Gas Fired Infrared Heaters Have Three Items to Create 1) Combustion of the Fuel Gas
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A Novel and Cost Effective Radiant Heat Flux Gauge This Paper Presents a Patent-Pending Methodology of Measuring Radiation Emiss
A Novel and Cost Effective Radiant Heat Flux Gauge S. Safaei and A. S. Rangwala Department of Fire Protection Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institution, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA V. Raghavan Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India T.M. Muruganandam, Department of Aerospace Engineering, National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India This paper presents a patent-pending methodology of measuring radiation emissions from fires, for the purposes of more practical optical flame detection and analysis. Flame radiation comprises of three phenomena: chemiluminescence, photoluminescence, and thermal radiation. The first two types are caused by elementary breakdown reactions of the reactants and the molecular excitations of products such as H2O and CO2, respectively. These emissions are within narrow bands of electromagnetic radiation wavelengths, and due to their specific molecular physics, are largely fuel dependant. The third type, thermal radiation emissions come from high temperature soot, which is a blanket term for any carbonaceous intermittent species of the combustion reaction. The amount and temperature of soot is case-specific, as it is influenced by fuel type, geometries, fuel-oxidizer premixing and the resulting level of combustion efficiency. However since naturally occurring fire hazards are diffusion flames, soot is present in high quantities and the majority of the radiation can be attributed to soot alone [1 – 2]. These soot emissions are over large ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, from ultraviolet all the way to Long wave Infrared (LWIR), following the classic Planck Law for Blackbody emitters. This distribution of radiant energy, E, is highly dependent on the temperature of the emitter, T, due to its exponential relation E=T4. -
High Efficiency Infrared Heaters -Featuring Modulation- Advancements in Energy Savings, Controls Interface and Comfort of Infrared Space Heating Introduction
High Efficiency Infrared Heaters -featuring Modulation- Advancements in Energy Savings, Controls Interface and Comfort of Infrared Space Heating Introduction Differences Relative to Air Heating Design Concepts Application Concepts Heating Mechanism Obtainable Benefits Over Air Heating Comfort Fuel & Electrical Savings Optimum Building Performance Typical Heating Method-Warm Air What Is Infrared? Electromagnetic Spectrum Infrared Spectrum How Does Infrared Energy Heat? Energy Flow: Typical Air Heating Energy Flow: Infrared Heater Reflectivity Emissivity MATERIAL EMISSIVITY @TEMPERATURE °F (wavelength ) Plain Steel 0.79 to 0.81 1000°F (3.6) Aluminized Steel (type 1) 0.20 to 0.50 1000°F (3.6) Aluminized Steel (Heat Treated) 0.80 1000°F (3.6) Porcelainized Steel 0.92 to 0.96 100°F (9.3) Cast Iron 0.95 1000°F (3.6) Stainless Steel ( type 304) 0.44 to 0.62 1000°F (3.6) Stainless Steel (type 430 polished) 0.10 to 0.20 100°F (9.2) Pyromark® Paint 0.80 1000°F (3.6) Absorptivity Concepts of Infrared Heating for Application Cost? Cost? Cost? Length? Input? How How Model? Model? ? ? Many? ? Many? Location? Comfort? Height? Comfort? Comfort? Comfort “A Neutral Thermal Sensation When the Body Regulates Its Internal Temperature with a Minimum of Effort” Too Hot Just Right Too Cold Comfort is Influenced by: Air Temperature Thermal Radiation Air Movement Humidity Activity Clothing Mean Radiant Temperature “The net amount of Infrared Energy available from surfaces to provide comfort” Operative Temperature (To) AIR T = MRT + T o 2 Air Heating -
Low Cost Solar Thermoelectric Water Floating Device to Supply Measurement Platform
