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Symbols of Faith Or Symbols of Status? Christian Objects in Tenth-Century Rus´ by Fedir Androshchuk
Symbols of Faith or Symbols of Status? Christian Objects in Tenth-Century Rus´ by Fedir Androshchuk To study the Christianization of Rus´ based on archaeological evidence is not something new, and such a topic has already generated a considerable amount of research.1 This paper will deliberate some of the archaeological arguments pre- sented in earlier works, and aims to explore the social and functional contexts in which Christian objects or symbols associated with Christianity circulated in Rus´ during the Viking Age and in the tenth century in particular. Generally, two classes of archeological evidence have been associated with the dissemination of Christianity in Eastern Europe: inhumation graves with west–east orientation and specific objects with clear Christian symbolism (most often, cross-shaped pendants) found in burials. These two types of evidence are considered the obvi- ous markers of the deceased person’s adherence to the Christian faith, while their absence, conversely, is taken as an indication that the buried person belonged to those still practicing heathen cults. The earliest inhumation grave in early Rus´ is Grave 11 in the Plakun cemetery in Staraia Ladoga. A man between 60–70 years old was buried in a wooden cist oriented west–east (northwest–southeast). Close to his feet lay parts of a wooden trough and a birch box. A number of corroded iron and bronze objects lay to the right of the body. Pieces of felt and fur were also recorded in the grave.2 The timber of the chamber was dendrochronologically dated to 880–900, and there are construction traits that share parallels with sites in Denmark, such as Hede- 1 A selection of recent publications includes Aleksandr P. -
The Old Potter's Almanack
The Old Potter’s Almanack Page 23 THE BRAZING OF IRON AND THE unidentified in pictures in the catalogue (cf. Gebers METALSMITH AS A SPECIALISED POTTER 1981, 120 where figs. 1 and 2 may depict fragments of brazing packages for padlocks). Anders Söderberg Sigtuna Museum Sweden Email: [email protected] Introduction In early medieval metal craft, ceramics were used for furnace and forge linings and for crucibles and containers for processing metals, processes like refining, assaying and melting. Ceramic materials were also used in processes such as box carburisation and brazing, which is more rarely paid attention to. In the latter cases, we are merely talking about tempered clay as a protective “folding material”, rather than as vessels. The leftover pieces from the processes, though, look very similar to crucible fragments, which is why the occurrence of brazing and carburisation easily gets missed when interpreting workshop sites. Yet, just like the crucibles, they tell about important processes and put Figure 1. Map of Scandinavia, Denmark, the Baltic Sea and the spotlight on the metalworkers as skilled potters. the different sites mentioned in this paper (A. Söderberg). Leftover pieces of what probably were clay What are probably the remains of fragments wrappings used in box carburisation, performed as emerging from the brazing of small bells, were found described by Theophilus in book III, chapters 18 and at Helgö and in Bosau (Figure 2; cf. Gebers 1981, 19 (Hawthorne and Smith 1979, 94–95), seem to be 120 figs. 3-6), in early Christian Clonfad in Ireland relatively common at early medieval workshop sites (Young 2005, 3; Stevens 2006, 10) and in a Gallo- in Sweden. -
Paviken Research Project 2013-2016 Investigation of a Viking Age Trading and Manufacturing Site on Gotland, Sweden
Gotland Archaeological Field-school Paviken research project 2013-2016 Investigation of a Viking Age trading and manufacturing site on Gotland, Sweden Project plan Project Director Associate Professor Dan Carlsson Arendus Färjeleden 5c, 621 58 Visby Sweden. Tel. +46-498219999 www.gotland-fieldschool.com Email: [email protected] Cover picture: The head of a dress pin in the form of a dragons head. Found at Stånga, Gotland. Photo Dan Carlsson Harbours and trading in the Baltic Sea during the Viking Age - an introduction In our interpretation of prehistory we are highly influenced by the material we see in the landscape or by coincidences found during archaeological surveys, and we forget or neglect to take into account the hidden cultural landscape. This is particularly true when it comes to prehistory in Sweden. As we completely lack written sources before the 12th century (with the exception of runic inscriptions) we have to rely on archaeological field material. An example of this problem is the question of Viking Age trade and its associated port activities. Extensive Viking material from Gotland suggests that the island had a lively exchange with the surrounding regions at that time in its history. This is reflected in the existence of numerous silver hoards; no area in northern Europe has such a con- centration of silver from the Viking Age as Gotland. There are clear signs of an extensive and lively Staraya Sigtuna trade and exchange (or piracy, as Ladoga Birka some would argue), which in turn Kaupang required docking points, ports -
