Review Article Review of the Tenches of Iran (Family Tincidae)
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Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2019), 6(2): 82-91 Received: October 25, 2018 © 2019 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: May 01, 2019 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v6i2.324 http://www.ijichthyol.org Review Article Review of the tenches of Iran (Family Tincidae) Brian W. COAD Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: The systematics, morphology, distribution, biology and economic importance of the tench of Iran are described, the species is illustrated, and a bibliography on this fish in Iran is provided. There is a single species, Tinca tinca, found in the Caspian Sea basin. Keywords: Biology, Morphology, Systematics, Tinca. Citation: Coad B.W. 2019. Review of the tenches of Iran (Family Tincidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 6(2): 82-91. Introduction Genus Tinca Garsault, 1764 The freshwater ichthyofauna of Iran comprises a The tench genus contains a single species found from diverse set of about 297 species in 109 genera, 30 Europe to Siberia including the Caspian Sea basin. families, 24 orders and 3 classes (Esmaeili et al. The characters of this genus include those of the 2018). These form important elements of the aquatic family above, pharyngeal teeth in a single row, all ecosystem and a number of species are of fins rounded and without spines, a short barbel at the commercial or other significance. The literature on terminal mouth corner, no keel on the belly, these fishes is widely scattered, both in time and moderately long gill rakers, and short dorsal and anal place. Summaries of the morphology and biology of fins. these species were given in a website (www.brian coad.com) which is updated here for one family, Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) while the relevant section of that website is now (Figs. 1-3) closed down. Other families will also be addressed in Common names: Lai, lay, laay or lie mahi (= bottom- a similar fashion. dwelling or mud fish), Hashtarkhan kapur (= Astrakhan carp, Astrakhan being a corruption of Family Tincidae Hashtarkhan, itself from from Haji Tarkhan), nazi (= The tench is found in Eurasia and the family has one cute, Y. Keivany, pers. comm., 25 September 2018), species. The family is characterised by small, saboni (= soapy?), tilkhos [Lil baligi in Azerbaijan; elongate scales deeply embedded in slimy skin and sew-zukgná in Armenia; lin' in Russian; common the supraorbital and infraorbital sensory canals are tench, doctor fish, green tench, tench]. separate (Nelson et al. 2016). The family was Systematics: Cyprinus Tinca was described formerly placed as a subfamily within the family originally from European lakes. No types are known. Cyprinidae but is distinguished on the basis of Lajbner et al. (2010) found the western and eastern molecular data (Chen & Mayden 2009; Conway et al. phylogroups of tench were a single species under the 2010; Betancur-C et al. 2017; Tan & Armbruster biological species concept, although they were 2018). separate phylogenetic species. Tench from a western 82 Coad - Review of the tenches of Iran Fig.1. Tinca tinca, line drawing by S. Laurie-Bourque Fig.2. Tinca tinca, CMNFI 1979-0439, Gilan, Anzali Talab near Anzali, 5 June 1978, bought for 100 Rials, Brian W. Coad. European and a Ponto-Caspian refugium came into tubercles. Central rakers touch the one below when contact by postglacial expansion after a separation of appressed. Scales are very elongate ovals with a very 750,000 years, and showed free interbreeding. anterior focus near the anterior scale margin. Radii Key characters: The dark or green colouration, are numerous on all fields. Pharyngeal teeth 4-5, 5-4, rounded fins and slimy body with elongate embedded 5-3 or 4-4, more rarely 5-5, slightly to strongly scales are characteristic of this species. hooked and expanded at the tip into a head supported Morphology: Dorsal fin unbranched rays 2-4, usually on a narrow stalk. The oblique head has rounded 3-4 followed by 6-9, usually 8, branched rays, anal edges and is concave in the middle. The gut is s- fin unbranched rays 3-4 and branched rays 5-9, shaped with a small anterior loop. The chromosome usually 6-7, pectoral fin branched rays 13-18, and number is 2n=48 (Klinkhardt et al. 1995; Arai 2011). pelvic fin branched rays 7-10. Lateral line scales 70- Meristic values for Iranian specimens are:- dorsal 120, gill rakers 10-16, usually 11-15, and vertebrae fin branched rays 8(28), anal fin branched rays 5(1), 35-44, usually 39-43 (but see below). Anterior gill 6(11), 7(15) or 8(1), pectoral fin branched rays rakers may be difficult to distinguish from throat 15(10), 16(13) or 17(5), pelvic fin branched rays 83 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2019), 6(2): 82-91 Fig.3. Tinca tinca, Anzali Wetland, April 2012, K. Abbasi. 