DOCSLIB.ORG

Radiant Energy Definition: the Energy of Electromagnetic Waves; This Includes Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, and Gamma Waves

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Radiant Energy Definition: the Energy of Electromagnetic Waves; This Includes Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, and Gamma Waves Radiant Energy Definition: the energy of electromagnetic waves; this includes radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma waves Radiant Energy Solar panels Examples of energy transformations: Examples: • Photosynthesis: light from the • X-rays in medicine sun (RADIANT) converted to • Microwaves used to heat chemical energy in plants food • Heating food: electrical energy • Car radios and TV stations to mechanical and RADIANT • Cancer-causing UV rays energy to thermal energy and • Gamma rays from nuclear chemical energy. reactions Electrical Energy Definition: the energy of moving electrons. Electrical Energy Examples of energy Examples: transformations: • Electricity going through a • Making toast – ELECTRICAL to wire mechanical to radiant and • Lightning thermal to chemical. • Electric Discharge (shock) • Using a flashlight – chemical to ELECTRICAL to radiant and thermal. Chemical Energy: the energy required to make or break atom bonds; has the potential to go through a chemical change www.phschool.com Chemical Energy Energy Transformations using Chemical Energy: • Using a battery - the CHEMICAL energy is converted into Electrical energy Examples: • Eating Food – the CHEMICAL • batteries energy is converted into • Photosynthesis thermal energy and mechanical • Food energy Kinetic Energy Definition: the energy an object has because of its motion Kinetic Energy Examples of Kinetic Energy Forms: • Electrical • Mechanical • Thermal • Radiant Potential Energy Definition: the energy an object has because of its position or shape. Potential Energy Examples of Potential Energy Forms: • Gravitational Potential Energy • Chemical Energy • Elastic Energy • Nuclear Energy Mechanical Energy Definition: the total energy of motion and position of an object. Mechanical Energy= Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Examples of energy Examples: transformations: • Coasting down a hill on • Exercising: Food (chemical) to your bike MECHANICAL and THERMAL as • Gears turning you move. in a car • Hair Dryer: Electrical to thermal • Running and MECHANICAL Nuclear Energy: the energy associated with changes to the nucleus of an atom Nuclear Fusion - two Nuclear Fission – or more smaller nuclei large nucleus splits combine together to into two smaller make a more massive nuclei Nuclear Energy nucleus http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd 9GcQfk4yOJXkDdnE1zk3tw5axZQVBTXwk yEM3N6OZXacoI8g_VVaC:s.hswstatic.co m/gif/nuclear-power-250x150.jpg Energy Transformations using NUCLEAR Energy: • Turning on a light - http://thehigherlearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/fission-fusion.gif the NUCLEAR energy is converted into Examples: Electrical to radiant, • The sun (nuclear fusion) and thermal energies • Nuclear Power Plants (Nuclear fission) (nuclear fission) Thermal Energy Definition: The total internal kinetic energy of an object due to the random motion of its atoms and molecules. **Thermal energy is involved in EVERY energy transformation. Sometimes it is on purpose (like a toaster) and sometimes it is a byproduct caused by friction.** **While thermal energy is not the same thing as heat, many people say heat instead. We will discuss the difference in another unit, but if you feel heat or cold, thermal energy is involved.** Thermal Energy Examples: • When you feel heat being given off from an object like Examples of transformations: fire • Turning on a flashlight - • Friction from two objects chemical to electrical to radiant touching like rubbing your and THERMAL. hands together. • Sitting in front of a fire – • Friction from electricity going through a wire. chemical to THERMAL and • Friction between a car and radiant and mechanical. the track of a roller coaster. • ALL FRICTION INVOLVES THERMAL ENERGY .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Novel and Cost Effective Radiant Heat Flux Gauge This Paper Presents a Patent-Pending Methodology of Measuring Radiation Emiss
    A Novel and Cost Effective Radiant Heat Flux Gauge S. Safaei and A. S. Rangwala Department of Fire Protection Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institution, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA V. Raghavan Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India T.M. Muruganandam, Department of Aerospace Engineering, National Center for Combustion Research and Development, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India This paper presents a patent-pending methodology of measuring radiation emissions from fires, for the purposes of more practical optical flame detection and analysis. Flame radiation comprises of three phenomena: chemiluminescence, photoluminescence, and thermal radiation. The first two types are caused by elementary breakdown reactions of the reactants and the molecular excitations of products such as H2O and CO2, respectively. These emissions are within narrow bands of electromagnetic radiation wavelengths, and due to their specific molecular physics, are largely fuel dependant. The third type, thermal radiation emissions come from high temperature soot, which is a blanket term for any carbonaceous intermittent species of the combustion reaction. The amount and temperature of soot is case-specific, as it is influenced by fuel type, geometries, fuel-oxidizer premixing and the resulting level of combustion efficiency. However since naturally occurring fire hazards are diffusion flames, soot is present in high quantities and the majority of the radiation can be attributed to soot alone [1 – 2]. These soot emissions are over large ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, from ultraviolet all the way to Long wave Infrared (LWIR), following the classic Planck Law for Blackbody emitters. This distribution of radiant energy, E, is highly dependent on the temperature of the emitter, T, due to its exponential relation E=T4.
