1

Urban : Impact of Conflict on Daily Life

IOM • OIM 2

Executive Summary Under the heavy burden of daily attacks, killings and damage to infrastructure, Baghdad has suffered the most intense effects of violence and internal conflict since 2006. Tens of thousands of people were killed and more than one tenth of the city’s population of seven million was displaced. Families tended to move to areas where their religion or sect predominated, cementing social divides. The most vulnerable displaced families live in public buildings, old military encampments or improvised squatter settlements. 136 camps have been identified containing at least 48,000 families who have limited or no access to basic services and decent housing. Access to employment and housing is of particular concern for internally displaced families. Years of conflict and sanctions have caused problems with basic services throughout Baghdad. Housing shortages have led to overcrowding and less than a quarter of households have reliable access to drinking water. Prolonged power cuts further impact on living conditions. As the primary care-giver in the home, women are most affected by poor quality housing conditions. Baghdad’s youth and children have suffered from the conflict and the weak economy. 13% of youth have suffered harassment, threats or displacement. A quarter of youth are unemployed. Economic pressures within the family mean that 11% of children are forced to work. Since 2003, the establishment of military-controlled zones, lengthy strips of T-walls, road-blocks and checkpoints has interrupted movement along arterial roads linking the different areas of Baghdad. These barriers have created widespread congestion and made routine journeys longer, meaning that local residents prefer to shop, work and socialize within their neighbourhood. The lack of safe public spaces means that families have little respite from the pressures of daily life. Major recreation areas and facilities have been closed or off-limits since 2003. Open spaces normally used by families have become dumping sites or are filled with sewage and stagnant water. Since the height of the violence in 2006-2007 conditions in Baghdad have improved. Nearly a third of those displaced have returned and conflict related dealths have dropped considerably. Improved security has allowed greater freedom of movement and recreation in daliy life. Access to jobs and services remain a challenge.

Boy riding a bicycle beside a strip of T-walls Baghdad, 2010 (Jamal Penjweny) 3

Violence and Displacement moved within the city to areas where their religion During the height of the violence in in 2007, or sect predominates. Over 111,000 families in Baghdad suffered 45% of all casualties. In 2007 Baghdad – almost 700,000 people – have been alone, there were 10,463 conflict-related deaths displaced within Iraq since 2006. An additional in Baghdad, a far higher number of deaths than the total number covering the period since then 228,000 (7,907 from 2008 to March 2011).1 52% of people Refugee and IDP returnee individuals reported car bombings or suicide attacks in their local area as a serious concern and 68% of Baghdad residents described local security as “very bad”.2 366,000 IDP individuals 66,000 Over 10% of Baghdad’s population left the city or leaving IDP individuals Baghdad move to Baghdad

Casualties Casualties 15,000 50,000 families moving within Baghdad 10,000

5,000 At least 126,000 0 refugee individuals 7 Million 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 leaving Baghdad for other countries Total Baghdad Baghdad Rest of Iraq population

MAP 1: InternallyID PDsi slepalvianceg andd p aersonsrriving to Bleagahvdaingd Be alandidya ah rrAreiavsing IN Baghdad Beladiyah Areas à IDP squatter camps

IDP families destination IDP families leaving

IDP Families in Squatter Camps NAME # families # Camps Kadhamiyah 9 Nissan () 17,245 31 3,362 Adhamiyah 7,724 13 à Thawra 2 Doura 1,323 12 4,545 à à Thawra 1 Jihad / Baiya 904 9 à à 1,40à3 à Kadhamiyah 9,498 28 7,087 à à à àà à 20 Karada 3,019 16 7,324 à 3,180à 9à Nissan 402 5 à ààà (Nàew Baghdad) à à à 1,712 à à Mansour 1,339 9 ààà àà àà Rusafa 197 6 à ààààà à à à Thawra 1 165 2 àà à à à à à àà à à Rusafa àà Thawra 2 6,722 5 à à à à à à à 8,185 àà à 1,9à47 à Total 48,538 136 Mansour àà àà à à 3,988 à àà à 2,458 à à à Karkhà à àà à à à à àà à614 6,243 3,336 àà à 8,920 à Karada à à à Baghdad Beladiyah à ààà Overveiw Map à à 4,625 à à 2,133à Jihad / Baiya àà à Doura à àà à à à à à à à à à à 3,848 à à 2,244 13,347 à à àà12,825 àà àà Data Source: IOM / UNHCR / USMI 4

