Une Histoire De La Science Arabe

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Une Histoire De La Science Arabe Ahmed Djebbar Une histoire de la science arabe Introduction à la connaissance du patrimoine scientifique des pays d’Islam ENTRETIENS AVEC JEAN ROSMORDUC Éditions du Seuil Il n’y a pas de divergence, parmi les gens sages et informés, sur le fait que les sciences, dans leur totalité, sont apparues selon la règle de l’accroissement et de la ramification et qu’elles ne sont pas limitées par une fin qui ne supposerait pas le dépassement. REMERCIEMENTS as-Samaw’al al-Maghribï (m. 1 175), Ce travail a été suivi pas à pas, lu et corrigé par Francine Livre sur le dévoilement des travers des astrologues, Auriol, Françoise Delaume et Catherine Elzière. Nous Ms. Leyde, University Library, Or 98, f. lb. tenons à les remercier vivement pour s’être acquittées de cette tâche ingrate et pour avoir fait bénéficier le livre de leurs corrections, de leurs remarques et de leurs sugges­ tions. Ce qui a permis d’en améliorer grandement le contenu, la formulation et la présentation. i s b n 2-02-039549-5 © Éditions du Seuil, mai 2001 Le Code de la propriété intellectuelle interdit les copies ou reproductions destinées à une utilisation collective. Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite par quelque procédé que ce soit, sans le consentement de l’auteur ou de ses ayants cause, est illicite et constitue une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles L.335-2 et suivants du Code de la propriété intellectuelle. www.seuil.com Carte de l’Empire musulman ~3T i \ loc aaun »^r.n« I*chkem FARGHANA • ,, • Samarkand Boukhara liesse ^ Nisibe Tabriz jUniabil ^ * Manv _Har?a$> BakirM \ >Balkh V%leP \ • viaragha Qazwin *^ayy % «Nichapur r t n ir \Antioche ^,Mo^ «soûl Hamadhan Q % • Hérat V* »—”• f i h » * Ghazna A«e> * * • Bagdad^ ^ , Ispahan T* landrie /•Jérusalem t Gundishapur .Yezd Le. Caire • V Kufa’ fa# Bassorah■ »,AhwaZ v ^ \ -Kirman > v • Chiraz iSiraf N , Détroit d Ormuz Tableau chronologique des différentes dynasties de rEmpire musulman (VIIIe-XIXe siècle) 14 Une histoire de la science arabe Introduction 15 que leurs contributions n’ont pas encore été publiées dans titative et qualitative de ces deux traditions scientifiques est les langues européennes. Enfin, en quatrième lieu, étant tout à fait incontestable. convaincus que la production scientifique n’est qu’une com­ Cela dit, et malgré notre volonté de présenter le maxi­ posante des activités d’une société donnée à différentes mum d’informations sur les sujets abordés, nous ne répon­ époques de son histoire et une étape dans la grande aventure drons pas à toutes les interrogations des lecteurs, non seule­ scientifique de l’humanité, nous avons constamment eu pour ment parce que nous ne connaissons pas tous ces sujets dans souci d’évoquer, dans la mesure du possible, les autres le détail, mais aussi, et surtout parce que, dans l’état actuel aspects relatifs à la civilisation qui ont accompagné ces acti­ de la recherche, de nombreuses questions (que nous-mêmes vités scientifiques. nous nous posons parfois) sont encore sans réponse. Nous Nous avons tenu compte du fait que les lecteurs de ce espérons que, dans les années à venir, nous pourrons non livre n’ont pas eu, dans leur grande majorité, la possibilité de seulement compléter et améliorer les informations présen­ se familiariser avec l’histoire de la civilisation arabo-musul- tées dans ce livre, mais également aborder des aspects nou­ mane, encore moins avec l’histoire de ses sciences, et, d’une veaux sur lesquels les recherches futures auront apporté au manière plus générale, avec les activités intellectuelles qui y moins un peu de lumière. Nous sommes en effet convaincus, ont été pratiquées durant des siècles. La situation s’est rela­ au vu du dynamisme actuel de la recherche sur l’histoire des tivement améliorée depuis l’introduction, il y a quelques sciences arabes, que, dans quelques années, certaines des années, dans les programmes et dans les manuels scolaires, réponses esquissées dans ce livre pourront être complétées, d’un certain nombre de chapitres sur l’Islam et sa civilisa­ enrichies et peut-être même révisées. Ce fut déjà le cas tion. Mais, à notre avis, cela reste en deçà de ce que l’on durant les deux dernières décennies, en particulier pour devrait connaître en France et en Europe sur le sujet. Aussi l’histoire de certains chapitres des mathématiques et de l’as­ avons-nous jugé utile de consacrer le premier chapitre de ce tronomie arabes, et il n’y a pas de raison pour que cela ne se livre à certains aspects liés aux contextes géographiques, reproduise pas dans l’avenir pour ces mêmes disciplines et sociaux, culturels, politiques