Review Article Review of the Tenches of Iran (Family Tincidae)

Home , Anzali Lagoon, Tench

Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2019), 6(2): 82-91 Received: October 25, 2018 © 2019 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: May 01, 2019 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v6i2.324 http://www.ijichthyol.org

Review Article

Review of the tenches of Iran (Family Tincidae)

Brian W. COAD

Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4 Canada. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: The systematics, morphology, distribution, biology and economic importance of the tench of Iran are described, the species is illustrated, and a bibliography on this fish in Iran is provided. There is a single species, Tinca tinca, found in the Caspian Sea basin. Keywords: Biology, Morphology, Systematics, Tinca.

Citation: Coad B.W. 2019. Review of the tenches of Iran (Family Tincidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 6(2): 82-91.

Introduction Genus Tinca Garsault, 1764 The freshwater ichthyofauna of Iran comprises a The tench genus contains a single species found from diverse set of about 297 species in 109 genera, 30 Europe to Siberia including the Caspian Sea basin. families, 24 orders and 3 classes (Esmaeili et al. The characters of this genus include those of the 2018). These form important elements of the aquatic family above, pharyngeal teeth in a single row, all ecosystem and a number of species are of fins rounded and without spines, a short barbel at the commercial or other significance. The literature on terminal mouth corner, no keel on the belly, these fishes is widely scattered, both in time and moderately long gill rakers, and short dorsal and anal place. Summaries of the morphology and biology of fins. these species were given in a website (www.brian coad.com) which is updated here for one family, Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) while the relevant section of that website is now (Figs. 1-3) closed down. Other families will also be addressed in Common names: Lai, lay, laay or lie mahi (= bottom- a similar fashion. dwelling or mud fish), Hashtarkhan kapur (= Astrakhan carp, Astrakhan being a corruption of Family Tincidae Hashtarkhan, itself from from Haji Tarkhan), nazi (= The tench is found in Eurasia and the family has one cute, Y. Keivany, pers. comm., 25 September 2018), species. The family is characterised by small, saboni (= soapy?), tilkhos [Lil baligi in Azerbaijan; elongate scales deeply embedded in slimy skin and sew-zukgná in Armenia; lin' in Russian; common the supraorbital and infraorbital sensory canals are tench, doctor fish, green tench, tench]. separate (Nelson et al. 2016). The family was Systematics: Cyprinus Tinca was described formerly placed as a subfamily within the family originally from European lakes. No types are known. Cyprinidae but is distinguished on the basis of Lajbner et al. (2010) found the western and eastern molecular data (Chen & Mayden 2009; Conway et al. phylogroups of tench were a single species under the 2010; Betancur-C et al. 2017; Tan & Armbruster biological species concept, although they were 2018). separate phylogenetic species. Tench from a western

Coad - Review of the tenches of Iran

Fig.1. Tinca tinca, line drawing by S. Laurie-Bourque

Fig.2. Tinca tinca, CMNFI 1979-0439, Gilan, Anzali Talab near Anzali, 5 June 1978, bought for 100 Rials, Brian W. Coad. European and a Ponto-Caspian refugium came into tubercles. Central rakers touch the one below when contact by postglacial expansion after a separation of appressed. Scales are very elongate ovals with a very 750,000 years, and showed free interbreeding. anterior focus near the anterior scale margin. Radii Key characters: The dark or green colouration, are numerous on all fields. Pharyngeal teeth 4-5, 5-4, rounded fins and slimy body with elongate embedded 5-3 or 4-4, more rarely 5-5, slightly to strongly scales are characteristic of this species. hooked and expanded at the tip into a head supported Morphology: Dorsal fin unbranched rays 2-4, usually on a narrow stalk. The oblique head has rounded 3-4 followed by 6-9, usually 8, branched rays, anal edges and is concave in the middle. The gut is s- fin unbranched rays 3-4 and branched rays 5-9, shaped with a small anterior loop. The chromosome usually 6-7, pectoral fin branched rays 13-18, and number is 2n=48 (Klinkhardt et al. 1995; Arai 2011). pelvic fin branched rays 7-10. Lateral line scales 70- Meristic values for Iranian specimens are:- dorsal 120, gill rakers 10-16, usually 11-15, and vertebrae fin branched rays 8(28), anal fin branched rays 5(1), 35-44, usually 39-43 (but see below). Anterior gill 6(11), 7(15) or 8(1), pectoral fin branched rays rakers may be difficult to distinguish from throat 15(10), 16(13) or 17(5), pelvic fin branched rays

