ᅵᮌᏛ఍ㄽᩥ㞟㹅㸦⎔ቃ㸧9RO1R,B,B CHARACTERIZATION OF HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR ALTERNATIVE WASTE HANDLING METHODS Siti Norbaizura M.R.1*, and Takeshi FUJIWARA2 1Dept. of Sustainability of Resources, Okayama University (3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan) * E-mail:[email protected] 2Solid Waste Management Research Cente, Okayama University (3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan) Iskandar Malaysia (IM) is a new economic region in Malaysia’s most southern state, Johor. The region is targeted for massive development by 2025 with a targeted rapid increase in the population to 3 million, or double the 2005 level, within the 20-years development period. The current handling method for solid waste in the area depends solely on final landfill and is not sustainable for the future of IM with massive waste generation forecasted by 2025. However, in order to develop an alternative solid-waste management plan, details study of the waste generated are crucial but are currently unavailable. We carried out a study at the Seelong Waste Treatment Facility in June 2012 to characterize household solid waste (HSW). We separated one hundred kilograms of HSW into 27 physical groups and proximate analysis and calorific value analysis were run on the samples in the laboratory. HSW generated in IM consists mainly of food, paper, and plastic in the proportions of 41%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. The moisture content, ash content, combustible content, and measured calorific value of the waste were 56.9%, 8.2%, 34.9% and 1591 kcal/kg, respectively. Further study of the suitability of the waste for alternative waste handling methods shows that, other than landfill, composting and incineration could be applicable in the study area through promotion of waste separation. Key Words : household solid waste, composition, calorific value, alternative treatment, Iskandar Malaysia 1. IINTRODUCTION countries. Step-by-step analysis to overcome this problem is important, especially with the current The sole use of open dumping for waste handling rapid population increase occurring in most poor and is the current situation for at least 95% of the solid developing countries, and the changing waste generated globally. Even though it is well characteristics of generated waste as a result of rapid understood that depending solely on landfill is not changes in lifestyle. sustainable, it is almost impossible to change this One of most adaptable alternative waste situation. This is attributable to the limited budget treatments in the developing countries is composting. allocated for alternative waste treatment plants such This can be applied to waste whose composition is as incinerators and fuel generation plants that have more than 50% organic1). An example of successful not only very high facility set-up costs but also high organic waste composting is in Surabaya, Indonesia, running and maintenance costs, as well as there where within 5 years, a 30% reduction in waste was being a lack of technology and expertise. Moreover, achieved2). Another popular option is incineration, in order to develop alternative waste-handling which is particularly suitable in big cities that face strategies, details of the types of waste generated issues of insufficient space for new landfills3). through continuous waste characterization studies Incineration does not only significantly reduce the are crucial, but are rarely carried out in developing volume of waste sent to final landfill but also has the I_209 potential to generate power. Unfortunately, huge In terms of waste composition, food waste amounts of money are required to build, run, and accounts for approximately 50%, followed by paper manage an incinerator. Thus, a detailed assessment and plastic. Table 1 shows the waste composition of its suitability and sustainability is very important. pattern in Malaysia from 1975 to 2005, and shows increases in plastic generation due to changes in packaging material and consumption patterns7). 