Reasons driving population to move out of Baghdad MAP 2: Reasons driving population to move out of Baghdad

Adhamiyah

5,700 Kadhamiyah

Direct threats of life

Forced displacement from property Thawra 2 Thawra 1 Other 9 Nissan Sectarian violence (New Baghdad)

General Violence Rusafa

Mansour Karkh

Karada

Jihad / Baiya Doura Baghdad Beladiyah Overveiw Map

Baghdad Governorate

Data source: IOM / USMI

126,000 Iraqis left Baghdad for other countries.3 result, the population of Baghdad shrank at the Most of those were displaced during the intense height of the violence. Since that time, about period of violence in 2006 and 2007 that followed 38,000 families have returned to Baghdad.5 the bombing of Al-Askari Mosque in . Within Baghdad, the net outflow of displaced Almost half (45%) of IDPs remained in Baghdad, people was greatest from Jihad/Baiya (57,000), while the rest fled to other parts of the country.4 In Doura (63,500) and Mansour (16,000). 9 Nissan addition, over this period, 11,000 families moved (New Baghdad) (25,000) and Thawra 1 (8,000) and from other parts of the country to Baghdad. As a Thawra 2 (8,300) areas saw the largest net inflows of displaced persons. The most vulnerable displaced families live in

Priority Needs of Baghdad’s IDPs Priority Needs of Baghdad's IDPs

81%

54% 40% 28% 17% 10% 5% Food Health Housing Assets Education Sanitation Water and and Water Legal help

Boy in Resafa district (UNHCR / H. Caux) Income and 5

Needs of IDPs in Baghdad MAP 3: Needs OF internally displaced persons in baghdad

Adhamiyah

Kadhamiyah 5,500

Thawra 2 Thawra 1 Shelter Food 9 Nissan Education (New Baghdad) Health Legal help Water and Sanitation Rusafa Income and Finance

Mansour Karkh

Karada

Baghdad Beladiyah Jihad / Baiya Overveiw Map Doura

Baghdad Governorate

Data source: IOM / USMI public buildings, old military encampments or Pressure on basic services crude group squatter settlements with hand-built Wars, sanctions and internal conflict have led to the houses located on publicly or privately owned deterioration of infrastructure and basic services land. 136 camps have been identified with at least throughout Baghdad. These include shortages of 48,000 families resident. People living in camps housing units and high levels of overcrowding. and public buildings have limited or no access 68% of Baghdad households say they have to decent housing structures, water, sanitation, insufficient rooms.6 Just 22% of households report electricity, clinics or hospitals. As a result, these IDP having a reliable water supply, particularly during families - particularly children and elderly people - the summer months.7 Electricity supplies have are at risk of serious health problems and chronic failed to keep up with rapidly increasing demand.8 illnesses. They are also at risk of being evicted at 60% of households in Baghdad were experiencing any time, creating constant stress. UNHCR field more than 11 hours of power cuts per day in 2007, teams report that families’ most urgent needs and the situation is reported to have deteriorated include access to food, education and a reliable further since.9 Running diesel generators has income. In addition, while fleeing many IDPs lost become common place to keep basic lighting, documents which are crucial to enjoying certain electrical appliances and refrigeration working in rights and accessing services. the home during power cuts. Families cited direct threats to life and general For families displaced to or within Baghdad the violence (armed conflict and an atmosphere of situation is worse than for the general population. insecurity) as the most common reasons for leaving Many struggle to find jobs and have difficulty their homes. Families tended to flee to areas where paying for rent and food: two thirds (67%) of their religion or sect predominates, where they felt displaced families cite access to work as a priority safer. This process has cemented social divides and need, and housing (61%) and food rations (57%) created city neighbourhoods spatially fragmented are also a priority.10 Those who have returned face along religious and secretarian divisions. problems, with families citing food rations (75%), 6