78 IAPGOŚ 4/2019 p-ISSN 2083-0157, e-ISSN 2391-6761 DOI: 10.35784/IAPGOS.734 LOW COST SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC WATER FLOATING DEVICE TO SUPPLY MEASUREMENT PLATFORM Andrzej Nowrot1, Monika Mikołajczyk2, Anna Manowska1, Joachim Pielot1, Antoni Wojaczek1 1Silesian University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation in Industry, Gliwice, Poland, 2Famur Institute Ltd, Katowice, Poland Abstract. This work presents the prototype of the solar – thermoelectric device, which can float on water surface. It produces electrical energy as a result of the Seebeck effect in a commercial, low-cost Peltier module. The main application of the device will be an autonomous and a floating measurement platform. An important advantage of the presented solution is the possibility to work alike at day, when a solar light heats the surface of the absorber, and at night, when the different of temperatures between air and water causes the heat flux and in an effect the electricity. The device is capable of working for many cloudy days and also in winter on very short days. The presented device is based on low-cost and widely available components. Keywords: thermoelectric devices, solar power generation, energy conversion TERMOELEKTRYCZNE URZĄDZENIE SOLARNE DO ZASILANIA PLATFORMY POMIAROWEJ Streszczenie. W pracy zaprezentowano prototypowe solarne urządzenie termoelektryczne pływające po powierzchni wody. Wytwarza ono w niedrogim, komercyjnym module Peltiera energię elektryczną w wyniku zachodzącego w nim zjawiska Seebecka. Docelowo głównym obszarem aplikacyjnym urządzenia będzie zasilanie autonomicznej, pływającej platformy pomiarowa do monitorowania parametrów środowiskowych. Istotną zaletą przedstawionego rozwiązania jest możliwość pracy zarówno w dzień, gdy światło słoneczne ogrzewa powierzchnię absorbera, jak również w nocy, gdy różnica temperatur między powietrzem a wodą powoduje powstawanie strumienia ciepła w module Peltiera. -
United States Patent [191 4,2313J97 Sher
United States Patent [191 4,2313J97 Sher [54] RADIANT ENERGY TO ELECTRIC ENERGY 4,084,101 4/1978 Sher ..................................... 290/1 R CONVERTER 4,096,393 6/1978 Sher ..................................... 290A R [76] Inventor: Arden Sher, 108 Charles River OTHER PUBLICATIONS Landing Rd., Williamsburg, Va. R. Solomon et al., “Polarization in LaF,”, J. Appl. Phys., 23185 VO~.37, pp. 3427-3432, (1966). [ * 3 Notice: The portion of the term of this patent A. Sher et al., “Transport Properties of LaF3”, Phys. subsequent to Apr. 11,1995, has been Rev., vol. 144, pp. 593-604, (1966). disclaimed. J. E. Drummond, “Electrical Power Conversion”, IECEC Record ’75, pp. 569-575. [21] Appl. No.: 889,514 S. B. Skinner, “Thermodielectric Energy Conversion [22] Filed: Mar. 23,1978 by Thin Films: Experiment & Theory”, Intersociety Energy Conv. Eng. Con$, (1967), pp. 865-873. Related U.S. Application Data A. Sher et al., “LaF3 Infrared Detector”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 676-678, (1976). [63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 631,689, Nov. 13, 1975, Pat. No. 4,084,101. Primary Examiner-Aaron Weisstuch Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Lowe, King, Price and [51] Int. Cl.2 ............................................. HQlL31/Q4 Becker [52] U.S. Cl. ............................... 136/89 SP; 290/1 R 361/280; 361/282; 310/308; 310/309; 250/211 1571 ABSTRACT 250/212; 250/336 R; Radiant energy is converted into electric energy by [58] Field of Search ............ 136/89 R, 89 NB, 89 SP; irradiating a capacitor including an ionic dielectric. The 250/211 R, 212, 336; 290/1 R 361/280,282; 310/308, 309 dielectric is a sintered crystal superionic conductor, e.g., lanthanum trifluoride, lanthanum trichloride, or [561 References Cited silver bromide, so that a multiplicity of crystallites exist U.S. -
LESSON 1 What Is Energy?