et économiques dans lesquels pour d’autres. sont nées et se sont développées les sciences arabes, du IXe Par ailleurs, compte tenu du volume réduit de ce livre, au XVe siècle. nous avons été contraints de faire des choix et de nous limi­ En plus d’un certain nombre d’informations nouvelles qui ter à des exposés généraux sur des sujets concernant des dis­ manquent dans d’autres ouvrages de vulgarisation et qui ont ciplines relativement techniques, comme les mathématiques, été insérées dans ce livre, nous avons voulu apporter un la physique et l’astronomie. regard différent : évitant de se cantonner aux foyers scienti­ Nous avons préféré présenter la matière de ce livre sous fiques de l’Orient musulman, nous évoquons, d’une manière la forme d’un entretien, à la fois pour aérer l’exposé et pour développée, les contributions des autres centres, et plus par­ le rendre plus vivant. La forme retenue, en abrégeant parfois ticulièrement celles de l’Espagne et du Maghreb. Ces deux les développements, facilite dès lors l’introduction d’inter­ régions ont souffert de deux phénomènes : la faiblesse des rogations qui peuvent naître chez certaines catégories de lec­ recherches portant sur l’histoire de certaines activités scien­ teurs, comme nous avons pu le constater dans le cadre de nos tifiques attestées dans ces régions, et la persistance de pré­ activités tant culturelles que professionnelles. Dans un cer­ jugés sans fondement à la fois sur leurs contributions au tain nombre de cas, nous avons volontairement introduit des développement des activités intellectuelles en pays d’Islam commentaires ou des rappels afin de préciser les explica­ et sur l’originalité de certaines de ces contributions. Comme tions données et pour mieux les situer dans un contexte ou on le verra tout au long des pages à venir, l’importance quan­ dans une problématique dépassant le cadre de la civilisation 16 Une histoire de la science arabe Introduction 17 arabo-musulmane. D’une manière générale, nous pensons Nous aimerions que cette contribution puisse convaincre qu’il ne faut pas isoler les événements scientifiques de cette le public que la science arabe, qui ne se réduit pas aux civilisation des épisodes qui les ont précédés, et peut-être apports de quelques savants prestigieux, représente dans alimentés, comme de ceux qui en ont été le prolongement l’histoire de la science à l’échelle de l’humanité, non pas un naturel dans le cadre de l’histoire postérieure. épiphénomène, mais un chaînon spécifique dans un long Quant aux réponses aux questions, elles sont, à quelques processus. Héritière de presque toutes les traditions scienti­ exceptions près, relativement courtes et elles ne dépassent pas fiques qui l’ont précédée (et pas uniquement celle de la les limites des problèmes évoqués. Autrement dit, il ne s’agit Grèce), passage obligé vers les sciences ultérieures, elle pas d’un exposé détaillé sur le sujet suscité par chaque ques­ constitue l’une des phases importantes qu’a connues l’huma­ tion. Il est vrai que la compréhension parfaite de certaines nité dans sa quête obstinée de la vérité, cette quête qui a explications justifierait parfois de longs développements, démarré lentement dans la nuit des temps et qui s’est pour­ sous forme de paragraphes étoffés et structurés. Il nous était suivie à travers les traditions prestigieuses de la Chine, de possible de le faire pour tous les sujets relevant de nos acti­ l’Inde, de la Mésopotamie, de l’Égypte et de la Grèce (pour vités d’enseignement ou de recherche. Ce faisant, nous ris­ ne parler que de celles qui ont eu un lien attesté avec la tra­ quions néanmoins d’introduire un déséquilibre entre les dif­ dition scientifique arabe). férents thèmes, ce que nous avons jugé préférable d’éviter. Enfin, nous devons préciser que nous avons opté, volon­ Nous nous sommes également efforcés de répondre à tairement, pour une transcription internationale des lettres l’attente des lecteurs qui souhaiteraient approfondir leurs arabes (dans l’écriture des noms propres, des titres d’ouvrages connaissances sur tel ou tel sujet exposé brièvement dans le et de certains éléments de la terminologie scientifique arabe). livre. À leur intention, nous avons réservé les encadrés à des C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons donné, au début du informations techniques ou bibliographiques, et nous avons livre, un tableau de ces transcriptions avec leurs correspon­ regroupé, à la fin de chaque chapitre, les références de publi­ dances phonétiques. Cela pourra aider certains lecteurs qui cations spécialisées. Pour d’évidentes raisons de commodité, auraient à consulter des ouvrages spécialisés concernant telle nous avons privilégié les références bibliographiques écrites ou telle discipline traitée dans ce livre. en français et publiées en France. Bien sûr, nous n’avons pas Toujours par souci de rigueur, nous avons systématique­ sacrifié les références de base (publiées en allemand, en ment donné, pour les ouvrages arabes et ceux traduits en anglais, en arabe et en espagnol), que nous avons rassemblées arabe à partir du vme siècle, la transcription latine de leur titre dans la bibliographie générale.