The Small World of the Vikings: Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange
This article was downloaded by:[State Library of the University of Aarhus] [State Library of the University of Aarhus] On: 25 June 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 768371310] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Norwegian Archaeological Review Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713926118 The Small World of the Vikings: Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange To cite this Article: Sindbæk, Søren Michael , 'The Small World of the Vikings: Networks in Early Medieval Communication and Exchange', Norwegian Archaeological Review, 40:1, 59 - 74 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/00293650701327619 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293650701327619 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. -
Archaeology + History + Geosciences
DFG Priority Programme 1630 "Harbours from the Roman Period to the Middle Ages" Harbours as objects of interdisciplinary research – Archaeology + History + Geosciences Wednesday, 30.09.2015, 19:00 Opening-Lecture More than just one harbour – The case of Ephesus Sabine Ladstätter Thursday 1.10.2015 Keynote Lecture Hall H – Chair: Falko Daim 9.30 – 10.00 Roman and Medieval London: 40 years of interdisciplinary harbour research Gustav Milne London, sitting on the Thames at the head of a tidal estuary, has been the subject of considerable redevelopment in the post-war era. As a direct consequence of that regeneration programme, its ancient harbours have been the focus of detailed archaeological, historical and geoarchaeological study since 1972 particularly on the City waterfront, in Southwark on the south bank and, to a lesser extent, in Westminster. It is now known that the period from c AD50 to AD 1550 saw major changes in the port, including periods of abandonment and relocation. There were also changes in the tidal head and in the level of mean high and mean low water, in harbour topography, bridge construction, in ship-building technology, in the economic culture and financial frameworks, in the languages spoken and materials and volumes traded. Research has also shown the complex inter-relationships of all these themes. The early and late Roman harbours were both quite different, the former seeing major state investment. Following a period of abandonment from c AD 450-600, a new beach market developed on the Strand to the west of the old Roman City until AD900, when it too was abandoned. -
Viking-Age Sailing Routes of the Western Baltic Sea – a Matter of Safety1 by Jens Ulriksen
Viking-Age sailing routes of the western Baltic Sea – a matter of safety1 by Jens Ulriksen Included in the Old English Orosius, com- weather conditions, currents, shifting sand piled at the court of King Alfred the Great of bars on the sea fl oor and coastal morphol- Wessex around 890,2 are the descriptions of ogy. Being able to cope with the elements of two diff erent late 9th-century Scandinavian nature is important for a safe journey, but sailing routes. Th ese originate from Ohthere, equally important – not least when travelling who sailed from his home in Hålogaland in like Ohthere – is a guarantee of safety for northern Norway to Hedeby, and Wulfstan, ship and crew when coming ashore. Callmer probably an Englishman,3 who travelled suggests convoying as a form of self-protec- from Hedeby to Truso. Th e descriptions are tion, but at the end of the day it would be not detailed to any degree concerning way- vital to negotiate a safe passage with “supra- points or anchorages, and in spite of the fact regional or regional lords”.7 Th ey controlled that lands passed are mentioned in both ac- the landing sites that punctuate Callmer’s counts, the information provided is some- route as stepping-stones. times unclear or confusing. For example, In consequence of the latter, Callmer departing from Hålogaland, Ohthere refers focuses on settlement patterns in order to to both Ireland and England on his starboard identify political and military centres – cen- side even though he obviously has been un- tres with lords who controlled certain areas able to glimpse these lands when sailing of land (and sea) and were able to guaran- along the Norwegian coast.4 Th e same pecu- tee safety within their ‘jurisdiction’. -
Námořní Obchod Ve Středomoří
