Zu Einer Deutschen Lehrdichtung Im Basilius-Valentinus-Alchemicacorpus

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Zu Einer Deutschen Lehrdichtung Im Basilius-Valentinus-Alchemicacorpus 10.3726/92124_12 12 JOACHIM TELLE „De prima materia lapidis philosophici“. Zu einer deutschen Lehrdichtung im Basilius-Valentinus-Alchemicacorpus Die Alchymie poetisch vorzutragen, könnte manchem befremdend scheinen; ist es aber im Grunde nicht, indem die gewöhnliche Sprache der Goldmacher ohnehin schon halbe Dich- tung, und ein Gemisch unverständlicher Tropen und Allegorien ist. J. Ch. Adelung: Geschichte der menschlichen Narrheit, Tl. 1, Leipzig 1785, S. 118. I. Um 1600 erschienen unter dem Namen eines angeblichen Benediktinermönches Basilius Valentinus mehrere deutschsprachige Alchemica, die im 17. und 18. Jahrhun- dert weit über das deutsche Sprachgebiet hinaus außerordentlich geschätzt worden sind. Nach einem Jahrhundert Wirkungsgeschichte genoss ihr Urheber den Ruf ei- nes „Welt berühmten deutschen Scribenten“1 und „princeps“ unter den ‚Vätern der 2 3 Chemie‘ , und es entbehrt allen Zufalls, dass beispielsweise G. W. Leibniz oder der 4 zeitweilige „Halbadept“ J. W. von Goethe diesen gerühmten Autor studierten. Auch die neuzeitliche Chemiehistoriographie hob den fachlich hohen Standard insbesondere seines Triumphwagen Antimonii hervor und zählte Basilius Valentinus zum kleinen Kreis der „großen Chemiker“5 . Der Ruhm des pseudonymen Basilius Valentinus gründete sich auf ein gestaltlich 6 und inhaltlich inhomogenes Textcorpus , dessen Kern in den Jahren 1599–1604 durch den Frankenhausener Pfannenherrn und nachmaligen Kronacher Berghauptmann Johann Thölde (um 1565–1612/14) im Rahmen seiner Tätigkeit als Herausgeber (A. von Suchten: Antimonii Mysteria Gemina, 1604; [Ps.-]Paracelsus: Handt-Bibel, 1605) und Kompilator eigener Fachschriften (Von der roten Ruhr, 1599; Haligraphia, 1603; Exa- men der [Heilquelle] Dannenbron, 1608) ediert worden ist. Zunächst gab Thölde einen 1 Georg Wolfgang Wedel: Vom Basilio Valentino (lat. erstmals 1704). In: Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum, hrsg. v. Friedrich Roth-Scholtz, Tl. 1, Nürnberg 1728, S. 669–680, hier S. 670. – Auch Johann Hiskia Cardilucius urteilte: Vorrede. In: Raimund Minderer: Pharmacopoliolum campestre et itinerarium, hrsg. v. J. H. Cardilucius, Nürnberg 1679 (nicht pag.): „die Teutschen Schrifften deß Basilii Valentini, Hollandi etc. [sind] allen andern [Chemica] in der Welt überlegen“. 2H. F. Teichmeyer: Erläuterungen, 1788 (Überl.-verz. 3/Nr. 5), Programm Nr. 1 (lat. erstmals 1733), S. 1. 3 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Oedipus Chymicus aenigmatis Graeci et Germanici. In: Miscellanea Berolinensia ad incrementum scientiarum, Berlin 1710, S. 16–22, hier S. 21 f.: zum „Aenigma“ der Basilianischen Rätsel- poesie. 4 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Dichtung und Wahrheit, hrsg. v. Erich Trunz (Goethes Werke. HA, Bd. 9), Hamburg 1955, Tl. 2, Buch 3, S. 342 f. 5 So etwa Felix Fritz: Basilius Valentinus. In: Das Buch der großen Chemiker, hrsg. v. Günther Bugge, Bd. 1, Berlin 1929, S. 125–141; James Riddick Partington: A History of Chemistry, Bd. 2, London 1961, S. 183–203. 