Recommended publications
  • Mathematics in African History and Cultures
    Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar MATHEMATICS IN AFRICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA) Mathematics in African History and Cultures Second edition, 2007 First edition: African Mathematical Union, Cape Town, South Africa, 2004 ISBN: 978-1-4303-1537-7 Published by Lulu. Copyright © 2007 by Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar Authors Paulus Gerdes Research Centre for Mathematics, Culture and Education, C.P. 915, Maputo, Mozambique E-mail: [email protected] Ahmed Djebbar Département de mathématiques, Bt. M 2, Université de Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve D’Asq Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Cover design inspired by a pattern on a mat woven in the 19th century by a Yombe woman from the Lower Congo area (Cf. GER-04b, p. 96). 2 Table of contents page Preface by the President of the African 7 Mathematical Union (Prof. Jan Persens) Introduction 9 Introduction to the new edition 14 Bibliography A 15 B 43 C 65 D 77 E 105 F 115 G 121 H 162 I 173 J 179 K 182 L 194 M 207 N 223 O 228 P 234 R 241 S 252 T 274 U 281 V 283 3 Mathematics in African History and Cultures page W 290 Y 296 Z 298 Appendices 1 On mathematicians of African descent / 307 Diaspora 2 Publications by Africans on the History of 313 Mathematics outside Africa (including reviews of these publications) 3 On Time-reckoning and Astronomy in 317 African History and Cultures 4 String figures in Africa 338 5 Examples of other Mathematical Books and 343
    [Show full text]
  • The Correct Qibla
    The Correct Qibla S. Kamal Abdali P.O. Box 65207 Washington, D.C. 20035 [email protected] (Last Revised 1997/9/17)y 1 Introduction A book[21] published recently by Nachef and Kadi argues that for North America the qibla (i.e., the direction of Mecca) is to the southeast. As proof of this claim, they quote from a number of classical Islamic jurispru- dents. In further support of their view, they append testimonials from several living Muslim religious scholars as well as from several Canadian and US scientists. The consulted scientists—mainly geographers—suggest that the qibla should be identified with the rhumb line to Mecca, which is in the southeastern quadrant for most of North America. The qibla adopted by Nachef and Kadi (referred to as N&K in the sequel) is one of the eight directions N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW, depending on whether the place whose qibla is desired is situated relatively east or west and north or south of Mecca; this direction is not the same as the rhumb line from the place to Mecca, but the two directions lie in the same quadrant. In their preliminary remarks, N&K state that North American Muslim communities used the southeast direction for the qibla without exception until the publication of a book[1] about 20 years ago. N&K imply that the use of the great circle for computing the qibla, which generally results in a direction in the north- eastern quadrant for North America, is a new idea, somehow original with that book.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Arabic Sciences: a Selected Bibliography
    THE HISTORY OF ARABIC SCIENCES: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Mohamed ABATTOUY Fez University Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin A first version of this bibliography was presented to the Group Frühe Neuzeit (Max Planck Institute for History of Science, Berlin) in April 1996. I revised and expanded it during a stay of research in MPIWG during the summer 1996 and in Fez (november 1996). During the Workshop Experience and Knowledge Structures in Arabic and Latin Sciences, held in the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin on December 16-17, 1996, a limited number of copies of the present Bibliography was already distributed. Finally, I express my gratitude to Paul Weinig (Berlin) for valuable advice and for proofreading. PREFACE The principal sources for the history of Arabic and Islamic sciences are of course original works written mainly in Arabic between the VIIIth and the XVIth centuries, for the most part. A great part of this scientific material