NÁMOŘNÍ OBCHOD PODÉL ATLANTICKÉHO POBŘEŽÍ A VE VNITROZEMÍ EVROPY Petra Maříková Vlčková AEB_37 Dálkový obchod raně středověké Evropy 29.11.2015 ADMINISTRATIVA Dnes: náhrada 2. hodiny, tato učebna, po standardní výuce Doplňky k předchozí přednášce – historické dálkové trasy: IS, tento předmět Historické reálie pro dnešní přednášku: tamtéž DÁLKOVÝ OBCHOD PODÉL ATLANTICKÉHO POBŘEŽÍ EVROPY Za Gibraltar: od 5. až do počátku 8. st. poměrně často Alexandrijská loď plující do Anglie a navrátivší se s nákladem cínu – možná reálný základ Trasa: podél galicijského a kantabrijského pobřeží Během cest – návštěva hrobu sv. Martina z Tour Z pobřeží Evropy – od počátku 7. st.: rapidní změna politických a ekonomických poměrů – Merovejci ovládající Neustrii a Austrasii – zakládají na pobřeží emporia: Neustrie (Bretaň – řeka Šelda): Quentovic Austrie (Porýní): Dorestad. SPECIFIKA ATLANTICKÉHO OBCHODU Lodě bez dostatečně pevných stožárů s plachtovím = lidská síla a vesla Početnější posádky – až 250 osob Obchodníci: převážně Frísové – napojení na tzv. severní oblouk Výraznější propojení námořního obchodu a vnitrozemského pohybu zboží a lidí: stratifikace obchodních středisek Fríský obchod směrem na S: kolem Jutského poloostrova (zkrácení přes Jutskou šíji a řeku Treene) – od 9. stol. - Hedeby EMPORIA Anglie, 5.-6.st: hierarchizovaná sídliště; domácí produkce; omezený okruh směny Konec 6.-7.st: EMPORIA TYP A: obchodní místa periodicky využívána, paláce, kostely, stratifikovaná pohřebiště = doklady vzniku nového společenského uspořádání. Změna v řemeslnické produkci a jejím pohybu – včetně luxusních předmětů. Ipswich Konec 7.st: EMPORIA TYP B: proměna v centrum městského charakteru. Pravidelná uliční síť (jedna hlavní). Domy orientované delší stranou do ulice, přístřešky pro zemědělskou produkci Hamwic R. Hodges 1982: Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Town and Trade. -
Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery
Creating Holy People and People Places Holy on theCreating Periphery Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery A Study of the Emergence of Cults of Native Saints in the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Lund and Uppsala from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Centuries During the medieval period, the introduction of a new belief system brought profound societal change to Scandinavia. One of the elements of this new religion was the cult of saints. This thesis examines the emergence of new cults of saints native to the region that became the ecclesiastical provinces of Lund and Uppsala in the twelfth century. The study examines theearliest, extant evidence for these cults, in particular that found in liturgical fragments. By analyzing and then comparing the relationship that each native saint’s cult had to the Christianization, the study reveals a mutually beneficial bond between these cults and a newly emerging Christian society. Sara E. EllisSara Nilsson Sara E. Ellis Nilsson Dissertation from the Department of Historical Studies ISBN 978-91-628-9274-6 Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery Dissertation from the Department of Historical Studies Creating Holy People and Places on the Periphery A Study of the Emergence of Cults of Native Saints in the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Lund and Uppsala from the Eleventh to the Th irteenth Centuries Sara E. Ellis Nilsson med en svensk sammanfattning Avhandling för fi losofi e doktorsexamen i historia Göteborgs universitet, den 20 februari 2015 Institutionen för historiska studier (Department of Historical Studies) ISBN: 978-91-628-9274-6 ISBN: 978-91-628-9275-3 (e-publikation) Distribution: Sara Ellis Nilsson, [email protected] © Sara E. -
Population Genomics of the Viking World
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/703405; this version posted July 17, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Population genomics of the Viking world 2 3 Ashot Margaryan1,2,3*, Daniel Lawson4*, Martin Sikora1*, Fernando Racimo1*, Simon Rasmussen5, Ida 4 Moltke6, Lara Cassidy7, Emil Jørsboe6, Andrés Ingason1,58,59, Mikkel Pedersen1, Thorfinn 5 Korneliussen1, Helene Wilhelmson8,9, Magdalena Buś10, Peter de Barros Damgaard1, Rui 6 Martiniano11, Gabriel Renaud1, Claude Bhérer12, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar1,13, Anna Fotakis3, Marie 7 Allen10, Martyna Molak14, Enrico Cappellini3, Gabriele Scorrano3, Alexandra Buzhilova15, Allison 8 Fox16, Anders Albrechtsen6, Berit Schütz17, Birgitte Skar18, Caroline Arcini19, Ceri Falys20, Charlotte 9 Hedenstierna Jonson21, Dariusz Błaszczyk22, Denis Pezhemsky15, Gordon Turner-Walker23, Hildur 10 Gestsdóttir24, Inge Lundstrøm3, Ingrid Gustin8, Ingrid Mainland25, Inna Potekhina26, Italo Muntoni27, 11 Jade Cheng1, Jesper Stenderup1, Jilong Ma1, Julie Gibson25, Jüri Peets28, Jörgen Gustafsson29, Katrine 12 Iversen5,64, Linzi Simpson30, Lisa Strand18, Louise Loe31,32, Maeve Sikora33, Marek Florek34, Maria 13 Vretemark35, Mark Redknap36, Monika Bajka37, Tamara Pushkina15, Morten Søvsø38, Natalia 14 Grigoreva39, Tom Christensen40, Ole Kastholm41, Otto Uldum42, Pasquale Favia43, Per Holck44, Raili -
The Christianization of Scandinavia from a Spatial Point of View
