location. This study location. This result indicated that Yoruba result therefore confirms the findings of Williams respondents believed that more Fulani pastoralists et al . (2007) in which conflicts were prevailing were affected by conflicts than Yoruba farmers. In between pastoralists and agriculturalists in Hadejia- these communities incidents of violent conflict are Nguru Wetlands (which are seasonally flooded rampant. Innocent lives and properties were riverine plain in north-eastern part of Nigeria). discovered to have been lost as a result of the Also in Oke-Ogun region of Oyo State, Albert, refusal of Fulani herdsmen and host farmers to (2010) revealed that incidence of conflict between accommodate and tolerate one another as well as farmers and herdsmen were regular occurrence agree to peaceful resolution of disputes through from 1994 to 2001. The acceptance by both Fulani collective action fostered by strong local agro-pastoralists and Yoruba farmers that there institutions and leadership structure. This situation were reported cases of conflicts between them is an has occasioned the occurrence of high profile indication that the socio-economic goals, interests violent conflicts in which there were ten cases of and aspirations being pursued by these two natural Yoruba and Fulani violence in Eggua pastoral area resource user groups (Fulani pastoralists and between 2012 and 2013 leading to 21 Yoruba and 6 Yoruba farmers) are divergent and antagonistic. It Fulani deaths as indicated in Table 3c, 3d and 3e. is the competition for access and use of limited On the basis of this FGD results, the observation by natural resources between Fulani pastoralists and more Yoruba farmers than Fulani pastoralists that host farmers as individuals and groups in their pastoralist (men, women and children) were efforts to achieve opposing goals and aspirations affected by conflicts as compared with the that create fertile ground for conflicts (Otite, 2007 observation of pastoralists that farmers (men, and Williams et al ., 2007). Based on the reasons women and children) are affected by conflicts for conflict between pastoralists and host farmers, appeared not accurate. The violent nature of social 82.5% and 80.9% of the Fulani pastoralists and conflict permits the determination of the extent of Yoruba farmers indicated destruction of farm physical injury and the loss that victims have produce by the Fulani cattle, Farm encroachment suffered and this is a central obstacle when (71.9% and 69.6%) , Pollution of source of attempts are being made to intervene in conflict drinking water (66.3% and 65.2%), lack of situation (Akinyoade, 2012). confidence in each other (53.4% and 80.0%), theft

Table 3a: Distribution of Respondents by Incidence and causes of conflict related to natural resource use Fulani (n=320) Host farmer (n=115) Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Incidence of conflict between pastoralist and host farmers Yes 311 97.2 112 97.4 No 9 2.8 3 2.6 Reasons for conflict between pastoralists and host farmers* Lack of confidence in each other 171 53.4 92 80.0 Unfriendly atmosphere 114 35.6 50 43.5 Differences in activities being pursued 136 42.5 50 43.5 Lack of tolerance and acceptance 147 45.9 54 47.0 Unmet basic human need 76 23.8 48 41.7 Feeling of threatened identity 101 31.6 39 33.9 Difference in cultural style of communication 107 33.4 44 38.3 Farm encroachment 230 71.9 80 69.6 Theft or attack of animal (Cattles) 167 52.2 47 40.9 Destruction of farm produces 264 82.5 93 80.9 Pollution of source of drinking water 212 66.3 75 65.2 *Multiple Responses

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Table 3b: Distribution of Respondents by Incidence and causes of conflict related to natural resource Victim of conflicts Fulani’s Responses Farmers’ Responses Men Women Children Men Women Children Host Yoruba farmers 214 (66.9) 175 (54.7) 173 (54.1) 53 (46.1) 34 (27.6) 31 (31.0) Pastoralists 204 (63.8) 158 (49.4) 142 (44.1) 90 (78.3) 80 (69.6) 68 (59.1) Farmers from other tribes 155 (48.4) 116 (36.3) 139 (43.4) 56 (48.7) 51 (44.3) 39 (33.9) Number affected Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage < 5 person 173 54 8 7.0 5 – 10 person 41 12.8 2 1.7 11 person & above 30 9.4 4 3.5 The whole community 76 23.8 101 37.8 How they were affected They were beaten and 170 53.0 55 47.8 machete Hit with stones & shoot 100 31.3 36 31.3 with gun. Rape insulted and 50 15.6 24 20.9 humiliated *Multiple Responses