is still in original manuscripts, but many texts had been edited since the XIXth century, and in many cases translated to European languages. In the case of sciences as astronomy and mechanics, instruments and mechanical devices still extant and preserved in museums throughout the world bring important informations. A total of several thousands of mathematical, astronomical, physical, alchemical, biologico-medical manuscripts survived. They are written mainly in Arabic, but some are in Persian and Turkish. The main libraries in which they are preserved are those in the Arabic World: Cairo, Damascus, Tunis, Algiers, Rabat ... as well as in private collections. Beside this material in the Arabic countries, the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, the Biblioteca del Escorial near Madrid, the British Museum and the Bodleian Library in England, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the Süleymaniye and Topkapi Libraries in Istanbul, the National Libraries in Iran, India, Pakistan..
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Mathematics
    Islamic mathematics Bibliography of Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Civilization Version 13 January 1999. This bibliography is a revised, enlarged and updated version of the bibliography on Islamic mathematics by Richard Lorch on pp. 65-86 of Joseph W. Dauben's The History of Mathematics from Antiquity to the Present: A Selective Bibliography, New York and London: Garland, 1985. This bibliography of Islamic mathematics will appear as a chapter in the updated (1999?) version of Dauben's book which will be made available as a CD-Rom. Reactions and suggestions are very welcome, and can be sent to [email protected]. In this preliminary form, no attention has been paid to diacritical marks in Arabic names. The items in the bibliography have been numbered *1, *2, ... *122, *122a, *122b, *123 etc. and many cross-references have been provided. General Introduction Introductory Works Bibliographies and Handbooks Illustrated Works Texts and Commentaries (Specific Authors in Chronological Order) Studies on Specific Subjects Transmission of Mathematics Mathematics in Specific Areas in the Islamic World Arithmetic Irrational Magnitudes Algebra Number Theory, Indeterminate Equations and Magic Squares Geometry Trigonometry Timekeeping Interpolation, Tables, Analysis of Tables Cultural Context: Islamic Aspects Mathematical Astronomy and Astrology Instruments Mathematics, Art and Architecture Optics Geography Reprinted Works and Collections of Articles General Introduction file:///P|/Igitur%20archief_repository/PR&beleid%20Ig...bsites/HOGENDIJK/hogendijk_00_islamic_mathematics.htm (1 van 33)12-2-2007 14:36:27 Islamic mathematics Islamic mathematics and Arabic mathematics are modern historical terms for the mathematical sciences in Islamic civilization from the beginning of Islam (A.D. 622) until the 17th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Civilization: Astronomers, Mathematicians, Geographers
    Selected Astronomers, Mathematicians, Geographers, and Cartographers in Islamic Civilization A website list of astronomers, mathematicians, geographers and cartographers within Islamic civilization is compiled below, whose cultures came from the Middle East, Central Asia, Spain and North Africa during and after the classical age of Islam, with Muslim, Christian, Jewish, or Sabean faith backgrounds. The SALAM Library also has resource books with encyclopedic articles or essays about the topic. A more comprehensive glossary of scientists including the names below appears in Jim Al- Khalili’s The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance. New York: Penguin, 2011. Astronomers: Al- Battani - https://www.famousscientists.org/al-battani/ Al- Biruni - https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Biruni Al- Fadl ibn Nawbakht - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Naubakht Al- Farghani - http://www.muslimheritage.com/scholars/al-farghani Al- Fazari - http://www.muslimheritage.com/scholars/ibrahim-al-fazari Ibn al- Haythem - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham Masha’Allah (Manasseh) - http://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/843096 Ibn al- Shatir- http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095955504 http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Shatir_BEA.htm Al-Shirazi -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi Ibn Sina - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Avicenna Nasr al-Din al-Tusi- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nasir-al-Din-al-Tusi al –Urdi- http://www.muslimheritage.com/scholars/al-urdi
    [Show full text]