9(27) or 10(1), lateral line scales very embedded and Bazar Roga, Rasteh, Sefid, Shafa, Sheikan, Siah obscured by skin and mucus, range about 82-95, total Darvisahn, Sowsar Roga, Tajan and Talar rivers, and gill rakers 11(4), 12(7), 13(8), 14(7) or 15(2), from the Fereydun Kenar Wetland through pharyngeal teeth 5-4(5), 4-5(2) or 4-4(1), and total neighbouring rivers eastwards to the Gorgan River vertebrae 37(1), 38(7), 39(14) or 40(1). (Holčík & Oláh 1992; Riazi 1996; Karimpour 1998; Sexual dimorphism: The second pelvic fin ray in Abbasi et al. 1999, 2007, 2017; Kiabi et al. 1999; males is thickened and is accompanied by a muscular Abdoli 2000; Nezami Balouchi et al. 2004; Khara et protuberance from the flank. Pelvic fins reach the al. 2005, 2011; Abdoli & Naderi 2009; Ahmadpour anal fin in males. et al. 2012; Moradinasab et al. 2017). Colour: The overall colour is a blackish-green, green Zoogeography: This widespread species has no close or dark brown to bronze. Colour varies with habitat relatives among Eurasian cyprinids. and is lighter in areas with less vegetation. The iris is Habitat: Tench inhabit bays, small and shallow lakes, red and the lips are yellowish-orange. Fins are grey lagoons, slow rivers and estuarine areas rich in to greenish or blackish. Golden, red and orange vegetation and with mud bottoms. They are confined forms, some with black spots, may be bred in garden to the lower reaches of rivers in Iran and do not ponds and aquaria. Preserved fish have a dark body penetrate upstream (Berg 1948-1949). Riazi (1996) and fins with a lighter belly. reported that this species is native (resident) to the Size: Reaches 84.0cm total length and about 8.5kg, Siah-Keshim Protected Region of the Anzali Talab. possibly 10.0kg (Machacek (1983-2012), They are essentially inactive in winter. Tench are downloaded 27 July 2012). reported to bury themselves in mud during severe Distribution: Found from the British Isles and the winters, lying dormant until spring. They can tolerate Iberian Peninsula across Europe to Siberia including weak brackish water (to 12‰), acidic and alkaline southern drainages of the Black and Caspian seas. waters, low oxygen conditions and temperatures as Also introduced into North and South America, high as 38°C for short periods (Avlijaš et al. 2018). South Africa, China, India, Australia and New Preferred temperatures are 15-23.5°C (Brylińska, Zealand (Avlijaš et al. 2018). In Iran, it is reported Bryliński & Bănărescu in Bănărescu 1999). They from the Amirkelayeh Wetland near Lahijan, the remain alive for long periods when removed from the Anzali Talab, the Boojagh Wetland in Gilan, the water. In Iran, adults have been caught in gill nets at Fereydun Kenar International Wetland (where it is 1-2m (Annual Bulletin 1993-94, Iranian Fisheries rare), the Babol, Gorgan, Haraz, Nahang Roga, Pir Research and Training Organization, Tehran p. 78- 84 Coad - Review of the tenches of Iran 79, 1995). switching to vegetation when animals are not Age and growth: Nezami Balouchi et al. (2004) available. Food may be picked out of vegetation or studied tench in the Amirkelayeh Lagoon and found nosed out of mud as much as 13.0cm deep using the age groups 1+ to 7+ years. Moradinasab et al. (2012) snout (Brylińska, Bryliński & Bănărescu in found 46 Anzali Wetland fish (15.0-26.5cm total Bănărescu 1999). Some midwater or surface feeding length) to have a b value in the length-weight can occur in calm waters (Avlijaš et al. 2018). relationship of 2.5358, negatively allometric, a Nezami Balouchi et al. (2004) studied the diet of relative condition factor of 1.0 and a Fulton’s tench in the Amirkelayeh Lagoon and found 17 food condition factor of 1.6. Moradinasab et al. (2017) groups including Odonata, snails, water plants, found 188 Anzali Wetland fish had an age range of Trichoptera, Chironomidae, Hemiptera, 0+ to 6+ years, the male:female sex ratio was 1:1.7 Ephemeroptera, Perca fluviatilis, Diptera, and significantly different, maximum total length and Gammarus, Tubifex, plant seeds, Simulium, water weight were 40.7cm and 1.0kg, the b value was 2.7 bugs, water ticks, zooplankton and phytoplankton. indicating negative allometric growth, the growth Phytoplankton, snails and Hemiptera had the highest performance index (ϕ) was 2.61, infinity weight frequencies at 68.5, 65.7 and 34.0%, respectively. (W∞) was 1,261.43g, Tmax was 16.41, and von This fish is an omnivore here and diet varies with Bertalannfy growth parameters were L∞ = 47.48cm, season age and sex. -1 k = 0.19yr and t0 = -1.07yr. Reproduction: Spawning occurs in shallow water Vetlugina (1992) studied the biology of tench in with little current and abundant vegetation.