Table 3c: Distribution of Fulanis’ Nature of violence in the study area Sex of victim Nature of violence Date Place of attack Result of violence Male Gun shot and machete cuts 18 th Dec. 2012 Igan- Alade Death Male Gun shots 7th Jan. 2013 Agbon -Ojudu Injury Male Gun shots 22 nd Jan. 2013 Oroibi korole Death Male Missing through abduction 30 th Jan. 2013 Oroibi korole Injury Male Gun shots (murder) 11 th Feb., 2013 Oroibi korole Death Male Gun shots 11 th Feb., 2013 Asa Injury

Table 3d: Distribution of Yorubas’ nature of violence in the study area Nature of Violence Place of occurrence LGA No of Gaa Burning of Gaa Imoto Yewa North 50 (Pastoralist camp) Burning of Gaa (Pastoral camp) Eggua Yewa North 60 Closure of Nomadic school and Imoto Yewa North 1 withdrawal of all the children of Fulani Pastoralists

Table 3e: Farmers’ distribution of Nature of conflicts in the study area Sex of respondents Nature of attack Date Place of attack LGA Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Dec, 2000 Agbon Ojudu Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2004 Korole Village Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Nov, 2006 Agbon Ojudu Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Nov, 2006 Asa Yewa North Female Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Dec, 2006 Asa Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Oct, 2006 Igbo Nla Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2007 Igbo Nla Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2007 Igbo Nla Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Dec, 2008 Asa Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Nov, 2008 Ibeku Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Dec, 2008 Moro Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Dec, 2008 Komi Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Nov, 2008 Komi Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Oct, 2008 Asa Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2008 Ibore Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2011 Igan-Alade Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2011 Kodera Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2011 Igan Alade Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Dec, 2011 Agbon Ojudu Yewa North Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2012 Owode Yewa Yewa North

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Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016 Sex of respondents Nature of attack Date Place of attack LGA Male Murdered by Fulani herdsmen Jan, 2012 Agbon Ojudu Yewa North

Indigenous institutions involved in conflict and Local Government area of Ogun State. The Sarkin natural resource management in pastoral Fulani were also found to represent the interest of communities pastoral communities in the event of court cases It was observed among the Fulani pastoral and arrangement for bail in case of Police arrest. communities that there existed two major local Sarkin Fulani are also called Ardo meaning leader institutions involved in conflict and natural and is interpreted as Seriki in Hausa language. resource management. These are Fulani Traditional Mawdo Council (FTC) and Fulani Herders Association This is another leadership institution (FHA). The FTC that exists in each pastoral identified among the Fulani pastoralists in the study community (for instance Eggua) of the study locations charged with the responsibility of locations was found to be a branch of Association controlling a camp of Fulani households or of Fulani Chiefs of Nigeria (AFCON), Ogun State community called wuro . Mawdo were found to be Chapter and is being led by Sarkin Fulani . The responsible for grazing route demarcation, study revealed that there existed six (6) pastoral establishment of grazing orbits and field restriction areas in the four (4) local government areas that the rules to prevent farm encroachment and intra and study covered. Each of the pastoral areas FTC is inter conflict among different natural resource user headed by Sarkin Fulani as indicated in Table 3. groups. Also, decision on task of cleaning, They were appointed by AFCON as traditional maintenance and rehabilitation as well as chiefs and leaders of pastoral areas where their restriction of cattle from entering the water major responsibility is to ensure order by enacting, resource to prevent cattle from directly drinking enforcing and monitoring regulations among all from the water points are the responsibility of the Fulani herdsmen on farming, grazing and social Mawdo. They also ensure that each household head relations to ensure genuine peace and foster conforms to rules associated with grazing of herds sustainable natural resource use. The Sarkin were on agricultural land to prevent farm encroachment discovered to be involved in negotiating with host and food and cash crop destruction which often community leadership (Oba and Baale) to secure generate hostilities between host farmers and access to land resources for any new pastoralist pastoralists. It was also observed that as part of wishing to establish a wuro in the areas. The local Mawdo responsibilities, they always organise and farmers see Chief and Oba as collaborators who encourage pastoralist in their wuro to participate in collect gratification from the Fulani herdsmen and host community social events such as annual grant them permission without adequate community day celebrations, and conferment of consultation with the real land owners. Local chieftaincy titles on important personalise by the farmers in these communities have always accused traditional rulers of the host communities . Mawdo the Fulani herdsmen of unwarranted trespassing also coordinate the collection and payment of since the herdsmen do not have grazing licence as required royalties and dues for land allocated to required by Section 6(b) of the Land Use Act. In different pastoral households residing in the wuro communities with high incidence of violent by the host Yoruba farmers. In each wuro, Mawdo conflict, the prevailing local institutions and ensures that daily living are kept peaceful and leadership structures were found to be weak and as sustainable by intervening in the cases of arrest such, they could not foster collective action process through provision of money or liaising with Sarkin for the promotion of peaceful and collaborative Fulani to secure bail, payment of compensation for coexistence between Fulani pastoralists and host crop damage in the event of farm encroachment by Yoruba farmers. The de facto structures for cattle and providing military defence against herds enforcement that prevail in these local communities raiding and banditry. like the Oba in Council, Baale in Council and Jawmu saare Seriki in Council have almost collapsed and This is a leadership institution among investigation shows that the local community Fulani pastoralists and the name is used to members no longer have trust in the efficacy of represent the head of the household. It is these local institutions as far as ensuring peace and interpreted as Megida in Hausa language. The cooperative behaviour are concerned among the study found out that among the Fulani Ibile, Fulani herdsmen and host farmers. This is what has pastoral heads of household are regarded as Dotido. accounted for high incidence of violent conflicts The structure of the family in pastoral communities that prevail in these communities such as Ohunbe, is the polygynous extended type consisting of the Ibeku, Asa, Oja-Odan, Agbo-ojodu, Adesina man (the husband, his wives and unmarried village, Korole, Igan-Alade, Imoto, Iselu, Abule children). The man (the husband) as the eldest of Idi, Igbooro, Gbokoto-Isale, Owode ketu and many the men in the polygnous extended family is the others, all in Ketu constituency of Yewa North Jawmu saare. The study observed that the

