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CHARACTERIZATION OF HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR ALTERNATIVE WASTE HANDLING METHODS
Siti Norbaizura M.R.1*, and Takeshi FUJIWARA2
1Dept. of Sustainability of Resources, Okayama University (3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan) * E-mail:[email protected] 2Solid Waste Management Research Cente, Okayama University (3-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan)
Iskandar Malaysia (IM) is a new economic region in Malaysia’s most southern state, Johor. The region is targeted for massive development by 2025 with a targeted rapid increase in the population to 3 million, or double the 2005 level, within the 20-years development period. The current handling method for solid waste in the area depends solely on final landfill and is not sustainable for the future of IM with massive waste generation forecasted by 2025. However, in order to develop an alternative solid-waste management plan, details study of the waste generated are crucial but are currently unavailable. We carried out a study at the Seelong Waste Treatment Facility in June 2012 to characterize household solid waste (HSW). We separated one hundred kilograms of HSW into 27 physical groups and proximate analysis and calorific value analysis were run on the samples in the laboratory. HSW generated in IM consists mainly of food, paper, and plastic in the proportions of 41%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. The moisture content, ash content, combustible content, and measured calorific value of the waste were 56.9%, 8.2%, 34.9% and 1591 kcal/kg, respectively. Further study of the suitability of the waste for alternative waste handling methods shows that, other than landfill, composting and incineration could be applicable in the study area through promotion of waste separation.
Key Words : household solid waste, composition, calorific value, alternative treatment, Iskandar Malaysia
1. IINTRODUCTION countries. Step-by-step analysis to overcome this problem is important, especially with the current The sole use of open dumping for waste handling rapid population increase occurring in most poor and is the current situation for at least 95% of the solid developing countries, and the changing waste generated globally. Even though it is well characteristics of generated waste as a result of rapid understood that depending solely on landfill is not changes in lifestyle. sustainable, it is almost impossible to change this One of most adaptable alternative waste situation. This is attributable to the limited budget treatments in the developing countries is composting. allocated for alternative waste treatment plants such This can be applied to waste whose composition is as incinerators and fuel generation plants that have more than 50% organic1). An example of successful not only very high facility set-up costs but also high organic waste composting is in Surabaya, Indonesia, running and maintenance costs, as well as there where within 5 years, a 30% reduction in waste was being a lack of technology and expertise. Moreover, achieved2). Another popular option is incineration, in order to develop alternative waste-handling which is particularly suitable in big cities that face strategies, details of the types of waste generated issues of insufficient space for new landfills3). through continuous waste characterization studies Incineration does not only significantly reduce the are crucial, but are rarely carried out in developing volume of waste sent to final landfill but also has the
I_209 potential to generate power. Unfortunately, huge In terms of waste composition, food waste amounts of money are required to build, run, and accounts for approximately 50%, followed by paper manage an incinerator. Thus, a detailed assessment and plastic. Table 1 shows the waste composition of its suitability and sustainability is very important. pattern in Malaysia from 1975 to 2005, and shows increases in plastic generation due to changes in packaging material and consumption patterns7). 2. BACKGROUND Currently, landfill is the waste disposal solution, and even 10 years after the first launch of the 3R (1) Solid Waste Management in programs, the recycling rate in the country is only Iskandar Malaysia 5%. Table 2 is the national target set by the Generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysian government for 2020, which specifies that Malaysia in general has been increasing rapidly, with waste reduction and recovery, and source separation annual waste generation in 2010 three times that than in urban areas should achieve levels of 17% and in 1990; in 2010, a total of 7.0 million tons of waste 100%, respectively8). Solid Waste and Public were generated compared to only 2.5 million tons in Cleansing Management Act 2007 was approved by 19914). The waste generated per capita also shows a Malaysian Parliament in 2007 by vesting executive major change; in 1991, it was only 0.7 kg per capita power to the Federal Government to implement per day, and in 2010, this had increased to 1.2 kg per SWM and public cleansing from local authorities. capita per day. The per-capita generation rate in the issue on the overall basis and not merely Malaysia is alarming as it is the same as that in collection of garbage and construction of dumps and high-income and developed countries such as Japan, also public awareness for sustainable management of whose per-capita generation rate per day in 2006 was public waste and cleansing and is also responsible 1.2 kg5). This issue is more serious in big cities such for recycling technology9). Unfortunately, since The as Kuala Lumpur, Johor, and Selangor where the Act was introduced, solid-waste management in the per-capita waste generation is as high as 1.5–2.0 kg country has barely improved due to delay in the per day6). implementation even after 6 years of its approval.