    [Show full text]
  • Low Cost Solar Thermoelectric Water Floating Device to Supply Measurement Platform
    78 IAPGOŚ 4/2019 p-ISSN 2083-0157, e-ISSN 2391-6761 DOI: 10.35784/IAPGOS.734 LOW COST SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC WATER FLOATING DEVICE TO SUPPLY MEASUREMENT PLATFORM Andrzej Nowrot1, Monika Mikołajczyk2, Anna Manowska1, Joachim Pielot1, Antoni Wojaczek1 1Silesian University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation in Industry, Gliwice, Poland, 2Famur Institute Ltd, Katowice, Poland Abstract. This work presents the prototype of the solar – thermoelectric device, which can float on water surface. It produces electrical energy as a result of the Seebeck effect in a commercial, low-cost Peltier module. The main application of the device will be an autonomous and a floating measurement platform. An important advantage of the presented solution is the possibility to work alike at day, when a solar light heats the surface of the absorber, and at night, when the different of temperatures between air and water causes the heat flux and in an effect the electricity. The device is capable of working for many cloudy days and also in winter on very short days. The presented device is based on low-cost and widely available components. Keywords: thermoelectric devices, solar power generation, energy conversion TERMOELEKTRYCZNE URZĄDZENIE SOLARNE DO ZASILANIA PLATFORMY POMIAROWEJ Streszczenie. W pracy zaprezentowano prototypowe solarne urządzenie termoelektryczne pływające po powierzchni wody. Wytwarza ono w niedrogim, komercyjnym module Peltiera energię elektryczną w wyniku zachodzącego w nim zjawiska Seebecka. Docelowo głównym obszarem aplikacyjnym urządzenia będzie zasilanie autonomicznej, pływającej platformy pomiarowa do monitorowania parametrów środowiskowych. Istotną zaletą przedstawionego rozwiązania jest możliwość pracy zarówno w dzień, gdy światło słoneczne ogrzewa powierzchnię absorbera, jak również w nocy, gdy różnica temperatur między powietrzem a wodą powoduje powstawanie strumienia ciepła w module Peltiera.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent [191 4,2313J97 Sher
    United States Patent [191 4,2313J97 Sher [54] RADIANT ENERGY TO ELECTRIC ENERGY 4,084,101 4/1978 Sher ..................................... 290/1 R CONVERTER 4,096,393 6/1978 Sher ..................................... 290A R [76] Inventor: Arden Sher, 108 Charles River OTHER PUBLICATIONS Landing Rd., Williamsburg, Va. R. Solomon et al., “Polarization in LaF,”, J. Appl. Phys., 23185 VO~.37, pp. 3427-3432, (1966). [ * 3 Notice: The portion of the term of this patent A. Sher et al., “Transport Properties of LaF3”, Phys. subsequent to Apr. 11,1995, has been Rev., vol. 144, pp. 593-604, (1966). disclaimed. J. E. Drummond, “Electrical Power Conversion”, IECEC Record ’75, pp. 569-575. [21] Appl. No.: 889,514 S. B. Skinner, “Thermodielectric Energy Conversion [22] Filed: Mar. 23,1978 by Thin Films: Experiment & Theory”, Intersociety Energy Conv. Eng. Con$, (1967), pp. 865-873. Related U.S. Application Data A. Sher et al., “LaF3 Infrared Detector”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 28, pp. 676-678, (1976). [63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 631,689, Nov. 13, 1975, Pat. No. 4,084,101. Primary Examiner-Aaron Weisstuch Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Lowe, King, Price and [51] Int. Cl.2 ............................................. HQlL31/Q4 Becker [52] U.S. Cl. ............................... 136/89 SP; 290/1 R 361/280; 361/282; 310/308; 310/309; 250/211 1571 ABSTRACT 250/212; 250/336 R; Radiant energy is converted into electric energy by [58] Field of Search ............ 136/89 R, 89 NB, 89 SP; irradiating a capacitor including an ionic dielectric. The 250/211 R, 212, 336; 290/1 R 361/280,282; 310/308, 309 dielectric is a sintered crystal superionic conductor, e.g., lanthanum trifluoride, lanthanum trichloride, or [561 References Cited silver bromide, so that a multiplicity of crystallites exist U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • LESSON 1 What Is Energy?