  • History of Islamic Science
    History of Islamic Science George Sarton‟s Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the “Introduction to the History of Science,” ”It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, Al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, ‘Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, ‘Ali Ibn ‘Isa al- Ghazali, al-zarqab,Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D.” Preface On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and Prayers be upon Him) died, having accomplished the marvelous task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous and powerful nation. In the interval, Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the whole North Africa, Gibraltar and Spain had been submitted to the Islamic State, and a new civilization had been established. The Arabs quickly assimilated the culture and knowledge of the peoples they ruled, while the latter in turn - Persians, Syrians, Copts, Berbers, and others - adopted the Arabic language. The nationality of the Muslim thus became submerged, and the term Arab acquired a linguistic sense rather than a strictly ethnological one. As soon as Islamic state had been established, the Arabs began to encourage learning of all kinds.
    [Show full text]
  • Too Many Cooks ... a New Account Oc the Earliest Muslim Geodetic Measurements
    Too Many Cooks ... A New Account oC the Earliest Muslim Geodetic Measurements O.A. King Table oC contents: Imroduction. 1: Ibn Yl1nus' account. 2: AI-BlriinT's account. 3: The account of J::labash. 4: The aceDunt of Ya.J:1ya ¡bu Aktham. 5: Concluding remarks. Appendix: Arabic texts. Bibliography and bibliographical abbreviations. Introduction The measurernenl of the length of ane degree 00 the meridian by astronomers cornmissioned by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mün in Baghdad ca. 830 is in ane sense well known, and in another, clouded in obscurity. Different versions ofthe observations are recorded by lbn Yünus (jI. Caico ca. 990) and al-Birilo! ifI. Central Asia ca. 1025), as well as by vacious Jatee writers. Particularly those versions in which two groups of aslronomers laden with inslruments are reported heading off in opposite directions along a meridian in the middle of the desert simply boggle the mind. There is a substantial secondary literature on these reports, including important eontributions by C. A. Nallino, S. H. Barani, A. SaYlh, E. S. Suh>.yl 1 (2(00) 208 D.A. King Kennedy, R. P. Mercier, and F. J. Ragep. I In (his paper these well-known accounts will be discussed, but only briefly, for my maio purpose is to present a new contemporaneous accoum of the measuremems. The earlies! Muslim latitude and longitude measuremems in Mecca and Baghdad, also commissioned by al-Ma'miin, are less well known, and (hey too are c10uded in obscurity. Untíl recently rhey were known only from pass.ing remarks by al-BTrünl,2 and ir was Aydm SaYlll who first drew attention to thar scholar's brief mentioo of the simultaneous lunar eclipse observations in the [wa eities.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Observatories
    A cursory review of Muslim Observatories Author: Salah Zaimeche BA, MA, PhD Chief Editor: Professor Salim Al-Hassani Editor: Professor Talip Alp Production: Ahmed Salem BSc Release Date: December 2001 Publication ID: 4020 Print Copy Price: £45.00 UK Copyright: © FSTC Limited 2001, 2002 FSTC Limited 9 Conyngham Road, Victoria Park, Manchester, M14 5DX, United Kingdom Web: http://www.fstc.co.uk Email: [email protected] A cursory review of Muslim Observatories December 2001 A CURSORY REVIEW OF MUSLIM OBSERVATORIES Famous Astronomers Most eminent Muslim astronomers include Al-Battani, al-Sufi, al-Biruni, and Ibn Yunus. Al-Battani (d 929) known to the Latins as Albategni or Albatenius was the author of the Sabian tables (al-Zij al-Sabi), a work which had great impact on his successors, Muslim and Christian, in equal measure.1 His improved tables of the sun and the moon comprise his discovery that the direction of the sun's eccentric as recorded by Ptolemy was changing. This, in modern astronomy, means the earth moving in varying ellipse.2 He also worked on the timing of the new moons, the length of the solar and sideral year, the prediction of eclipses, and the phenomenon of parallax, carrying us `to the verge of relativity and the space age,' Wickens asserts.3 Al-Battani also popularised, if not discovered, the first notions of trigonometrical ratios as we use them today.4 During the same period, Yahya Ibn Abi Mansour had completely revised the Zij of Almagest after meticulous observations and tests producing the famous Al-Zij al Mumtahan (the validated Zij).