Table 1 Waste composition in Malaysia (%).
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Food 63.7 54.4 48.3 48.4 45.7 43.2 45.0 Paper 7.0 8.0 23.6 8.9 9.0 23.7 7.0 Plastic 2.5 0.4 9.4 3.0 3.9 11.2 24.0 Glass 2.5 0.4 4.0 3.0 3.9 3.2 3.0 Metal 6.4 2.2 5.9 4.6 5.1 4.2 6.0 Other 8.7 4.3 8.8 32.1 6.4 14.5 15.0
Table 2 Malaysia solid waste management target towards Vision 2020 (%).
Level of service 2005 2010 2015 2020 Extend collection service 75 80 85 90 Reduction & recovery 4 10 15 17 Closure of dump sites (112 sites) 50 70 100 Source separation 0 20 80 100
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Table 3 Characteristic of waste generated in Johor Bahru (% in weight).
1996 2000 Components Food 54.5 19 Paper 12.1 23.3 Plastic 17.2 34.8 Glass 0.7 2.8 Metal 6 1.5 Other 9.5 18.6
Proximate analysis Fig.1 Location of Iskandar Malaysia. Moisture 46.5 Combustible 44.3 Ash 9.2
3. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this paper, Iskandar Malaysia (IM) was chosen as the study area following the study “Low-carbon Manual segregation of 100 kg of household solid society for Iskandar Malaysia 2025 – Sustainable waste was carried out at the Seelong Waste waste management” (LCS study). Figure 1 shows Treatment Facility in June 2012. Using the “coning location of IM in Malaysia. Details of waste and quartering” method, 1000 kg of waste were taken characterization are very limited in the study area, randomly from the transfer station dumpsite. The and this information is important for the proposal of selected waste was transported by collection truck new waste treatment methods. Currently, the only from residential areas from three local authorities in available data on household solid waste in IM is that IM within 24 hours prior to our study. After the 8) shown in Table 3 . Other than the data being quite selection, waste was transferred to a pre-cleaned flat different to the national data, even after 12 years surface for the manual segregation and physical since 2000, there is no data collection being carried analyses. Based on its identifiable characteristics, the out in the area. waste was sorted into 27 groups (Table 4). Samples Details data on generated waste in IM is crucial for from each group were brought back to the laboratory the LCS study as the objective of the study is to come to perform proximate analysis, and elemental out with alternative solid waste management that composition and calorific value analyses. fulfil the challenge of building both sound material In the laboratory analyses, we first dried the cycle society and low carbon society. It is a very big samples at 100°C for 3 days to determine its moisture challenge as the regions is targeted for massive contents (equation 1). When the weight of the development by 2025 with a targeted rapid increase samples had reached a constant value after drying, in the population to 3 million, or double the 2005 measurement of the combustible and ash content was level, within the 20-year development period. The carried out by burning them at 800°C for 2 hours current handling method for solid waste in the area (equation 2 and equation 3) using a Muffle Furnace depends solely on final landfill and is not sustainable FO3000. The higher calorific value of the samples for the future of IM with massive waste generation was determined using a bomb calorimeter, and the forecasted by 2025. The alternative solid waste lower calorific value was calculated using equation management is to achieve 75% reduction of waste 4. The equations are as follows: sent to landfill site and half reduction of total greenhouse gases emission compare to 2025 W Ӈamount of evaporated waste / amount of wet business as usual scenario of sole dependence on based waste100 (1) landfill. The need to reduce the amount of waste sent directly to landfill is critical, especially with the development of the new economic region in IM. B Ӈburn away solid particle / amount of wet based Currently, three landfills in the IM area are facing 100 (2) closure before the year 2025, at which point the economic region will be fully 10). A Ӈremaining solid particle after burning/wet based waste 100 (3)
I_211 combustible and water contents required for the HL = HH – 25(9h + W) (4) aerobic reaction to occur. where W, B, A, HL and HH represents moisture 50
A
D E
F L M H J O N
P Q
B 100 80 60 40 K I 20 G 0 C Combustible (B,%) Fig.2 Tanner’s diagram of waste suitability for treatment selections.