LESSON 1 What is Energy? Overview In this lesson students review what they know about energy in everyday life, define it, learn the different energy forms through play, and differentiate between potential and kinetic energy. Student • I can use my own words to show I understand “energy.” Learning • I can describe the main forms of energy and give examples. Targets • I can show potential and kinetic energy with my body and I can give examples of each. • I can give examples of how I use energy every day. NGSS MS-PS3-5. Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object. [Clarification Statement: Examples of empirical evidence used in arguments could include an inventory or other representation of the energy before and after the transfer in the form of temperature changes or motion of object.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculations of energy.] Background Energy is part of everything that happens in the world and everything we do. Energy can be in the form of heat, light, gravity, sound, motion, chemical reactions, or electricity. Energy is the ability to do work or make a change. Nine forms of energy: (see Overhead 1 “Forms of Energy”) • Chemical: Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. • Nuclear: Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. It is the energy that holds the nucleus together. -
Financing Household Clean Energy Solutions
FINANCING HOUSEHOLD CLEAN ENERGY SOLUTIONS A Climate and Clean Air Coalition funded study produced in collaboration between the Frankfurt school UNEP Collaborating centre and UN Environment Finance Initiative Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia June 2018 CONTENT Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................1 2. Key considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Air pollution drivers .........................................................................................................................2 2.2. Impacts of air pollution....................................................................................................................4 2.3. Policy ....................................................................................................................................................4 2.4. Material considerations in assessment of a technology-based solution ...............................8 2.5. Previous interventions ...................................................................................................................14 3. Lower polluting heating alternatives for households in the ger districts .....................................16 -
Infrared Heating Engineering Manual Download
ENGINEERING MANUAL - APPLICATION INFORMATION -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- I. INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 A. What Is Infrared? .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 B. How Do We Heat With Infrared? .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 C. Infrared Heat For Body Comfort ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 D. Advantages Of Heating With Gas-Fired Infrared ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 -
Owner's Manual
BioSmart Technologies BioSmart® On-Wall Far Infrared Heaters. Feel the Difference. B I O S M A R T ® Therapeutic Infrared Heat BioSmart® Owner’s Manual . Therapeutic infrared heating systems for a green, healthy environment Save these Instructions Includes: Application Guidelines User Information & Guidelines Operating Instructions Warranty & Servicing For BIO-1500PC Classic series and Model BIO-1500PB Basic Edition BioSmart® BIO-1500PCP Premium Classic BioSmart® BIO-1500PB Basic Edition Customer/Warranty Service: 800-595-9605 Page 1 Table of Contents Congratulations on Your Purchase! 2 Why Use a BioSmart® Heater 4 BioSmart® Heater Features & Functions 6 BioSmart® Heater Features & Functions 7 USE RESTRICTIONS 8 Unpacking Your New BioSmart® Heater 9 Heater Care & Storage 9 Suggestions for Best Performance 10 Operating Instructions at a Glance 11 Detailed Operating Instructions (1500PC) 12 Turning Power On 12 Turning Power Off 12 Setting the Temperature 12 Setting the Timer 13 Detailed Operating Instructions (1500PB) 14 Turning Power On 14 Turning Power Off 14 Setting the Temperature 14 Switching Between Fahrenheit & Celsius 14 Maintenance Instructions 15 Frequently Asked Questions 16 Troubleshooting Your BioSmart® Heater 17 BioSmart® Heater Specifications (1500PC) 18 BioSmart® Heater Specifications (1500PB) 19 Diagram of BioSmart® Heater (1500PC Series) 20 Diagram of BioSmart® Heater (1500PB) 21 Calibration Procedure for the Thermostat 22 Electrical Schematic (1500PCP) 23 Electrical Schematic (1500PB) 23 Warranty & Service Information 24 ©2016 BioSmart Technologies Page 2 Congratulations on Your Purchase! Congratulations on purchasing your BioSmart® Therapeutic Quartz Far Infrared Heater! One of the best things about using your new BioSmart® Therapeutic Quartz Far Infrared Heater is the money you will save on gas and electric bills. -
Fine Fuel Heating by Radiant Flux
Combust. Sci. and Tech., 182: 215–230, 2010 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0010-2202 print=1563-521X online DOI: 10.1080/00102200903341538 FINE FUEL HEATING BY RADIANT FLUX David Frankman,1 Brent W. Webb,1 Bret W. Butler,2 and Don J. Latham2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 2Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana, USA Experiments were conducted wherein wood shavings and Ponderosa pine needles in quiescent air were subjected to a steady radiation heat flux from a planar ceramic burner. The internal temperature of these particles was measured using fine diameter (0.076 mm diameter) type K thermocouples. A narrow angle radiometer was used to determine the emissive power generated by the burner. A model was developed to predict the steady-state temperature of a cylindrical particle with an imposed radiation heat flux under both quiesc- ent air (buoyancy-induced cooling) and windy (forced convection cooling) conditions. Excellent agreement was observed between the model predictions and the experimental data. Parametric studies using the validated model explore the effect of burner (flame) tem- perature and distance, fuel size, and wind speed. The data suggest that ignition of the fuel element by radiation heating alone is likely only under circumstances where the fire is very intense (such as crown fires), and even then may still be dependent on pilot ignition sources. Keywords: Fine fuel; Heating; Radiation INTRODUCTION Radiation and convection heat transfer have complimentary roles in wildland fire spread (Anderson, 1969), but due to the complexity of the wildland fire environ- ment, they remain largely undetermined. -
