LEARNING HEBREW the Alphabet
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Structure and Meaning in Lamentations Homer Heater Liberty University, [email protected]
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Liberty University Digital Commons Liberty University DigitalCommons@Liberty University Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate Faculty Publications and Presentations School 1992 Structure and Meaning in Lamentations Homer Heater Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, History of Religions of Eastern Origins Commons, History of Religions of Western Origin Commons, Other Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Heater, Homer, "Structure and Meaning in Lamentations" (1992). Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 283. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lts_fac_pubs/283 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary and Graduate School at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Structure and Meaning in Lamentations Homer Heater, Jr. Professor of Bible Exposition Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas Lamentations is perhaps the best example in the Bible of a com bination of divine inspiration and human artistic ability. The depth of pathos as the writer probed the suffering of Zion and his own suf fering is unprecedented. Each chapter is an entity in itself, a com plete poem.1 The most obvious literary device utilized by the poet is the acrostic; that is, poems are built around the letters of the alpha bet. -
ב Bet ה Heh ו Vav ט Tet י Yod ך מ Mem ם
Exercise 1A: Writing the Hebrew Square Script Using the examples at the right, practice writing out the Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. Be sure to accurately reflect the position of the letter in relation to the base line. Boxes are used to indicate final forms. Letter Name aleph א aleph bet ב bet gimel ג gimel dalet ד dalet heh ה heh vav ו vav zayin ז zayin .het ח ḥet tet ט tet yod י kaph כ yod ך kaph final kaph lamed ל mem מ lamed ם mem 3 Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script final mem Letter Name nun נ ן nun final nun samek ס samek ayin ע pe פ ayin ף pe final pe tsade צ ץ tsade final tsade qoph ק qoph resh ר resh שׂ sin sin shin ׁש shin tav ת tav NAme: __________________________________________________ Exercise 1A: Writing tHe Hebrew SquAre Script 4 Exercise 1B: Reading Proper Names In this exercise you will practice identifying the Hebrew consonants by reading familiar proper names. Write the English name in the space to the left of the Hebrew name. Since the alphabet has no vowels, you will have to provide vowel sounds to recognize each word. Start by trying an “a” vowel between each con- sonant. The “a” vowel is the most common vowel in Hebrew and, while it will not always be the correct one, it should help you recognize these names. לבן Laban יעקב אסתר אברהם עבדיה יצחק יחזקאל יׂשראל דוד רבקה נחמיה נבכדנאזר ירבעם ירדן מרדכי מׁשה דברה גלית יׁשמעאל עׂשו 5 Exercise 1B: ReAding Proper NAmes Exercise 1C: Hebrew Cursive (Optional) Using the examples shown, practice writing out the cursive Hebrew characters on the lines provided for you. -
Section a Alphabet and Vocabulary
BLF 1: The Hebrew Alphabet Section A Alphabet And Vocabulary © 2000-2015 Timothy Ministries Page A - 1 BLF 1: The Hebrew Alphabet HBRW Th lphbt s hrd t mstr; Rdng bck t frnt's dsstr. Nlss h's rd the clssfds, whr trth, bbrvtd hds, th wld-b rdr f the Bbl, prsntd wth th txt, s lbl t trn nd rn wth shrks nd hwls- th Hbrw Scrptrs hv n vwls! AN ALEPH-BET SONG G C G Am G D G G C G Am G D G Aleph Bet Gimel Dalet, Hey Vav (Hey Vav), Zay'n Het Tet, Yod Kaf Lamed, Mem Nun (Mem Nun) a b g d h w h w z j f y k l m n m n G C G C G Am G D G Am G D G Samech Ay'n Pe, Tsade Qoph Resh, Shin Tav (Shin Tav) Shin Tav (Shin Tav). s [ p x q r v t v t v t v t Aleph Bet Gimmel Dalet, Hey Vav (Hey Vav), Zay'n Het Tet, Yod Kaf Lamed, Mem Nun (Mem Nun) Samech Ay'n Pey, Tsade, Qoph, Resh, Shin Tav (Shin Tav) Shin Tav (Shin Tav). © 2000-2015 Timothy Ministries Page A - 2 BLF 1: The Hebrew Alphabet Alphabet Chart: Letter Name Pronunciation Print Block Script 1 Aleph Silent letter a a . 2 Bet B as in Baal, B ·b V as in Vine b b 3 Gimel G as in Gehenna g g 4 Dalet D as in Delilah d d 5 Hey H as in Hallelujah h h 6 Vav V as in Vanity w w 7 Zayin Z as in Zion z z 8 Het* CH as in BaCH j t 9 Tet T as in Talent f f 10 Yod Y as in Yiddish y y K as in Kish ] . -
The Hebrew Alef-Bet