I_212 combustion then melts the ash contained in the gasification with melting, and RDF. waste. Thus, combustion and melting takes place using the energy from the waste itself12). In order to 6) Waste treatment scenario achieve a self-sustaining combustion and melting Furthermore, three waste treatment scenarios for process, the lower calorific value of the treated waste Iskandar Malaysia in 2025 were also projected: material should be more than 1700 kcal/kg, as shown separation of biodegradable materials including food in equation 11. and garden waste (Scenario 1), separation of recyclable material including paper, plastic, glass, HL=50B-6W>1700 (11) metal and textile (Scenario 2), and combination separation of both biodegradable and recyclable (5) Incineration material (Scenario 3). Public participation rate and Waste incineration is the thermal conversion of segregation efficiency were set from 50% up to waste with a surplus of air to generate heat and 100%. In this study, public participation is the ratio potentially power13). Two conditions for incineration of the public taking part in the introduced scenario, are considered here. Equation 12 concerns a type of and segregation efficiency is the rate at which waste treatment that is self-sustaining and does not require is segregated appropriately for each of the introduced an auxiliary fuel if the lower calorific value is more scenario. The scenarios were projected with than 800 kcal/kg. For waste with a lower calorific assumption that waste composition in 2025 is as our value exceeding 1500 kcal/kg, thermal treatment study in 2012 in business as usual condition. with power generation can be used (equation 13).
HL =50B-6W>800 (12) 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION HL =50B-6W>1500 (13) Table 4 shows the results of physical composition We used Tanner’s diagram (Figure 2) to show the analysis. The total waste composition on a wet basis suitability of generated waste for alternative was food (47.29 kg, 41.06%), plastic (25.60 kg, treatment14,15). Trapezoid BDEC and OLMN 22.23%), paper (24.10 kg, 20.93%), textiles (8.92 kg, represent the waste suitability for landfilling and 7.74%), glass (4.10 kg, 3.56%), garden waste (2.82 composting, respectively. Triangle BFG and BHI kg, 2.45%), metal (2.26 kg, 1.96%), ceramic represents the suitability for incineration without (0.08%), and rubber (0.01%). In terms of physical 800kcal/kg) and incineration composition, both our result and Malaysia’s nationalطpower generation (HL 1500kcal/kg). Triangle waste generation shows that food, paper, and plasticظwith power generation (HL BJK and trapezoid BPQR indicates suitability for are the main components of generated waste, even
Table 4 Result of waste characterization based on physical composition.
Waste type Composition (%) Waste type Composition (%) Food Leftover 18.61 Glass Product 0.03 Food preparing 22.42 Packaging 3.53 3.56 Untouched food 0.03 41.06 Metal Product 1.85 Paper Product 4.91 Packaging 0.11 1.96 Single-use item 7.11 Textile Product 7.74 Pamphlet 4.09 Packaging 0.00 7.74 Packaging 4.63 Rubber Product 0.01 Shopping bag 0.17 Packaging 0.00 0.01 Waste bag 0.00 20.93 Leather Product 0.00 Plastic Product 1.52 Packaging 0.00 0.00 Single-use item 0.27 Ceramic Product 0.07 Packaging 10.19 Packaging 0.00 0.07 Shopping bag 7.12 Garden Waste 2.45 2.45 Waste bag 3.13 22.23 Total 100.00 100.00
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Table 5 Result of waste details analysis. the generated waste is very wet. The same situation was also found by other researcher at other locations 16,17) Proximate analysis Weight (%) in Malaysia . Waste analysis in Johor Bahru in Moisture 56.9 2000 also shows similar pattern with moisture contents of more than 46% (Table 3). Besides the Combustible 34.9 fact that current waste handling in households Ash 8.2 involves dumping the waste into uncovered waste Elemental analysis bins, which exposes the waste to rainfall (IM Carbon 45.08 receives average rainfall of 250 mm annually), Hydrogen 6.44 dumping mixed waste without removing water will also contribute to the high water content. In terms of Nitrogen 1.12 calorific value, we could not find any reference or Others 47.36 previous study on HSW in the IM area. However, we Calorific value (kcal/kg) compared our results with a study of Japan waste Measured 1591 characteristics and found similarities with the waste Calculated using three generated in 1975 in Osaka (W = 51.5%, A = 15.6%, component value 1236 B = 32.9%, HL = 1404) and in 1976 in Kyoto (W = 18,19) 51.5%, A = 15.6%, B = 32.9%, HL = 1404) . This means that there is a 36-year gap in the waste trends of IM and Japan. This finding could be used to though a larger proportion of plastic than paper was predict future generation characteristics of IM waste, found in our study (Table 1). From the total 100 kg assuming that the economic level and consumption of waste sampled at the site, product and packaging pattern of IM residents approaches those of these materials accounted for 19.8% and 28.9%, cities within its development term. respectively. Removing food waste and garden waste Figure 3 shows the suitability of the waste for from direct landfill to biomass recycling such as alternative treatments using Tanner’s diagram. Our composting reduced 43.5% of total waste. sample from this study (W = 56.9%, A = 8.2%, B = Additionally, 11.4% of the waste could be reduced 34.9%) falls into trapezoid BDEC, JLMN and directly at source, as the proportions of pamphlets triangle BFG. It is indicated that waste generated in and shopping bags were 4.1% and 7.3% (paper = Iskandar Malaysia (IM) is not only suitable for 0.17% and plastic = 7.12%), respectively. Besides landfill, as it is being handled at the moment, but also changes in consumption pattern from single-use for the composting and the incineration without items to reusable items could reduced 7.4% (paper = power generation. 