water (44%) and health (37%) as priority needs.11 old are enrolled in intermediate school, compared The scale of need is the greatest in 9 Nissan (New to 54% of boys.17 Baghdad), Mansour and Karada. In these locations, As the primary care-giver in the home, women are employment and finance are by far the biggest 12 most affected by poor quality housing and lack of needs. water and waste collection services as the time and effort involved in routine domestic work and young people and women childcare increases. The lack of education beyond Baghdad’s youth have suffered as a result of conflict primary level and prevailing cultural norms and the weak economy. 13% of Baghdadi youth mean that women are under-represented in the have received threats, or suffered harassment or workplace. 24% of Baghdadi women participate displacement due to their religious or sectarian in the labour force, compared to 78% of men.18 affiliation, the highest in Iraq.13 Young men and The limited participation of women outside the women have experienced sectarian and religious home is reflected in the high proportion (44%) divisions in different ways: 15% of young men have of young women who do not have friends from been harassed or threatened, compared to just 4% other religions or sects, compared to 17% of of young women.14 23% of youth are unemployed. young men.19 Economic pressures within the family mean that approximately 11% of children in Baghdad are Congestion and reduced mobility forced to work.15 Before 2003, a network of arterial roads crossed Women continue to face more barriers to the city linking neighbourhoods located in the education than men. Across the city, women are north and south, and on the west and east bank more likely than men to lack a primary education.16 of the . Cars and buses moved freely allowing Although primary school enrollment rates are now people easy access to places of work, education comparable, only 32% of girls aged 12-14 years and recreation. Since 2003, the establishment

Roads in#te#rr#upt#ed# b#y physical obstacles MAP 4: Roads interru# pted by p#hysical obstacles # # # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # # # SHAMASIYA QAHIRA ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! #! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! S!ADR! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! OUBAIDY ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! SADR Roads with limited access # # CITY 4 ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! CIT! Y 2! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ADHAMIYAH # ZAHRA # # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !# ! ! WAZIRIYA IDRISS!I ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Main Roads # MAGHRIB # SADR # # 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! CI!TY 1! ! ! ! ! ! ! #!# ! ! ! ! Bridge Overpass # MUSTANSIRYA # # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ATIFIYA # # # Road HBAlRoBcIYkA/ T-Walls Density # ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! !HURIYA # # # ## ! ! ! ! A!L !UL!U!M! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # 14 JULY # High Density # ! ! ! !#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # # # ! ! ! ! ! !#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! SALAAM FAJR ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !SH! E!IK!H! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # AL TIB # Medium Density # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! U!M!AR! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # BALADIAT ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # # # NEEL ! ! ! ! Low Density ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ## ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! # Checkpoint # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! SHEIKH # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! R! A!S!HE!E!D ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! K!E!EY!LA! N!I ! MAROUF ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! J!U#!MH! U!R!IYA! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ADL ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # # US Bas! e ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! US Base ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! 14 RAMADAN ! ! ! !KA! R!K!H ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !#! ! !#! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! !# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !#!##! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! N! ID!A!L ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! !MU!THA!NA! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !#! ! ! ZAYUNA # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # SHEIKH # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !##! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! M!UTA!NA#!BI ! ! ! ! JUNAID ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! !#! ! ! ! ! ! !#!SA! A!D!OU! N! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !SA!#L!H!IYA! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! KHADRA # AMIN # ## ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ## ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ANDALUS ## # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !AB! U! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! SU! ME!R # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !N!UW! A!S! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # AL-GHADIER ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ZAWA! R! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # # TASHREE # WEHDA ! ! ! M!ANS!OU!R ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #! ! ! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! AMERIYA # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! !# ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # # BAGHDAD KINDI ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! #! #! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! International Zone ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! AL JADIDA ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! RIYADH HATEEN KARADA ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! YARMOUK QADISIYA # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # Baghdad Beladiyah JANAIN ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! # Overveiw Map ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! BABIL # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !##! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 KANUN Adhamiyah # Thawra 1 ! ! ! ##! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kadhamiyah KARB Thawra 2 # # ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! US Base AAMEL 9 Nissan DE GLA Rusafa (New ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Baghdad) JAMIA Mansour Karkh # JAZEERA JIHAD BAYAA Jihad Karada DIYALA / Baiya Doura JAZA IR # # # ZAFARANIYA # # # SINDABAD # US Base MASAFEE SHURTA SAYDIYAH RISALAH # # 7