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dissemination, monitoring and enforcement of become very challenging as the two major grazing field, orbit and route restriction rules determinants of grazing distance: water and pasture emerging out of the land and forest demarcation become much scarce. The scarcity of pasture and exercise carried out by leadership institutions water during the dry season forces the herdsmen to (Sarkin Fulani and Mawdo ) are the primary extend farther their grazing distance thereby responsibility of Jawmu saare (Dotido ). This study making it difficult if not impossible for Jawmu also discovered that Jawmu saare in pastoral saare to monitor and enforce collective rules and communities invested less efforts in monitoring regulations which are necessary in achieving the and enforcing grazing restriction rules during the prevalence of sustainable natural resources and wet season because settled Fulani herdsmen keep peace in pastoral communities. their cattle close to their communities. This is done The Jawmu saare is the one responsible to easily supervise grazing as pastures are readily for the collection of dues and royalties at the available and to avoid farm encroachment, since household level and whatever he has collected is most farms in the open fields will now be planted remitted to Mawdo anytime all household heads with crops. It is only during the dry season that meet with Mawdo . This meeting is usually held at monitoring and enforcement of grazing restriction the end of Friday prayer meeting called Jumat . rules by Jawmu saare in pastoral communities

Table 4: Locations of Sakin Fulani , Association of Fulani Chiefs of Nigeria Ogun state chapter Title Area Location L.G.A S/F Abeokuta/ Km 6, Ayetoro Road, Allah Day Cattle Market Abeokuta North Imala & Ranch Rounda, Abeokuta S/F Eggua Eggua, Ketu Constituency Yewa North S/F Atokun Atokun, Isokan Constituency Yewa North S/F Alabata Alabata/Opeji Odeda S/F Iwoye Iwoye Ketu S/F Afon Afon Imeko Afon Legend: S/F Means Sarkin Fulani

Test of study hypothesis conflict management. A wide range of literature in Test for relationship between local rules which there has been extensive discussion of the and conflict management. Result of this hypothesis significant relationship between indigenous ‘There is no significant relationship between local institutions for fostering collective action and rules (customary rules and regulations, grazing management of conflict exists (Fabusoro and field restriction rules & regulation on payment of Sodiya, 2011; Desalegn et al., 2007; Fokou and royalties and dues) and conflict management Landolt 2005; Haller, 2005; Beller and Freid 2005; (conflict resolution and transformation) was tested Gebremedhin et al ., 2004 and Ostrom, 2000). using Spearman Rho and the results presented in These local rules serve as internal constraints Table 5. The significant of the relationship was restricting local communities’ members in the way determined at 0.01 significant levels. Findings they compete in the use of natural resources. Local indicate that there is a positive relationship between institutions consisting of rules, regulations, values, local rules and conflict management (r= 0.252, norms among others promote cooperative p<0.01). The hypothesis was therefore rejected and behaviour through conflict resolution and the other alternate hypothesis accepted that “there transformation among rural resources users. is significant relationship between local rules and

Table 5: Test of relationship between local rules and conflict management Variables r-value p-value Decision Relationship between local rules and conflict 0.252** 0.00 Significant management ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS valued land resources that are limited in supply. Drawing from the findings of the study, The nature and intensity of these conflicts and conflicts (deaths, abduction of humans and water pollution vary from one study location to the animals, police arrest, court cases and many others) other. Fulani pastoralists and host farmers have and pollution of source of drinking water were variously responded by evolving indigenous found to be the consequences of incompatible institutions for fostering collective action to pursuit of socio-economic activities by two address the interlinked challenges of the conflict, opposing social and occupational groups using welfare and environment. Evidences from the