7.11% and plastic = 0.27) of landfill waste. Result for future possibility of waste treatment in Proximate analysis and calorific values are shown IM 2025 is shown in Figure 4 with square, circle and in Table 5. The moisture content, combustible triangle marks indicated the composition of residual content, and measured calorific values were 57%, waste after separation in Scenario 1, 2 and 3, 35%, and 1591 kcal/kg, respectively. This shows that
F A 100% 8.2 L M D E H 50% F 50% 50% M J L
H O N 100% 56.9 100% O J N
G P Q
80 60 40 K I 20 R Combustible (B,%) B 100 80 60 40 K I 34.9 20 G 0 C ڹ :Scenario 3 ,ۑ :Scenario 2 ,ڧ :Scenario 1 Combustible (B,%) Fig.3 Result of proximate analysis in Tanner’s diagram. Fig.4 Changes in waste characteristic through changes in participation and segregation rates.
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Table 6 Result of scenarios analysis (%)
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Participation 50 100 50 100 50 100 Segregation 50 100 50 100 50 100
Waste type Food 34.55 0.00 45.71 69.27 39.01 0.00 Paper 23.48 37.04 18.95 8.97 21.56 33.73 Plastic 24.94 39.34 19.28 4.35 21.93 16.37 Glass 3.99 6.30 3.96 6.00 4.51 22.58 Metal 2.20 3.47 2.18 3.31 2.48 12.44 Garden Waste 2.06 0.00 2.73 4.14 2.33 0.00 Other 8.78 13.84 7.18 3.96 8.17 14.88
Proximate analysis Moisture 58.00 45.70 61.52 67.64 59.08 35.48 Ash 8.64 10.89 9.01 13.01 9.59 35.82 Combustible 33.36 43.41 29.47 19.36 31.33 28.71
respectively. This is based on waste composition and economic region in IM. Currently, three landfills characteristic as shown in Table 6. In Scenario 1, at operating in the IM area are facing closure before the participation and segregation rate between 50% and year 2025, at which point the economic region will 80%, generated waste is suitable for incineration be fully developed10). Further study on implementing without power generation. Participation and alternative waste-treatment strategies is needed, segregation rate exceeding 80% enable the waste to especially from the viewpoint of cost and be incinerated with power generation and for more sustainability. than 90% rate, composting is no longer suitable. In Scenario 2, at participation and segregation rate lower than 90% generated waste is suitable for 6. CONCLUSION composting and incineration without power generation, however exceeding 90% rate, waste is A detailed characterization of household solid only suitable for landfilling. Combination separation waste generated in the Iskandar Malaysia area was of biodegradable and recyclable material (Scenario carried out at the Seelong Waste Treatment Facility. 3) indicated that between 50% and 90% level, The objective of this study was to assess alternative generated waste is suitable for the composting and solid-waste management appropriate for a the incineration without power generation and at low-carbon society in Iskandar Malaysia by 2025 to 100% rate is waste suitable for incineration with improve the current situation of open landfill power generation. dumping. One hundred kilograms of household solid From the waste characterization and projected waste, which had been collected within 24 hours scenarios, we have demonstrated that final landfill is prior to our study, were classified into 27 physical not the only waste-handling method suitable for IM. groups and samples were taken back to the Alternative waste treatment such as composting and laboratory for a more detailed analysis. Our main incineration without power generation is also findings are as follows: applicable in this area if separated collection is 1. Food, paper, and plastic are the primary implemented. Even though a high level of waste components of the generated waste, with product and separation participation and segregation efficiency is packaging material accounting for 19.8% and 28.9%, required (at more than 80%, incineration with power respectively. Our results show similar patterns to generation could be achievable), the current national those seen in the national data on waste composition. recycling rate is only 5%, so achieving this scenario 2. More than 50% of the generated waste will be difficult7). However, the need to reduce the could be reduced and recycled if 3R programs were amount of waste sent directly to landfill is crucial, implemented. This includes 11.4% of reduced at especially with the development of the new source and 44% of biomass recycling possibility.
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