2. BACKGROUND Currently, landfill is the waste disposal solution, and even 10 years after the first launch of the 3R (1) Solid Waste Management in programs, the recycling rate in the country is only Iskandar Malaysia 5%. Table 2 is the national target set by the Generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysian government for 2020, which specifies that Malaysia in general has been increasing rapidly, with waste reduction and recovery, and source separation annual waste generation in 2010 three times that than in urban areas should achieve levels of 17% and in 1990; in 2010, a total of 7.0 million tons of waste 100%, respectively8). Solid Waste and Public were generated compared to only 2.5 million tons in Cleansing Management Act 2007 was approved by 19914). The waste generated per capita also shows a Malaysian Parliament in 2007 by vesting executive major change; in 1991, it was only 0.7 kg per capita power to the Federal Government to implement per day, and in 2010, this had increased to 1.2 kg per SWM and public cleansing from local authorities. capita per day. The per-capita generation rate in the issue on the overall basis and not merely Malaysia is alarming as it is the same as that in collection of garbage and construction of dumps and high-income and developed countries such as Japan, also public awareness for sustainable management of whose per-capita generation rate per day in 2006 was public waste and cleansing and is also responsible 1.2 kg5). This issue is more serious in big cities such for recycling technology9). Unfortunately, since The as Kuala Lumpur, Johor, and Selangor where the Act was introduced, solid-waste management in the per-capita waste generation is as high as 1.5–2.0 kg country has barely improved due to delay in the per day6). implementation even after 6 years of its approval. Table 1 Waste composition in Malaysia (%). 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Food 63.7 54.4 48.3 48.4 45.7 43.2 45.0 Paper 7.0 8.0 23.6 8.9 9.0 23.7 7.0 Plastic 2.5 0.4 9.4 3.0 3.9 11.2 24.0 Glass 2.5 0.4 4.0 3.0 3.9 3.2 3.0 Metal 6.4 2.2 5.9 4.6 5.1 4.2 6.0 Other 8.7 4.3 8.8 32.1 6.4 14.5 15.0 Table 2 Malaysia solid waste management target towards Vision 2020 (%). Level of service 2005 2010 2015 2020 Extend collection service 75 80 85 90 Reduction & recovery 4 10 15 17 Closure of dump sites (112 sites) 50 70 100 Source separation 0 20 80 100 I_210 Table 3 Characteristic of waste generated in Johor Bahru (% in weight). 1996 2000 Components Food 54.5 19 Paper 12.1 23.3 Plastic 17.2 34.8 Glass 0.7 2.8 Metal 6 1.5 Other 9.5 18.6 Proximate analysis Fig.1 Location of Iskandar Malaysia. Moisture 46.5 Combustible 44.3 Ash 9.2 3. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this paper, Iskandar Malaysia (IM) was chosen as the study area following the study “Low-carbon Manual segregation of 100 kg of household solid society for Iskandar Malaysia 2025 – Sustainable waste was carried out at the Seelong Waste waste management” (LCS study). Figure 1 shows Treatment Facility in June 2012. Using the “coning location of IM in Malaysia. Details of waste and quartering” method, 1000 kg of waste were taken characterization are very limited in the study area, randomly from the transfer station dumpsite. The and this information is important for the proposal of selected waste was transported by collection truck new waste treatment methods. Currently, the only from residential areas from three local authorities in available data on household solid waste in IM is that IM within 24 hours prior to our study. After the 8) shown in Table 3 . Other than the data being quite selection, waste was transferred to a pre-cleaned flat different to the national data, even after 12 years surface for the manual segregation and physical since 2000, there is no data collection being carried analyses. Based on its identifiable characteristics, the out in the area. waste was sorted into 27 groups (Table 4). Samples Details data on generated waste in IM is crucial for from each group were brought back to the laboratory the LCS study as the objective of the study is to come to perform proximate analysis, and elemental out with alternative solid waste management that composition and calorific value analyses. fulfil the challenge of building both sound material In the laboratory analyses, we first dried the cycle society and low carbon society. It is a very big samples at 100°C for 3 days to determine its moisture challenge as the regions is targeted for massive contents (equation 1). When the weight of the development by 2025 with a targeted rapid increase samples had reached a constant value after drying, in the population to 3 million, or double the 2005 measurement of the combustible and ash content was level, within the 20-year development period. The carried out by burning them at 800°C for 2 hours current handling method for solid waste in the area (equation 2 and equation 3) using a Muffle Furnace depends solely on final landfill and is not sustainable FO3000. The higher calorific value of the samples for the future of IM with massive waste generation was determined using a bomb calorimeter, and the forecasted by 2025. The alternative solid waste lower calorific value was calculated using equation management is to achieve 75% reduction of waste 4.