    LESSON 1 What is Energy? Overview In this lesson students review what they know about energy in everyday life, define it, learn the different energy forms through play, and differentiate between potential and kinetic energy. Student • I can use my own words to show I understand “energy.” Learning • I can describe the main forms of energy and give examples. Targets • I can show potential and kinetic energy with my body and I can give examples of each. • I can give examples of how I use energy every day. NGSS MS-PS3-5. Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object. [Clarification Statement: Examples of empirical evidence used in arguments could include an inventory or other representation of the energy before and after the transfer in the form of temperature changes or motion of object.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculations of energy.] Background Energy is part of everything that happens in the world and everything we do. Energy can be in the form of heat, light, gravity, sound, motion, chemical reactions, or electricity. Energy is the ability to do work or make a change. Nine forms of energy: (see Overhead 1 “Forms of Energy”) • Chemical: Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. • Nuclear: Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. It is the energy that holds the nucleus together.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy and Energy Transformations Transformations Energy
    Energy and Energy Transformations Energy Transformations Key Concepts • What is the law of conservation of energy? What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide • How does friction affect whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you’ve read this energy transformations? lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. • How are different types of energy used? Before Statement After 4. Energy can change from one form to another. 5. Energy is destroyed when you apply the brakes on a moving bicycle or a moving car. 6. The Sun releases radiant energy. Identify Main Ideas Highlight the sentences in Changes Between Forms of Energy this lesson that talk about Have you ever made popcorn in a microwave oven to eat how energy changes form. while watching television? Energy changes form when you Use the highlighted make popcorn, as shown in the figure below. A microwave Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright sentences to review. oven changes electric energy into radiant energy. Radiant energy changes into thermal energy in the popcorn kernels. Visual Check These changes from one form of energy to another are 1. Identify Which energy called energy transformations. As you watch TV, energy transformation pops the transformations occur in the television. A television corn kernels? transforms electric energy into sound energy and radiant energy. Energy Transformation 1 2 Electric energy is transferred from the The microwave oven electrical outlet to the microwave.