Radiant Energy Definition: the Energy of Electromagnetic Waves; This Includes Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, and Gamma Waves
Radiant Energy Definition: the energy of electromagnetic waves; this includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma waves Radiant Energy Solar panels Examples of energy transformations: Examples: • Photosynthesis: light from the • X-rays in medicine sun (RADIANT) converted to • Microwaves used to heat chemical energy in plants food • Heating food: electrical energy • Car radios and TV stations to mechanical and RADIANT • Cancer-causing UV rays energy to thermal energy and • Gamma rays from nuclear chemical energy. reactions Electrical Energy Definition: the energy of moving electrons. Electrical Energy Examples of energy Examples: transformations: • Electricity going through a • Making toast – ELECTRICAL to wire mechanical to radiant and • Lightning thermal to chemical. • Electric Discharge (shock) • Using a flashlight – chemical to ELECTRICAL to radiant and thermal. Chemical Energy: the energy required to make or break atom bonds; has the potential to go through a chemical change www.phschool.com Chemical Energy Energy Transformations using Chemical Energy: • Using a battery - the CHEMICAL energy is converted into Electrical energy Examples: • Eating Food – the CHEMICAL • batteries energy is converted into • Photosynthesis thermal energy and mechanical • Food energy Kinetic Energy Definition: the energy an object has because of its motion Kinetic Energy Examples of Kinetic Energy Forms: • Electrical • Mechanical • Thermal • Radiant Potential Energy Definition: the energy an object has because of its position or shape. Potential Energy Examples of Potential Energy Forms: • Gravitational Potential Energy • Chemical Energy • Elastic Energy • Nuclear Energy Mechanical Energy Definition: the total energy of motion and position of an object. Mechanical Energy= Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Examples of energy Examples: transformations: • Coasting down a hill on • Exercising: Food (chemical) to your bike MECHANICAL and THERMAL as • Gears turning you move. -
A Review on Thermoelectric Generators: Progress and Applications
energies Review A Review on Thermoelectric Generators: Progress and Applications Mohamed Amine Zoui 1,2 , Saïd Bentouba 2 , John G. Stocholm 3 and Mahmoud Bourouis 4,* 1 Laboratory of Energy, Environment and Information Systems (LEESI), University of Adrar, Adrar 01000, Algeria; [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Computing (LDDI), University of Adrar, Adrar 01000, Algeria; [email protected] 3 Marvel Thermoelectrics, 11 rue Joachim du Bellay, 78540 Vernouillet, Île de France, France; [email protected] 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans No. 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 June 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: A thermoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon consisting of the direct conversion of heat into electrical energy (Seebeck effect) or inversely from electrical current into heat (Peltier effect) without moving mechanical parts. The low efficiency of thermoelectric devices has limited their applications to certain areas, such as refrigeration, heat recovery, power generation and renewable energy. However, for specific applications like space probes, laboratory equipment and medical applications, where cost and efficiency are not as important as availability, reliability and predictability, thermoelectricity offers noteworthy potential. The challenge of making thermoelectricity a future leader in waste heat recovery and renewable energy is intensified by the integration of nanotechnology. In this review, state-of-the-art thermoelectric generators, applications and recent progress are reported. Fundamental knowledge of the thermoelectric effect, basic laws, and parameters affecting the efficiency of conventional and new thermoelectric materials are discussed. The applications of thermoelectricity are grouped into three main domains. -
Quantum and Thermal Conversion of Solar Energy to Useful Work
SERI/TP-252-2137 UC Category: 62e DE84000085 Quantum and Thermal Conversion of Solar Energy to Useful Work D. Johnson H. December 1983 Presented at the Solar Thermal Workshop Atlanta, Georgia 7-8 September 1983 Prepared under Task No. 1387.25 FTP No. 417 Solar Energy Research Institute ' A oivision of Midwest Research Institute 1617 Cole Bouievard Golden, Colorado 80401 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-83CH1 0093 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. TP-2137 QUANTUM AND THERMAL CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY TO USEFUL WORK D. H. Johnson 1.0 INTRODUCTION This paper will summarize the results of a thermodynamic analysis of quantum and thermal processes for converting sunlight into useful work. Quantum and thermal processes acting alone as well as combined quantum-thermal processes will be discussed. Two types of combined processes have been analyzed, the thermally coupled process and the thermally decoupled process. These pro cesses were addressed because there is a hope that a combined quantum-thermal conversion system will prove to be cheaper than either system acting sepa rately. A first step in determining cost is to determine maximum system effi ciency.