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomers and Astrologers[Edit] Main Article: List of Muslim Astronomers Sind Ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khan
    Astronomers and astrologers[edit] Main article: List of Muslim astronomers Sind ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khani (1650-1707) Ibrahim al-Fazari (-777) Muhammad al-Fazari (-796 or 806) Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician (780-850 CE) Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) (787-886 CE) Al-Farghani (800/805-870) Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa) (9th century) Dīnawarī (815-896) Al-Majriti (d. 1008 or 1007 CE) Al-Battani (858-929 CE) (Albatenius) Al-Farabi (872-950 CE) (Abunaser) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (903-986) Abu Sa'id Gorgani (9th century) Kushyar ibn Labban (971-1029) Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900-971) Al-Mahani (8th century) Al-Marwazi (9th century) Al-Nayrizi (865-922) Al-Saghani (-990) Al-Farghani (9th century) Abu Nasr Mansur (970-1036) Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (10th century) (Kuhi) Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (940-1000) Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (940-998) Ibn Yunus (950-1009) Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040) (Alhacen) Bīrūnī (973-1048) Avicenna (980-1037) (Ibn Sīnā) Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (1029-1087) (Arzachel) Omar Khayyám (1048-1131) Al-Khazini (fl. 1115-1130) Ibn Bajjah (1095-1138) (Avempace) Ibn Tufail (1105-1185) (Abubacer) Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (-1204) (Alpetragius) Averroes (1126-1198) Al-Jazari (1136-1206) Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135-1213) Anvari (1126-1189) Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (-1266) Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274) Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311) Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (1250-1310) Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375) Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (1320-80) Jamshīd al-Kāshī (1380-1429) Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526-1585)
    [Show full text]
  • Binomial Coefficients and Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi
    Scientific Research and Essay Vol. 1 (2), pp. 028 -032, November 2006 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE ISSN 1992-2248 © 2006 Academic Journals Perspective Binomial coefficients and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Othman Echi Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Department of Mathematics, University Tunis-El Manar"Campus Universitaire", 2092,Tunis, TUNISIA. E-mail: [email protected],[email protected]. Accepted 3 November, 2006 A historical note is given about the scientist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi legitimating the introduction of a new concept related to binomial coefficients. Al-Tusi binomial coefficients and binomial formulas are introduced and studied. Key words: Binomial coefficients, binomial theorem, history of Mathematics. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL NOTE AND NOTATIONS Al-Tusi has wrote important works on Astronomy, logic, Mathematics and Philosophy. The first of these works, Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan ``Akhlaq-i nasiri", was written in 1232; it was a work on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was born in Tus, Khurasan (now, ethics which al-Tusi dedicated to the Isma'ili ruler Nasir Iran) in 17 February 1201 and died in Baghdad 25 June ad-Din Abd ar-Rahim. Al-Tusi was kidnaped by the 1274. Al-Tusi was one of the greatest scientists, mathe- Isma'ili Hasan Bin Sabah's agents and sent to Alamut maticians, astronomers, philosophers, theologians and where he remained until its capture by the Mongol physicians of his time. Al-Tusi was an Arabic scholar Halagu Khan. Impressed by Al-Tusi's exceptional abilities whose writings became the standard texts in several and astrological competency, Ilkhanid Halagu Khan disciplines for several centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Avrasya Dil Eğitimi Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2018, 2(2), 1-59