    [Show full text]
  • From Atoms to Electricity
    STEM PROJECT STARTER Transform Energy Topic From Atoms to Electricity PROJECT DETAILS Overview Course This project provides students with the opportunity to synthesize what they have Physical Science learned about energy transformation in other power systems to develop a model that describes the energy conversions in a nuclear power plant. Nuclear power Grade Span plants work by using the heat from fission to create mechanical energy, which turns 6-8 an electric generator. This heat is used to make steam, that turns a turbine, and Duration then turns the generator. Nuclear power is the only energy source with near-zero x2 45–60-minute sessions carbon emissions that can sustainably deliver energy to our industrial society. Concept Transformation of Energy Essential Question How does the energy stored in an atom’s nucleus transform into the electricity that powers our lives? Materials • Image of nuclear power plant • Projector to display video • From Atom to Electricity Rubrics student handout • Chart paper for students to sketch their diagram • Nuclear Power Plant Diagram student handout (optional) Procedure Think Energy n Display an image of a nuclear power plant. 1 Transform Energy Microsite | From Atoms to Electricity Encourage students to look closely and try to observe as many details as possible. o Give students five minutes to jot down answers to the following questions: • What do you see? Remind students to only report on things they actually see in the image. • What do you think about that? • What does it make you wonder? • Facilitate a group discussion about the questions. • Ask students to use the following stems when sharing: “I see...,” “I think...,” “I wonder....” Prior to watching/reading/listening to the video below, divide students into teams of four students and assign each a p perspective ‘hat’ to take while watching the content: a.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Wind Energy Transformation
    Wind Wind Energy Transformation _______________ Æ _______________ Æ _______________ What is wind energy? In reality, wind energy is a converted form of solar energy. The sun's radiation (light) heats different parts of the earth at different rates‐most notably during the day and night, but also when different surfaces (for example, water and land) absorb or reflect at different rates. This in turn causes portions of the atmosphere to warm differently. Hot air rises, reducing the atmospheric pressure at the earth's surface, and cooler air is drawn in to replace it. The result is wind. Air has mass, and when it is in motion, it contains the energy of that motion ("kinetic energy"). The bottom line is that as long as we have sun, we will have wind. And with wind, we have enough available energy to meet all of our electricity needs. Where is the US wind energy? Areas along the Rocky Mountains have outstanding sustainable wind energy. The highest potential for wind energy includes the coastal regions of the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf of Mexico as well as the Great Lakes. Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming are the best interior locations. Ohio has marginal available wind energy. The price of wind generated electricity is approximately $0.08/kw. What is a wind turbine and how does it work? A wind energy system transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use. Wind electric turbines generate electricity for homes and businesses and for sale to utilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Fine Fuel Heating by Radiant Flux
    Combust. Sci. and Tech., 182: 215–230, 2010 Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0010-2202 print=1563-521X online DOI: 10.1080/00102200903341538 FINE FUEL HEATING BY RADIANT FLUX David Frankman,1 Brent W. Webb,1 Bret W. Butler,2 and Don J. Latham2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 2Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Montana, USA Experiments were conducted wherein wood shavings and Ponderosa pine needles in quiescent air were subjected to a steady radiation heat flux from a planar ceramic burner. The internal temperature of these particles was measured using fine diameter (0.076 mm diameter) type K thermocouples. A narrow angle radiometer was used to determine the emissive power generated by the burner. A model was developed to predict the steady-state temperature of a cylindrical particle with an imposed radiation heat flux under both quiesc- ent air (buoyancy-induced cooling) and windy (forced convection cooling) conditions. Excellent agreement was observed between the model predictions and the experimental data. Parametric studies using the validated model explore the effect of burner (flame) tem- perature and distance, fuel size, and wind speed. The data suggest that ignition of the fuel element by radiation heating alone is likely only under circumstances where the fire is very intense (such as crown fires), and even then may still be dependent on pilot ignition sources. Keywords: Fine fuel; Heating; Radiation INTRODUCTION Radiation and convection heat transfer have complimentary roles in wildland fire spread (Anderson, 1969), but due to the complexity of the wildland fire environ- ment, they remain largely undetermined.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Thermoelectric Generators: Progress and Applications