The Hebrew Alef-Bet There are 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet (alef-bet); five letters have two forms – one form if it appears at the beginning or middle of a word, and a different form when it is the final letter in the word. (Remember that Hebrew was originally written without any punctuation, vowels or even spaces between the words – these five letters would give some “signposts” through that text to periodically identify the end of a word. Even today, Israeli newspapers have no punctuation nor vowels, although they do separate the words). Therefore, there are 27 unique letters in the Hebrew alef-bet. Hebrew started as a picture language – the letters were pictures of the item or concept they stood for. For example, the second letter “bet” B was used to represent a house – and it looks like a lean-to dwelling. The 18th letter “tzaddi” c represents righteousness – and looks like a person kneeling in prayer. Because of the pictorial origins of the alef-bet, each of the 22 letters has a specific meaning as shown below: 1. Zx Alef - God is Creator & King 12. l Lamed - Teaching & Learning 2. B Bet -House or Temple 13. m Mem - Water, Revealed, Concealed 3. g Gimel –Loving Kindness, 14. n Nun - Faithfulness, Soul, Culmination Emergence, condemnation 4. d Dalet –Door, Path or Way 15. s Samech - Support, Divine Presence 5. h Hay –Spirit, Breath of God 16. f Ayin - Sight, Insight 6. V Vav –Completion, Redemption 17. P Peh - Mouth, Speech 7. z Zayin –Focal point of Sustenance, 18. -
Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph
Psalms 119 & the Hebrew Aleph Bet - Part 18 TZADDI The eighteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet is called “Tsade” or “Tzaddi” (pronounced “tsah-dee”) and has the sound of “ts” as in “nuts.” Tzaddi has the numeric value of 90. In modern Hebrew, the letter Tzaddi can appear in three forms: Writing the Letter: TZADDI Note that the second stroke descends from the right and meets the first stroke about halfway. Note: In the past, Tzaddi sometimes was transliterated using “z” (producing spellings such as “Zion”) and in some academic work you might see it transliterated as an “s” with a dot underneath it. It is commonly transliterated as “tz” (as in mitzvah) among American Jews. The letter Tzaddi (or Tsade), in pictograph, looks something like a man on his side (representing need), whereas the classical Hebrew script (Ketav Ashurit) is constructed of a (bent) Nun with an ascending Yod. (See the picture on the left.) Hebrew speakers may also call this letter Tzaddik (“righteous person”), though this pronunciation probably originated from fast recitation of the Aleph-Bet (i.e., “Tzade, Qoph” -> “tsadiq”). “The wicked man flees though no one pursues, but the righteous are as bold as a lion,” Proverbs 28:1. “And I will betroth thee unto Me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto Me in Righteousness, and in Judgment, and in Lovingkindness, and in Mercies. I will even betroth thee unto Me in Faithfulness: and thou shalt know Yahweh,” Hosea 2:19-20. Tzaddi Study Page 1 Spiritual Meaning of the Tzaddi Tzaddi = TS and 90 and means “STRONGHOLD”, “FISHER”, “THE WAY” and “RIGHTEOUS SERVANT” TZADDI is almost the same as the word for “A RIGHTEOUS MAN” – TZADDIK. -
The Alphabet
Lesson One: The Alephbet Objectives • to learn the name of each letter • to learn the sequence of the letters • to learn the shape of the letters in book print and cursive • to learn the pronunciation of each letter • to be introduced to the four (five) guttural letters, the daghesh, the six begedkephet letters, the three emphatic letters and the five final letters The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet zero Terminology Gutturals Originally pronounced in the throat Terminology Gutturals Cannot double Terminology Gutturals Affect vowels around them The Alephbet The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d He h Vav v Zayin z Het ch in loch The Alephbet Aleph zero Bet v b Gimel g in good Dalet d -
Four Judean Bullae from the 2014 Season at Tel Lachish
Klingbeil Et Al. Four Judean Bullae from the 2014 Season at Tel Lachish Martin G. Klingbeil, Michael G. Hasel, Yosef Garfinkel, and Néstor H. Petruk The article presents four decorated epigraphic bullae unearthed in the Level III destruction at Lachish during the 2014 season, focusing on the epigraphic, iconographic, and historical aspects of the seal impressions. Keywords: Lachish; Iron Age IIB; West Semitic paleography; ancient Near Eastern icono- graphy; grazing doe; Eliakim; Hezekiah uring the second season of The Fourth Expedi- a series of rooms belonging to a large Iron Age build- tion to Lachish (June–July 2014),1 four deco- ing were excavated.2 The Iron Age building lies just to D rated epigraphic bullae, two of them impressed the north of the northeast corner of the outer courtyard’s by the same seal, were found in Area AA (Fig. 1) where supporting wall of the Palace-Fort excavated by the Brit- ish expedition led by James L. Starkey (Tufnell 1953) and 1 The Fourth Expedition to Lachish is co-sponsored by The In- the Tel Aviv University expedition led by David Ussish- stitute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the kin (2004). This specific location has significance based Institute of Archaeology, Southern Adventist University under the di- rection of Yosef Garfinkel, Michael G. Hasel, and Martin G. Klingbeil. on the excavations in and around the “Solar Shrine” by Consortium institutions include The Adventist Institute of Advanced Yohanan Aharoni (1975) in the 1960s. Studies (Philippines), Helderberg College (South Africa), Oakland The bullae were stored in a juglet found in a room University (USA), Universidad Adventista de Bolivia (Bolivia), Vir- (Square Oa26) located in the southwestern part of the ginia Commonwealth University (USA), and Seoul Jangsin University Iron Age building (Fig. -
Grammar Chapter 1.Pdf
4 A Modern Grammar for Biblical Hebrew CHAPTER 1 THE HEBREW ALPHABET AND VOWELS Aleph) and the last) א The Hebrew alphabet consists entirely of consonants, the first being -Shin) were originally counted as one let) שׁ Sin) and) שׂ Taw). It has 23 letters, but) ת being ter, and thus it is sometimes said to have 22 letters. It is written from right to left, so that in -is last. The standard script for bibli שׁ is first and the letter א the letter ,אשׁ the word written cal Hebrew is called the square or Aramaic script. A. The Consonants 1. The Letters of the Alphabet Table 1.1. The Hebrew Alphabet Qoph ק Mem 19 מ Zayin 13 ז Aleph 7 א 1 Resh ר Nun 20 נ Heth 14 ח Beth 8 ב 2 Sin שׂ Samek 21 ס Teth 15 ט Gimel 9 ג 3 Shin שׁ Ayin 22 ע Yod 16 י Daleth 10 ד 4 Taw ת Pe 23 פ Kaph 17 כ Hey 11 ה 5 Tsade צ Lamed 18 ל Waw 12 ו 6 To master the Hebrew alphabet, first learn the signs, their names, and their alphabetical or- der. Do not be concerned with the phonetic values of the letters at this time. 2. Letters with Final Forms Five letters have final forms. Whenever one of these letters is the last letter in a word, it is written in its final form rather than its normal form. For example, the final form of Tsade is It is important to realize that the letter itself is the same; it is simply written .(צ contrast) ץ differently if it is the last letter in the word. -
Old Phrygian Inscriptions from Gordion: Toward A
OLD PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONSFROM GORDION: TOWARD A HISTORY OF THE PHRYGIAN ALPHABET1 (PLATES 67-74) JR HRYYSCarpenter's discussion in 1933 of the date of the Greektakeover of the Phoenician alphabet 2 stimulated a good deal of comment at the time, most of it attacking his late dating of the event.3 Some of the attacks were ill-founded and have been refuted.4 But with the passage of time Carpenter's modification of his original thesis, putting back the date of the takeover from the last quarter to the middle of the eighth century, has quietly gained wide acceptance.5 The excavations of Sir Leonard Woolley in 1936-37 at Al Mina by the mouth of the Orontes River have turned up evidence for a permanent Greek trading settle- ment of the eighth century before Christ, situated in a Semitic-speaking and a Semitic- writing land-a bilingual environment which Carpenter considered essential for the transmission of alphabetic writing from a Semitic- to a Greek-speakingpeople. Thus to Carpenter's date of ca. 750 B.C. there has been added a place which would seem to fulfill the conditions necessary for such a takeover, perhaps only one of a series of Greek settlements on the Levantine coast.6 The time, around 750 B.C., the required 1The fifty-one inscriptions presented here include eight which have appeared in Gordion preliminary reports. It is perhaps well (though repetitive) that all the Phrygian texts appear together in one place so that they may be conveniently available to those interested. A few brief Phrygian inscriptions which add little or nothing to the corpus are omitted here. -
A Midrash on Rotulus from Damira, Its Materiality, Scribe, and Date