    Avrasya Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2018, 2(2), 1-59 Avrasya Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi Dergi Web sayfası: http://dergipark.gov.tr/ader ISSN 2651 - 5067 SELÇUKLULAR DÖNEMİ'NDE EĞİTİM VE BİLİM II Selçuklular Döneminde Bilim EDUCATION AND SCIENCE IN SELJUKS PERIOD II Science In Seljuks Period Mustafa ERGUN* *Prof. Dr., Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi Gönderilme Tarihi: 12.03.2018 Kabul Tarihi : 28.11.2018 Özet: Bu araştırmada öncelikli olarak Selçukluların tarih sahnesi çıkışı ve yaşadığı zaman dilimindeki etkililiği üzerinde durulmuş ardından Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ve devamında kurulan Suriye Selçukluları, Irak ve Horasan Selçukluları, Kirman Selçukluları ve Anadolu Selçukluları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Eğitim ve bilimde pek çok öncü kuruma sahip olan Selçuklular Dönemi’nde bu kurumlardaki eğitim ve bilimi etkileyen değerler incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Selçuklular, Eğitim, Bilim Abstract: In this research, primarily the issue of the history of the Seljuk State and its effectiveness during the time of its existence were discussed. Then, information was given about the Great Seljuk State and the following states Syrian Seljuks, Iraq and Khorasan Seljuks, Kirman Seljuks and Anatolian Seljuks that were established after the Great Seljuk State. In the Seljuk period, which has many leading 1 M. Ergun / Avrasya Dil Eğitimi ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 1-59 institutions in education and science, the values that affect education and knowledge in these institutions have been examined. Keywords: Seljuks, Education, Science Selçuklulardan önce yaşayan ve Selçuklu dönemi bilim çalışmalarını etkileyen bilim adamlarına ve çalışmalarına kısa bir bakış Yabancılardan etkilenme, Şam'da Emevilerin çöküşü ve 749'da Abbasilerin yönetimi ele geçirmeleri ile aynı tarihlere rastladı.
    [Show full text]
  • II Arabic/Islamic Mathematics
    6. Mathematics of Asian and Arabic civilizations — I I (Burton , 5.3, 5.5, 6.1 ) Due to the length of this unit , it has been split into two parts . Arabic /Islamic mathematics We have already mentioned that the term “Greek mathematics ” refers to a fairly wide geographic area and contributions of mathematicians of many nationalities . The same can be said about the mathematics associated to Arabic and Islamic cultures which flourished during the period from about 800 to 1500 , but the geographic area , the diversity of nationalities , and even the diversity of religions was much greater than in Greek mathematics . The geographic range included the entire Islamic world at the time, from Spain on the west to Uzbekistan on the east , many of the major figures had non – Arabic ethnic roots (for example , as elsewhere in Islamic culture , Persian contributions were very extensive) , and the role of Jewish scholars , largely in Spain , is particularly apparent (similar levels of participation and acceptance did not occur in mainstream European mathematics until the 19 th century) . When using phrases like “Arabic mathematics ” or “Islamic mathematics ” it is important to remember the geographic , ethnic and religious diversity of those who worked within this framework . In analogy with Greek mathematics , an important unifying factor is that Arabic was the language for most of the written output . Some Iranian bloggers have objected to terms like “Arabic mathematics ” or “Arabic science ” because they do not indicate the extremely important role of Persian scholars , and such complaints are perfectly understandable . Unfortunately , there is no simple way to describe this body of scientists that recognizes both its ethnic and religious diversity but fits easily into less than half of a single line , and in these notes we have chosen a frequently employed “abuse of language ” (with the preceding stipulation !) for the sake of conciseness .
    [Show full text]