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(West) Africa: the Yoruba of Nigeria and Benin in Perspective

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(West) Africa: the Yoruba of Nigeria and Benin in Perspective Durham E-Theses Implications of Colonially Determined Boundaries in (West) Africa: the Yoruba of Nigeria and Benin in Perspective KEHINDE, MICHAEL,OLUJIMI How to cite: KEHINDE, MICHAEL,OLUJIMI (2010) Implications of Colonially Determined Boundaries in (West) Africa: the Yoruba of Nigeria and Benin in Perspective, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/496/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 IMPLICATIONS OF COLONIALLY DETERMINED BOUNDARIES IN (WEST) AFRICA: THE YORUBA OF NIGERIA AND BENIN IN PERSPECTIVE MICHAEL OLUJIMI KEHINDE PHD THESIS 2010 1 2 IMPLICATIONS OF COLONIALLY DETERMINED BOUNDARIES IN (WEST) AFRICA: THE YORUBA OF NIGERIA AND BENIN IN PERSPECTIVE Kehinde, Michael Olujimi A Thesis in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Durham School of Government and International Affairs 2010 3 ABSTRACT This study analyses the Nigeria – Benin international boundary, around the Yoruba geo-cultural space. The primary research question, which the study is centred on, is the assessment of the impact of partition on the Yoruba identity and group relations The study relies on the multidisciplinary approach in the analysis of the boundary and the people it partitions. Multidisciplinarity is particularly required for such a study as this in order to accommodate the various nuances, which a specific disciplinary approach would not be able to adequately cater for. The methodology utilised in answering the research question was the historicised case-study, which relied on field work in the specific borderland communities astride the Nigeria – Benin boundary as well as archival research. It also relies on a content analysis of the news media as well as government publication. The secondary sources of data are collected from extant literature on the theme of African boundaries. The study finds that contrary to the expectation in the research literature that the partition would have a disruptive effect on the Yoruba, the peculiar characteristics of the group created a buffer, which resisted change. Thus, the Yoruba identity has remained relatively unscathed by the forces of colonisation and contrasting socialisation processes. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGES............................................................................................................1 ABSTRACT…..............……………………………………………………………..4 TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………5 LIST OF ABBREVIATION………………………………………………………...9 LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………...……………....11 LIST OF MAPS…………………………………………………………...………....12 DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………13 STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT…………………………………………………...14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………..15 DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………18 CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………19 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 199 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 199 1.2 Statement of Problem………………………………………………………20 1.3 Justification of Study………………………………………………………23 1.4 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………24 1.5 Structure of the Study……………………………………………………...25 CHAPTER TWO………………………………………..…………..……………...28 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………28 2.1 Introduction and Origin of Boundaries………………………………………27 2.2 Approaches to Boundaries…………………………………………………...39 2.21 The Structuralist Approach…………………………………………………..40 2.22 The Functionalist Approach………………………………………………….41 2.3 Determination of African Boundaries………………………………………..48 2.4 Evolution of Boundaries in West Africa………….………………………….60 2.5 The Yoruba Geo-Cultural Space……………………………………………..69 2.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...72 CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………….…….77 METHODOLOGY……………………………………………..……………….….77 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….77 3.2 Primary Data………………………………………………………………....80 5 3.3 Secondary Data……………………………………………………………...87 3.4 Study Design………………………………………………………………...88 3.5 Methodology…………………………………………………………….......88 3.51 Participant Observation………………………………………………...……90 3.52 Oral Tradition………………………………………………………………..91 3.6 Limitation of Study………………………………………………………….92 3.7 Structure of Chapters and Research Question……………………………….93 CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………………………….95 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: WEST AFRICA BEFORE AND AFTER THE PARTITION AND PARTITIONING THE YORUBA................................95 4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................95 4.2 West Africa Before the Partition.....................................................................96 4.3 The Scramble and the Partition of West Africa............................................103 4.31 Rationale for the Scramble............................................................................105 4.4 Making the African Boundary......................................................................107 4.41 Boundaries Established by International Conventions.................................108 4.42 Unilaterally Determined Boundaries............................................................110 4.5 Who are the Yoruba?....................................................................................114 4.6 Pre-colonial Yoruba and the Prevailing Conditions Prior to Colonial Rule.122 4.61 Oyo...............................................................................................................123 4.62 Ketu..............................................................................................................125 4.63 Sabe..............................................................................................................126 4.64 Ifonyin..........................................................................................................128 4.7 The Eve of Colonial Rule in Yorubaland.....................................................129 4.8 Partitioning the Yoruba................................................................................131 4.81 Colonising the Yoruba; the British and the French......................................134 4.9 Conclusion....................................................................................................136 6 CHAPTER FIVE...................................................................................................138 CLASH OF 'CIVILISATIONS': STATE RATIONALITY VERSUS GROUP SUBJECTIVITY................................................................................................. ..138 5.2 consolidation of Colonial Possessions..........................................................138 5.21 The French and Yoruba Traditional Authority.............................................140 5.22 The British and Yoruba Traditional Authority.............................................146 5.3 Contrasting Administration and Socialisation..............................................149 5.4 Reactions of the Yoruba to the Partition and Colonisation..........................153 5.41 Migration as Revolt......................................................................................156 5.42 Smuggling....................................................................................................161 5.5 Impact on the Yoruba Identity....................................................................165 5.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................185 CHAPTER SIX......................................................................................................189 INDEPENDENCE: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE?......................................189 6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................189 6.2 Boundary Regime and National Consolidation: the OAU Recipe..............192 6.21 The Making of the Solemn Declaration.......................................................194 6.3 The Nigeria - Benin Boundary - Official Discourse....................................200 6.31 Formal Interstate Relations - The First Phase..............................................201 6.32 The Second Phase of Interstate Relations....................................................208 6.33 The Third Phase of Interstate Relations.......................................................215 6.4 Analysis of Findings.....................................................................................221 6.5 'UnofficialOfficial' Discourse of the Border.................................................226 6.6 Conclusion....................................................................................................235 7 CHAPTER SEVEN..............................................................................................237 WEAK STATES
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