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Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology Vol. 16, No. 3, 2016 study, show that local institutions for building Albert, I. O. (2010). Ethnicity and herdsmen- collective action in the management of conflict and farmers” Conflicts in Oke-Ogun, Oyo water pollution such as Sarkin Fulani, Mawdo and State in Albert, I. O. and Olaniyi N. Jawmu saare embedded with tradition ( aldu ), laws Olarinde (Eds) Trends and Tensions in (doka ) and justice ( sharia ) are important for the Managing Conflicts. John Archers maintenance of peace and sustainable land (Publishers Ltd) Ibadan, Nigeria. resources use among the Fulani pastoralists. Babbie, E. R. (1988). Methods of Social Research. The achievement of peace and sustainable Allen and Unwin, New York. 463. land resources is dependent on viable collective Desalegn, C. E. Seleshi, B. A. Regassa, E. M. action processes that can be incapacitated if efforts Mukand, S. B. and Ashim, D. G. (2007). are not made by natural resource user groups to Indigenous Systems of Conflicts deal with the threats of collective action problems Resolution in Oromia, Ethiopia in eds and challenges. These can be achieved through the B.vanKoppeu, M. Giordano and J. Butter following: worth: Community-based water law and 1. Extending advisory services to both Water Resource Management. CAB settled Fulani and host farmers leadership International. institutions on capacity building in FAO (1997). Agricultural Food and Nutrition in institutional design; Africa. Food and Agricultural 2. Leadership training in monitoring, Organisation of United Nations, Rome, 85 enforcement and sanctions be provided to - 90. settled Fulani agro-pastoralists, host Fabusoro, E. (2006). Property Rights. Access to Yoruba farmers and migrant farmers; Natural Resources and livelihoods security 3. Trainings on collective action processes among settled Fulani Agro-Pastoralists in and tools should be provided to settled South Western Nigeria. Technical Fulani agro-pastoralists, Yoruba farmers research report submitted to International and migrant farmers leadership institutions foundation for science , stuckholm in various pastoral communities; December. 4. Development of designated areas for Fabusoro, E. (2009). Use of collective Action for Fulani agro-pastoralists to settle with land accessibility among settled Fulani provision of infrastructures and agro-pastoralist in South West Nigeria. demarcation of grazing routes as well as Sustainability Science , 4(2) 199 - 213. formulation of land use policy for pastoral Fabusoro, E. and Sodiya, C. L. (2011). Institutions areas in the four LGAs in Ogun State; for collective Action among settled Fulani 5. Fulani pastoralists should be supported by Agro-Pastoralists in South West Nigeria. government to develop mini-earth dams Journal of Agricultural Education and into which water would be collected Extension . 17 (1), 53-68. during the raining season and made Fokou, G. and Landolt, G. (2005). “We have available for their herds during the dry Democracy”: The Impact of Institutional season. Change on the Logone Floodplain, Cameroon. In the Common Property REFERENCES Resource Digest No. 74 Quarterly Adebayo, K., Fabusoro, E. and Fapojuwo, E. O. Publication of the International (2008). Factors determining Selective Association for the Study of Common Adoption of the Cassava Grater and Screw Property Sept. 4 – 5. Press in Southwest Nigeria. International Gebremedhin, B. Pender, J. and Tesfay, G. (2004): Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Science, Collective action for grazing land Environment and Technology. 3(1), 40 - management in crop-livestock mixed 51. systems in the highlands of northern Adebayo, O. and Olaniyi, O. (2008). Factors Ethiopia. Agr Syst 82 (3). 273 - 290. associated with Pastoral and Crop Farmers Haller, T. (2005). Institution for the management of Conflict in Derived Savannah Zone of common pool resources in African flood Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Human pains: The African flood pain and wet Ecology , 23 (1) 71 - 74. land project (AFWEP) in The common Akinyoade, D. (2012). Internvention- Content property resource digest. No.74. interact perspective: Measuring impact in Kadiri, W. A. (2013). The heart and soul of terms of conflict situation. In Peace, humanity: Planning, People and Princes. Security and Development in Nigeria First Premiere Lecture, Moshood Abiola (Eds) by Albert, I.O., Eselebor, W.A. and Polytechnic, Abeokuta. Fadeyi Press Danjibom N.D. John Archers Publishers. Mushin, Nigeria.

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