    energies Review A Review on Thermoelectric Generators: Progress and Applications Mohamed Amine Zoui 1,2 , Saïd Bentouba 2 , John G. Stocholm 3 and Mahmoud Bourouis 4,* 1 Laboratory of Energy, Environment and Information Systems (LEESI), University of Adrar, Adrar 01000, Algeria; [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Computing (LDDI), University of Adrar, Adrar 01000, Algeria; [email protected] 3 Marvel Thermoelectrics, 11 rue Joachim du Bellay, 78540 Vernouillet, Île de France, France; [email protected] 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans No. 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 June 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: A thermoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon consisting of the direct conversion of heat into electrical energy (Seebeck effect) or inversely from electrical current into heat (Peltier effect) without moving mechanical parts. The low efficiency of thermoelectric devices has limited their applications to certain areas, such as refrigeration, heat recovery, power generation and renewable energy. However, for specific applications like space probes, laboratory equipment and medical applications, where cost and efficiency are not as important as availability, reliability and predictability, thermoelectricity offers noteworthy potential. The challenge of making thermoelectricity a future leader in waste heat recovery and renewable energy is intensified by the integration of nanotechnology. In this review, state-of-the-art thermoelectric generators, applications and recent progress are reported. Fundamental knowledge of the thermoelectric effect, basic laws, and parameters affecting the efficiency of conventional and new thermoelectric materials are discussed. The applications of thermoelectricity are grouped into three main domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum and Thermal Conversion of Solar Energy to Useful Work
    SERI/TP-252-2137 UC Category: 62e DE84000085 Quantum and Thermal Conversion of Solar Energy to Useful Work D. Johnson H. December 1983 Presented at the Solar Thermal Workshop Atlanta, Georgia 7-8 September 1983 Prepared under Task No. 1387.25 FTP No. 417 Solar Energy Research Institute ' A oivision of Midwest Research Institute 1617 Cole Bouievard Golden, Colorado 80401 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-83CH1 0093 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. TP-2137 QUANTUM AND THERMAL CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY TO USEFUL WORK D. H. Johnson 1.0 INTRODUCTION This paper will summarize the results of a thermodynamic analysis of quantum and thermal processes for converting sunlight into useful work. Quantum and thermal processes acting alone as well as combined quantum-thermal processes will be discussed. Two types of combined processes have been analyzed, the thermally coupled process and the thermally decoupled process. These pro­ cesses were addressed because there is a hope that a combined quantum-thermal conversion system will prove to be cheaper than either system acting sepa­ rately. A first step in determining cost is to determine maximum system effi­ ciency.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Energy
    Thermal Energy By the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy, the work we put into a system is equal to the work we get out.If a ball is dropped from a height of 2 m, does it bounce back to its original height? No! The difference between the height dropped and the height of the bounce is the energy lost. Where did the energy go? Energy to compress the ball. Energy to overcome air resistance. And, the temperature of the ball increased (energy lost as heat) because of friction of the ball coming into contact with the floor.. Thermodynamics - The Study of Heat Heat is energy. More specific, heat is the flow of thermal energy between two objects. The unit of heat flow is the joule. If 1 g of water is raised 1 oC, 4.18 joules of heat is used. Or, if 1 kg (1 liter) of water is raised 1 oC, 4180 joules of heat energy is used. Another, more familiar unit for energy is the calorie. 4.18 joules = 1 calorie. For this course we will use 4180 j/kg oC for the specific heat capacity of water. Problem: How much heat energy (in joules) is used to raise the temperature of 25.0 g of water 10.0 oC? o Heat used (joules) = (mass H2O) x (specific heat of water) x (change in temp. C) # joules = (0.0250 kg) x (4180 j/kg oC) x (10.0 oC) = 1050 joules The English system uses British Thermal Units (BTU). The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1oF.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Physics, the Nature of the Interaction Between Particles Is Carried a Step Further
    44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 1385 are the same, apart from the additional repulsive Coulomb force for the proton– U(r ) (MeV) proton interaction. 40 Evidence for the limited range of nuclear forces comes from scattering experi- n–p system ments and from studies of nuclear binding energies. The short range of the nuclear 20 force is shown in the neutron–proton (n–p) potential energy plot of Figure 44.3a 0 r (fm) obtained by scattering neutrons from a target containing hydrogen. The depth of 1 567432 8 the n–p potential energy well is 40 to 50 MeV, and there is a strong repulsive com- Ϫ20 ponent that prevents the nucleons from approaching much closer than 0.4 fm. Ϫ40 The nuclear force does not affect electrons, enabling energetic electrons to serve as point-like probes of nuclei. The charge independence of the nuclear force also Ϫ60 means that the main difference between the n–p and p–p interactions is that the a p–p potential energy consists of a superposition of nuclear and Coulomb interactions as shown in Figure 44.3b. At distances less than 2 fm, both p–p and n–p potential The difference in the two curves energies are nearly identical, but for distances of 2 fm or greater, the p–p potential is due to the large Coulomb has a positive energy barrier with a maximum at 4 fm. repulsion in the case of the proton–proton interaction. The existence of the nuclear force results in approximately 270 stable nuclei; hundreds of other nuclei have been observed, but they are unstable.
    [Show full text]