of secure military-controlled zones and bases, Reduced access to recreation facilities including the International Zone, has interrupted and spaces these main routes. As a security measure to control movements in and out of neighborhoods Nearly half the population of Baghdad cited poor experiencing sectarian violence, lengthy runs of quality environment as one of the key problems T-wall and road blocks prevent access for vehicles they have faced since 2003. They complain of from the secondary roads onto the main roads. leaking sewers, stagnant water, uncollected garbage and foul odours.20 All these barriers and diversions have created widespread congestion and made regular journeys Recreation space has an important role in urban longer in time and distance. Added to which, life particularly where housing is overcrowded lengthy waits at road blocks and checkpoints and lacks outside space. Many local open spaces, and the removal of parking areas at destination where families would have commonly walked or points further discourage people, particularly children played, have become dumping sites for during the summer months, from making garbage or in winter months collection areas for unnecessary journeys. Over time, the congestion sewerage and stagnant water. Recreation places and inconvenience has reduced the number and such as city parks and the stadium, and activities length of journeys people take, preferring instead such as walking along or boating on the Tigris to shop, work and socialize within their local have been either closed or off limits since 2003. neighbourhood. Four of the centrally located hotels used in the past for business, weddings and celebrations are now closed or used as safe areas for foreign businesses and media.

MAP 5: Recreational areas & establishments impacted by security measures Recreational areas & establishments impacted by security measures SADR ADHAMIYAH CITY 2 ZAHRA MAGHRIB WAZIRIYA IDRISSI SADR % CITY 3 ATIFIYA MUSTANSIRYA SADR CITY 1 AL ULUM HARBIYA 14 JULY HURIYA FAJR SALAAM AL TIB ñ SHEIKH UMAR NEEL BALADIAT

SHEIKH MAROUF ñ KEEYLANI RASHEED ADL JUMHURIYA US Base 14 RAMADAN US Base KARKH NIDAL ñ ñ MUTHANA ñ ²¶D ZAYUNA SHEIKH % MUTANABI JUNAID SALHIYA ²¶ % ²¶ SAADOUN KHADRA ²¶ AMIN ANDALUS D SUMER ²¶ D AL-GHADIER ABU ²¶D ²¶ ZAWAR NUWAS²¶ MANSOUR TASHREE WEHDA AMERIYA ²¶ BAGHDAD KINDI AL JADIDA ñ International Zone ñ ²¶ RIYADH KARADA ²¶ ²¶ HATEEN ²¶ YARMOUK QADISIYA

JANAIN ²¶ ²¶ BABIL 6 KANUN ²¶²¶ KARB US Base AAMEL DE GLA ²¶D Hotels not accessible JAMIA ²¶ Hotels BAYAA JAZEERA JIHAD ñ Museum/Theater/Art DIYALA Gymnasium/ Stadium US Base % Recreational area ZAFARANIYA JAZA IR SHURTA SINDABAD Bridge Overpass SAYDIYAH RISALAH MASAFEE Roads within Zones Source: IAU/ Iraq HIC 2003 http://www.globalsecurity.org Main Roads HADAR 8

Physical Obstacles to movement

Checkpoint: a physical obstacle on a main road manned by security personnel and designed to monitor movement.

Baghdad, 2010 (Jamal Penjweny)

Road block: is an unmanned low concrete barrier restricting movement along a road.

Baghdad, 2010 (Jamal Penjweny)

T-wall: an unmanned concrete slab 10-15 feet high, sometimes used in Iraq for blast protection. When placed alongside other similar slabs, it creates a wall physically blocking access.

Baghdad, 2010 (Jamal Penjweny)

The International Zone: a heavily-guarded diplomatic / government area in central Baghdad.