6 Zum Folgenden vgl. Joachim Telle: Basilius Valentinus. In: W. Kühlmann (Hrsg.): Killy Literaturlexikon. Autoren und Werke des deutschsprachigen Kulturraumes, 2., vollst. überarb. Aufl., Bd. 1, Berlin 2008, S. 348–350 (Lit.). Zu einer deutschen Lehrdichtung im Basilius-Valentinus-Alchemicacorpus 13 Traktat Vom großen Stein der Uralten mit den Zwölf Schlüsseln heraus (1599), den er bald um einen aus weiteren Basiliana bestehenden Anhang erweiterte (1602); dann folgten die Schriften De occulta philosophia (1603), Von den natürlichen und übernatür- lichen Dingen (1603) und der Triumphwagen Antimonii (1604). Die näheren Entstehungsumstände dieses aus Handschriften gehobenen Textcor- pus sind in völliges Dunkel gehüllt. Jedoch deuten manche sprachlichen und inhalt- lichen Eigenarten im Verein mit überlieferungsgeschichtlichen Umständen darauf hin, dass das Corpus aus der Feder von mehreren Verfassern des ausgehenden 16. Jahr- hunderts stammt, während sie der altneuen Behauptung, der Pseudonymus Basilius Valentinus sei mit J. Thölde identisch, oder der Vermutung, hinter „Basilius Valentinus“ verberge sich der Leipziger Paracelsist J. Tancke, keinen festen Anhalt bieten. Zu den Aufbauteilen des Basilius-Valentinus-Corpus gehören folgende Lehrdich- tungen: 1. De prima materia lapidis philosophici, ein Verstext, der die Prosaschrift Vom großen Stein mit den Zwölf Schlüsseln beschließt (Erstdruck: 1599). 2. Von der Meisterschaft der sieben Planeten, befindlich im Anhang zum Traktat Vom gro- ßen Stein/Schlüssel (Erstdruck: 1602). 3. Eine aus Rollengedichten zusammengesetzte Sammlung rätselpoetischer Kleindenk- mäler, ebenfalls befindlich im Anhang zu den Basiliana Vom großen Stein/Schlüssel. Nicht anders als manche Prosabasiliana (Zwölf Schlüssel, De occulta philosophia) charak- terisiert diese Dichtungen eine parabolische Schreibart, von der nach Auffassung des Jenaer Universitätsmediziners G. W. Wedel (1645/1721) galt, dass Autoren wie Basilius Valentinus mit ihrer Hilfe „meynen“, „was sie nicht zu meynen sagen“ bzw. „nicht meynen“, „was sie zu meynen sagen“,7 also darauf zielten, dass man „dasjenige, so man 8 weiß, nicht wisse“. Viele Leser, so hielt schon Lorenz Meisner fest (1608), vermochten aus den „Parabolischen Schriften“ des Basilius „nichts [zu] verstehen“9; namentlich in den Schlüsseln, insbesondere aber in De prima materia haben ungezählte Fachleute „sehr 10 unverständliche“ Werke erblickt. Da aber die vom Renaissanceplatonismus neu be- lebte Vorstellung, poetische Rätselrede sei ein sicheres Merkmal tiefster Weisheit, noch weithin Macht über Alchemiker besaß, tat Unverständlichkeit dem Ansehen der para- bolischen Basiliana keinen merklichen Abbruch. Ausweislich vieler Abdrucke, zahl- reicher Kommentare und Deutungsversuche, die sogar eine anagrammatische Umset- zung der Schlüssel einbeschlossen,11 trug man am fachlich hohen Informationswert der Basilianischen Parabolica bis weit in das 18. Jahrhundert keine Zweifel. Während noch G. W. Leibniz, J. C. Barchusen oder die beiden Jenaer Universitäts- mediziner G. W. Wedel und H. F. Teichmeyer die chemischen Lehren bestimmter Dich- 7 Wedel (wie Anm. 1), S. 678. 8 Georg Wolfgang Wedel: Einleitung Zur Alchimie, Berlin 1724 (lat. erstmals 1706), S. 42. 9 Lorenz Meisner: Gemma, 1608 (Überl.-verz. 4/Nr. 1), S. A4. 10 Georg Friedrich Christian Fuchs: Vorrede (1787). In: Teichmeyer (wie Anm. 2). 