World Archaeology ISSN: 0043-8243 (Print) 1470-1375 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rwar20 The significance of places: the Christianization of Scandinavia from a spatial point of view Anders Andrén To cite this article: Anders Andrén (2013) The significance of places: the Christianization of Scandinavia from a spatial point of view, World Archaeology, 45:1, 27-45, DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2013.758939 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2013.758939 Published online: 04 Feb 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1891 View related articles Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rwar20 Download by: [University of Gothenburg] Date: 07 June 2016, At: 05:46 The significance of places: the Christianization of Scandinavia from a spatial point of view Anders Andre´n Abstract The question of cult continuity from pagan ‘temples’ to Christian churches in Scandinavia is a classic issue in archaeology and history. In this paper the discussion is surveyed and new perspectives are outlined, based on the ritual differences between the two religious traditions. Churches were located in relation not so much to pagan ritual buildings as to different elements in multi-focused pagan ritual landscapes, for instance burial grounds. This means that the spatial patterns varied between different parts of Scandinavia. Keywords Burial grounds; Christianization; Christian rituals; cult continuity; location of churches; pre- Christian rituals; ritual buildings; ritual landscape; Scandinavia. The Christian conversion of Scandinavia is a much studied and debated process, which took place from the eighth century to at least the twelfth century. -
Borre Style Metalwork in the Material Culture of the Birka Warriors : an Apotropaic Symbol Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte Fornvännen 2006(101):5, S
Borre style metalwork in the material culture of the Birka warriors : an apotropaic symbol Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte Fornvännen 2006(101):5, s. [312]-322 : ill. http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2006_312 Ingår i: samla.raa.se Art. Hedenstierna-Jonson KH:Layout 1 06-11-28 10.52 Sida 312 Borre style metalwork in the material cul ture of the Birka warriors An apotropaic symbol By Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson Hedenstierna-Jonson, C., 2006. Borre style metalwork in the material culture of the Birka warriors. Fornvännen 101. Stockholm. The use of the Borre style in the dress and equipment of the Viking Period war- riors at Birka is presented and discussed. The absence of Borre style metalwork on blade weapons evokes thoughts on the symbolic meaning of the style within a martial society. An apotropaic symbolic role for the style is suggested. Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, Stockholms univer- sitet, SE-106 91 Stockholm [email protected] Borre was the great Viking Period art style, comp - The Borre style rehensive both in content and in geographical According to David Wilson (1995, p. 91 f; 2001) distribution. It is believed to have been in use the Borre style originated on precious metal. from about AD 830 or 850 to the end of Birka's The decoration with transverse lines frequently floruit about AD 975. The Borre style was one occurring on copper alloy originally imitated of the most vigorous Viking Period styles. It was filigree work. Actual filigree technique was also the most widely spread of the Scandinavian used but on a limited number of objects. -
An Analysis of the Fitting from Haliczany in the Context of Other Early Medieval Finds from Selected Areas of the Western Slavic Territories1
SlovenSká archeológia lXvi – 1, 2018, 49 – 105 CAROLINGIAN OR NOT? AN ANALYSIS OF THE FITTING FROM HALICZANY IN THE CONTEXT OF OTHER EARLY MEDIEVAL FINDS FROM SELECTED AREAS OF THE WESTERN SLAVIC TERRITORIES1 ZBIGNIEW ROBAK The paper presents some remarks on the chronology and spatial distribution of the late avar, carolingian, and great Moravian finds in selected areas of the Western Slavic Territories. The main subject of this paper is to analyse a particular item found in haliczany, chełm county in Poland. The fitting fromh aliczany has already been subjected to typological and chronological analyses twice. in each case, however, it led the authors to entirelly different conclusions and since the space for its interpretation remains broad, it requires some clarification. The purpose of the study is to indicate possible origins of the fitting fromh aliczany in terms of both typology and the route it travelled to finally reach the areas of today eastern Poland. There are two competing explanations that are examined in this paper concerning either carolingian or nomadic origins of the item in question. in the methodological dimension the paper provides arguments in favour of considering even single finds in a context broader than only stylistic speculations, including also cultural, historical, and when possible also ‘geopolitical’ determinants. key words: early Middle ages, central europe, late avar culture, carolingian culture, Slavic culture. INTRODUCTION The Fitting FroM haliczany The paper presents some remarks on the chro The artefact from haliczany is a small strap fit nology and spatial distribution of the late avar, ting, resembling a head of a sheep seen from the carolingian, and great Moravian finds in selected front (Fig.