International Zone

(US Mission in Iraq) 9

UN Response will be further strengthened by incorporating the As part of the UN’s response plan in Iraq, a Sub- following recommendations: Priority Working Group on Housing has been 1. Formulating a city development strategy established where government, UN and NGOs plan addressing economic, environmental and spatial strategies and projects to address housing needs, development. This strategy should address including among IDPs and the most vulnerable. chronic housing shortages, city transport linkages This Group is co-chaired by HABITAT and UNHCR. and the potential for public transport, poor UN-HABITAT works with Ministries of the environmental practices among civil society and Government of Iraq, the Provincial Councils and the rehabilitation and development of public Baghdad Municipality on urban planning, water spaces that are accessible for women, youth and and sanitation, housing and land issues in the children. Stimulation of sustainable employment city, particularly focusing on long term solutions creation in the private sector is required to address to improving living conditions for internally high youth unemployment. GoI efforts to improve displaced people and the urban poor. the security situation will be key to ensuring that long-term development is successful. IOM is continuing to assist vulnerable families by supporting their return and reintegration, 2. Addressing disparities in access to services. developing their livelihoods, and building the Taking into account population shifts, the GoI capacity of the local and national authorities. In should work to improve quality and access to basic 2010, the Programme for Human Security and services, particularly among vulnerable groups Stabilization continued to assist the unemployed, and geographical areas. At the same time, the GoI under-employed, disadvantaged and returnee should engage with civil society to encourage communities in Adhamiyah, Karkh, Mada’in efficient water and energy usage. and Rusafa. IOM provided small business grants 3. Integration of long-term solutions for IDPs and to female-headed households. Community upgrading squatter settlements. This should take Assistance Projects addressed needs for health into account the desire of IDPs and squatters either care and potable water in Kadhamiyah and to integrate into the local community, return home Mada’in. IOM monitors carried out in-depth needs or find a third location in which to settle. Solutions assessments in several locations in Baghdad should extend beyond shelter requirements to the and as a result made emergency assistance was need for sustainable incomes and access to basic distributed to Adhamiyah, Kadhamiyah, Karkh, services and legal assistance. Mada’in, Rusafa and Thawra to address the basic 4. City governance: building effectiveness in the humanitarian needs of IDP, returnee and host city’s political system and the capacity of local communities. politicians to represent their constituents and demonstrate leadership in directing Baghdad’s POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS future. Baghdad Provincial Strategic Plan (2008-12) sets out plans for improved management of urban services in the city. Priority is given to reconstructing infrastructure and basic services, promoting economic development, improving the security situation, promoting social development and improving the environmental status. These steps 10

Endnotes 9. WFP/COSIT/KRSO Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis Survey (CFSVA) 2007; UNDP Iraq 1. This information was collated from various sources around the country. UNAMI SSI cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information. It does 10. IOM, Baghdad Governorate Profile (November 2010) not represent the official views of the Organisation, but provides 11. IOM, Baghdad Governorate Profile (November 2010) a snapshot of information available at this time. The information 12. IOM, Baghdad Governorate Profile (November 2010) is provided to humanitarian security managers in the interests of our mutual safety and all decisions made on the basis of, or with 13. UNFPA/COSIT/KRSO/Ministry of Youth and Sports (MoYS) Iraq National consideration to, such information remains the responsibility of Youth Survey 2009 respective organizations. 14. UNFPA/COSIT/KRSO/MoYS Iraq National Youth Survey 2009 2. ABC NEWS/BBC/NHK Poll – Iraq: Where Things Stand, September 15. COSIT/KRSO Labour Force Survey 2008; UNICEF/COSIT/KRSO/Ministry 2007 of Health Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006. Child labour is 3. UNHCR Monthly statistical updates on return defined as children aged 5-14 employed or doing more than 28 hours of housework per week. 4. IOM, Baghdad Governorate Profile (November 2010) 16. CFSVA 2007 5. IOM, Baghdad Governorate Profile (November 2010) 17. IHSES 2007 6. World Bank/COSIT/KRSO Iraq Household Socio-Economic Survey (IHSES) 2007 18. COSIT/KRSO Labour Force Survey 2008 7. MICS 2006 19. UNFPA/COSIT/KRSO/MoYS Iraq National Youth Survey 2009 8. IAU, UNDP, Electricity in Iraq Factsheet (August 2010) 20. IHSES 2007