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Radiant Energy and Insects A small metal cylinder, baited with an extract prepared from the last two abdominal segments of female gypsy moths, is highly attractive to male Radiant Energy gypsy moths. The cylinder has a rim at each end to w^hich is attached a and Insects screen cone in which there is a hole for the moths to enter. A sticky paper Alfred H. Yeomans lining prevents their escape. The use of the extract from two tips per trap will catch male gypsy moths, but the Radiant energy can be applied in extract from 15 tips is necessary to at- uncounted ways to kill insects. To tract the maximum number. The ex- prevent damage in storage and the tract is dispensed on a corrugated transportation of pests into quaran- paper roll suspended by a wire inside tined zones, it has been tested on fruits, the cylinder. The traps are not prac- potatoes, grains, wood, textiles, and tical for control, but were used in sur- perhaps other commodities. It has been veys of approximately 7 million acres used to kill larvae of mosquitoes in for the presence of the gyjosy moth in water. The aim is to kill the insect New England, New York, New Jersey, without harming the material on which and Pennsylvania in 1950 and again in it lives and to do it economically. 1951- Radiant energy includes electrical energy of various wavelengths—such as THE INTERP:ST in traps remains at a radio, infrared, visible and ultraviolet high level and efforts to improve their light, X-rays, and gamma rays. It in- effectiveness and extend their range of cludes sound waves of various wave- usefulness continue. The day may lengths, such as audible and ultrasonic. come when traps will be devised that It includes also the energy from various are greatly superior to those we now atomic particles such as neutrons, have; the effort to develop them will alpha, and electrons. be worth while. Its action depends on the structure of matter. All matter, including insects, HOWARD BAKER is assistant leader of is made up of combinations of some of the division of fruit insect investiga- the 92 basic elements. Each basic ele- tions. Bureau of Entomology and Plant ment comprises a particular type of Quarantine. He was graduated from electric solar system called an atom. the University of Massachusetts in The systems themselves are composed îg2S and joined the Department im- of elementary particles, some of which mediately thereafter. After various have no electric charge or mass. Two field assignments on apple and pecan of the particles, the protons (which insects in the East, Middle West, and have a positive electric charge) and South, he was transferred to Washing- the neutrons (which have no electric ton in ig44. charge) comprise the basic mass of the T. E. HiENTON is in charge of the atomic nucleus. The number of pro- division of farm electrification, Bureau tons determines the type of atom of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricul- formed. The nucleus is surrounded at tural Engineering. Between ig2^ and a relatively great distance by negatively ig^i he was in charge of farm electri- charged electrons having a definite pat- fication investigations at Purdue Uni- tern. Normally the number of electrons versity, where he conducted research equals the number of protons in the on the development of farm electrical nucleus. Atoms can be combined chem- equipment. Dr. Hienton holds degrees ically into various patterns of electrical from Ohio State University, Iowa State solar systems, or molecules, that form College, and Purdue University. the various materials as we know them. 411 412 Yearbook of Agriculture 1952 Living organisms comprise such com- The discovery that ultrasonic sig- plicated patterns of these molecules nals sent through water killed fish and that we do not know everything about destroyed other marine life led to re- their make-up. Nothing is known of the search on the effect of ultrasonics on substance that gives life to the com- biological organisms. Many types of bination of molecules forming living organisms have been exposed to vari- organisms. ous frequencies and intensities. Fish The energy contained in one atom is and frogs were easily killed, and some tremendous for its size. Some types of insects and bacteria were destroyed. atoms can be broken apart and their Some of the effects of ultrasonics on energy released, such as the explosion biological organisms have been clearly of the atomic bomb. The electric solar explained. Others have been explained system of the atom may also be changed only partly. The biological effects may less drastically. Radiant energy in vari- be due to heat generated by the sound ous forms and intensities is the means waves or, when the energy is intense, to employed to do so. Radiant energy may the shattering or tearing apart of the be used to increase the natural vibra- organism. Less apparent effects are tions of the atoms and molecules. The probably due to chemical changes. result is increased temperatures of the The use of sound waves for most in- material. It may be used to cause chem- sect-control purposes is impractical be- ical combinations of atoms that are re- cause of the inefficiency of low-fre- luctant to combine. Molecules also may quency waves and the difficulty in be struck with enough energy to break transmitting high-frequency waves off electrons and leave fragments called through air. The high-frequency ions. equipment available in 1952 could be The molecular structure of an insect used only in laboratory tests. Even is so complex that when radiant energy when a specimen can be exposed in is applied it is difficult to determine liquid, the high reflecting and absorb- which factors or combinations of fac- ing qualities of materials shielding the tors cause its death. Each type of radi- insect make this method of controlling ant energy results in a predominant all but exposed insects impractical. action on the molecule, however. Sound is a mechanical force pro- When the energy is intense enough, the duced by rapid vibration in some insect is killed because it is torn apart medium, such as air or water. It travels physically. in the form of waves. Sound waves have three major dimensions, fre- THE USE OF HIGH-FREQUENCY or quency, velocity, and intensity. ultrasonic sound waves, other than the The frequency is expressed in cycles audible ones, is a relatively new or vibrations per second. One kilocycle science. The first work on it was done (kc.) is 1,000 cycles per second. Fre- in about 1900. Until the First World quency and pitch are identical in most War it remained a laboratory study, respects; the notes of the musical scale in which small tuning forks, sparks, are defined in terms of frequency. The and special whistles were used to pro- human ear registers sound from about duce the waves. During the war, a nar- r6 to 20,000 vibrations per second. row beam of high-frequency sound Beyond that is ultrasonic sound. The was used to detect submarines. Since highest frequency so far attained is then it has been used for underwater 500 million cycles. signaling, testing for flaws in materials, The velocity of sound waves is deter- and removing smoke. It has been used mined by the medium in which they experimentally in television, medicine, travel. Sound travels about 1,000 feet biology, and metallurgy. It helps in per second in air and about 4,800 feet the agitation of solutions and in mak- per second in water, depending mainly ing some chemical reactions. on the temperature. Radiant Energy and Insects The wavelength can be determined When sound waves travel from one by dividing the velocity by the fre- type of medium into another, part of quency. In air^ at a frequency of 1^126 the energy is reflected back into the cycles per second, the wavelength is first medium. The amount reflected about I foot. At 1,000 kilocycles, the depends on the density of each ma- wavelength in air is about 0.0344 terial and the velocity of sound. In an inch and in water about 0.145 inch. air-solid boundary, practically 100 per- The cathode-ray oscilloscope is used cent of the energy is reflected. for making sound waves visible so that When a sound wave meets an ob- they can be studied. stacle, the amount of reflection de- The intensity is the amount of pends on the size and shape of the energy in the sound wave. A piano key object. If the object is small compared struck violently or softly produces the to the wavelength, some of the wave same number of vibrations per second tends to bend around the object. When but with different intensities. Since it sound waves strike an object at an is the energy that does the work, the angle, a certain amount of the wave is most effective sound machine is the refracted and the rest is reflected. In one that can put the most power into liquids and solids, when the angle of the vibrations it emits. Intensities at incidence is greater than about 15 de- low frequencies are measured in deci- grees, all of the wave is reflected. bels and otherwise in watts per square Thin plates may or may not conduct centimeter. There arc several instru- sound waves, depending on their di- ments for measuring the energy in a mensions and physical properties. sound wave, but it is difficult to obtain The hard shell of some insects, such a high degree of accuracy in the as adult roaches, has high reflecting measurements.
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