11 Christoph Gottlieb von Murr: Litterarische Nachrichten zu der Geschichte des sogenannten Goldmachens, Leipzig 1805, S. 113 f.: Berichtet wird dies von dem Arzt Scheidel aus Wien, einem von Murr 1757 persönlich bekannt gewordenen Alchemiker. 14 Joachim Telle 12 tungen des Basilius Valentinus zu klären suchten, fanden die Verstexte vor dem Richtstuhl neuzeitlicher Historiker keine Gnade. Wenn nicht mit Stillschweigen be- dacht, ächtete man sie mit dem lakonischen Vermerk, es gäbe „noch schlechtere alchemistische Reimereien“, oder verwarf man sie als eine „Anhäufung blühendsten 13 Unsinns und weitschweifender Phantastereien“, um dann alle Aufmerksamkeit haupt- sächlich dem Reichtum chemischen Wissens im Triumphwagen Antimoni zu widmen. Unerachtet solcher Historikerschelte erneuerten jedoch gerade die parabolisch gefassten Basiliana in der anthroposophischen Esoterik14 und Psychologie15, in Dichtung16 und Bildkunst17 des 20. Jahrhunderts ihre wirkende Kraft. Ausweislich der Manifeste des Surrealismus von A. Breton (1896–1966) erklärt sich der Aufgriff vorab allegorischer Alchemica durch manche Surrealisten aus der An- sicht, dass es allein der „Geist“ der „philosophie occulte“ ermögliche, die Sprache von den Fesseln eines allein zweckhaften Gebrauchs zu befreien, ihre „,matière première‘ [au sens alchimique]“ zu erfassen und im Zuge einer ‚Revolution des Wortes‘ der Sprache ihr ‚wahres Leben‘ zurückzugeben. Man hielt nicht nur dafür, dass ‚okkulte Philosophen‘ wie die Alchemiker surrealistische Zielsetzungen verwirklicht hätten, nämlich auf die Aufhebung von Antinomien (Leib/Seele, oben/unten, innen/außen) und auf die Herstellung von Beziehungen („traits de feu“) zwischen Elementen ge- 18 zielt, die Vernunft sich weigern würde in Beziehung zu setzen. Zugleich anerkannte 12 Leibniz (wie Anm. 3), S. 21 f.; Johannes Conradus Barchusen: De quarundam Chemicorum fabularum explicatione. In: Ders.: Acroamata, in quibus complura ad Iatro-Chemiam atque Physicam spectantia [. .] explicantur, Leiden 1703, Diss. Nr. 8, S. 103–117, hier S. 110–112: zum Vitriolum- und Antimonium- Rollengedicht Wedel (wie Anm. 7), S. 41 f.; zum „Aenigma“ Teichmeyer (wie Anm. 2). 13 Hermann Kopp: Die Alchemie in älterer und neuerer Zeit. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte, Tl. 2: Die Alchemie vom letzten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts an, Heidelberg 1886 (reprogr. Nachdruck Hildesheim 1971), S. 312 f. (mit Blick auf De prima materia); Fritz (wie Anm. 5), S. 139 f. (mit Blick auf Von der Meister- schaft der sieben Planeten). 14 Rudolf Steiner empfahl das Basilianische Werk als ein „Meditationsbuch“ und „Kompendium der höhe- ren Erkenntnis“, das die „Esoterik“ seiner Anthroposophie enthalte; so Stein (Überl.-verz. 3/Nr. 7), S. 150. 15 Carl Gustav Jung: Psychologie und Alchemie (G W, Bd. 12), Olten 1972 (erstmals 1944); Mysterium Coniunctionis. Untersuchungen über die Trennung und Zusammensetzung der seelischen Gegensätze in 3 der Alchemie, Bde. 1/2 (G W, Bd. 14), Olten 1978, jeweils s. v. 16 Vgl. Yvan Goll: Le Char Triomphal de l’ Antimoine. Illustré de trois eaux-fortes originales de Victor Brau- ner, Paris 1949; Michel Butor: Portrait de l’artiste en jeune singe, Paris 1967; Charles Stein: Reading Basil Valentine in a Mountain
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