29 2 Reading in the Provinces: A Midrash on Rotulus from Damira, Its Materiality, Scribe, and Date JUDITH OLSZOWY-SCHLANGER ÉCOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES, SORBONNE, PARIS 30 Judith Olszowy-Schlanger Reading in the Provinces: A Midrash on Rotulus from Damira, Its Materiality, Scribe, and Date 31 ‘A battlefield of books’: this is how Solomon Schechter described the mass of tangled and damaged manuscript debris when he entered the Genizah chamber of the Ben Ezra synagogue in Fustat (Old Cairo) in 1896 (fig. 2.1). This windowless room, together with similar caches in other synagogues and in the cemetery Basatin in Cairo, yielded over 350,000 fragments of manuscripts, kept today in more than seventy collections worldwide.1 Most of the fragments date from the Fatimid and Ayyubid periods: more than ninety-five percent come from books while the rest are fragments of legal documents, letters, and other pragmatic writings. They were preserved thanks to the long-standing Jewish tradition of disposing of old writings with particular respect, founded on the belief that Hebrew texts containing the name of God are sacred: rather than being destroyed or thrown away, worn out books and documents—both holy and trivial—were instead placed in dedicated space, a Genizah, to decay naturally without human intervention. This massive necropolis of discarded writings offers us unprecedented knowledge of Jewish life in Fig. 2.1 medieval Egypt in general and of Jewish book history in particular. Thousands of fragments are Solomon Schechter witnesses to the centrality of Hebrew books in liturgy, in professional activities, and in private at work in the Old University Library, life, as well as offering a mine of information about how these books were made and read: their Cambridge. -
Imperial Aramaic
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3273R2 L2/07-197R2 2007-07-25 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Preliminary proposal for encoding the Imperial Aramaic script in the SMP of the UCS Source: Michael Everson Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2007-07-25 1. Background. The Imperial Aramaic script is the head of a rather complex family of scripts. It is named from the use of Aramaic as the language of regional and supraregional correspondance in the Persian Empire though, in fact, the language was in use in this function already before that. The practice continued after the demise of the Persian Empire and was the starting-point for the writing-systems of most of the Middle Iranian languages, namely Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, Psalter Pahlavi, Book Pahlavi, and Avestan. Imperial Aramaic has many other descendents, including Mongolian and possibly Brahmi. The term, “Imperial Aramaic”, refers both to a script and to a language. As a script term, Imperial Aramaic refers to the writing system in use in the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires, and was used to write Aramaic, but also other languages. There is no script code for Imperial Aramaic yet registered by ISO 15924. As a language term, Imperial Aramaic refers to a historic variety of Aramaic, as spoken and written during the period roughly from 600 BCE to 200 BCE. The Imperial Aramaic language has been given the ISO 639 language code in “arc”. -
Revised Proposal to Encode Old Uyghur in Unicode
L2/20003R 20200216 Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode Anshuman Pandey [email protected] pandey.github.io/unicode February 16, 2020 Document History This proposal is a revision of the following: • L2/18126: “Preliminary proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode” • L2/18333: “Proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode” • L2/19016: “Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode” It incorporates comments made by the UTC Script Ad Hoc Committee and other experts in: • L2/18168: “Recommendations to UTC #155 AprilMay 2018 on Script Proposals” • L2/18335: “Comments on the preliminary proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode (L2/18126)” • L2/19047: “Recommendations to UTC #158 January 2019 on Script Proposals” • L2/20046: “Recommendations to UTC #162 January 2020 on Script Proposals” The major changes to L2/19016 are as follows: • Addition of letters for generic alephnun (§ 7.1.1), bethyodh (§ 7.1.2) for handling ambiguous readings • Inclusion of a baseline modifier for producing an ornamental terminal (§ 7.5) • List of characters not proposed for encoding (§ 5.2) • Tables showing comparisons of letterforms from various sources (tables 2–4) A previous version of this proposal was reviewed by the following experts: • Yukiyo Kasai (Centrum für Religionswissenschaftliche Studien, RuhrUniversität Bochum) • Dai Matsui (Graduate School of Letters, Osaka University) • Mehmet Ölmez (Department of Modern Turkic Languages and Literatures, Istanbul University) 1 Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode Anshuman Pandey 1 Introduction The ‘Uyghur’ or ‘Old Uyghur’ script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries across Central Asia for recording religious, literary, and administrative documents in Turkic languages, as well as Chinese, Mon golian, Sogdian, and Tibetan.