83 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2019), 6(2): 82-91

Fig.3. Tinca tinca, Anzali Wetland, April 2012, K. Abbasi. 9(27) or 10(1), lateral line scales very embedded and Bazar Roga, Rasteh, Sefid, Shafa, Sheikan, Siah obscured by skin and mucus, range about 82-95, total Darvisahn, Sowsar Roga, Tajan and Talar rivers, and gill rakers 11(4), 12(7), 13(8), 14(7) or 15(2), from the Fereydun Kenar Wetland through pharyngeal teeth 5-4(5), 4-5(2) or 4-4(1), and total neighbouring rivers eastwards to the Gorgan River vertebrae 37(1), 38(7), 39(14) or 40(1). (Holčík & Oláh 1992; Riazi 1996; Karimpour 1998; Sexual dimorphism: The second pelvic fin ray in Abbasi et al. 1999, 2007, 2017; Kiabi et al. 1999; males is thickened and is accompanied by a muscular Abdoli 2000; Nezami Balouchi et al. 2004; Khara et protuberance from the flank. Pelvic fins reach the al. 2005, 2011; Abdoli & Naderi 2009; Ahmadpour anal fin in males. et al. 2012; Moradinasab et al. 2017). Colour: The overall colour is a blackish-green, green Zoogeography: This widespread species has no close or dark brown to bronze. Colour varies with habitat relatives among Eurasian cyprinids. and is lighter in areas with less vegetation. The iris is Habitat: Tench inhabit bays, small and shallow lakes, red and the lips are yellowish-orange. Fins are grey lagoons, slow rivers and estuarine areas rich in to greenish or blackish. Golden, red and orange vegetation and with mud bottoms. They are confined forms, some with black spots, may be bred in garden to the lower reaches of rivers in Iran and do not ponds and aquaria. Preserved fish have a dark body penetrate upstream (Berg 1948-1949). Riazi (1996) and fins with a lighter belly. reported that this species is native (resident) to the Size: Reaches 84.0cm total length and about 8.5kg, Siah-Keshim Protected Region of the Anzali Talab. possibly 10.0kg (Machacek (1983-2012), They are essentially inactive in winter. Tench are downloaded 27 July 2012). reported to bury themselves in mud during severe Distribution: Found from the British Isles and the winters, lying dormant until spring. They can tolerate Iberian Peninsula across Europe to Siberia including weak brackish water (to 12‰), acidic and alkaline southern drainages of the Black and Caspian seas. waters, low oxygen conditions and temperatures as Also introduced into North and South America, high as 38°C for short periods (Avlijaš et al. 2018). South Africa, China, India, Australia and New Preferred temperatures are 15-23.5°C (Brylińska, Zealand (Avlijaš et al. 2018). In Iran, it is reported Bryliński & Bănărescu in Bănărescu 1999). They from the Amirkelayeh Wetland near Lahijan, the remain alive for long periods when removed from the Anzali Talab, the Boojagh Wetland in Gilan, the water. In Iran, adults have been caught in gill nets at Fereydun Kenar International Wetland (where it is 1-2m (Annual Bulletin 1993-94, Iranian Fisheries rare), the Babol, Gorgan, Haraz, Nahang Roga, Pir Research and Training Organization, Tehran p. 78- 84 Coad - Review of the tenches of Iran

79, 1995). switching to vegetation when animals are not Age and growth: Nezami Balouchi et al. (2004) available. Food may be picked out of vegetation or studied tench in the Amirkelayeh Lagoon and found nosed out of mud as much as 13.0cm deep using the age groups 1+ to 7+ years. Moradinasab et al. (2012) snout (Brylińska, Bryliński & Bănărescu in found 46 Anzali Wetland fish (15.0-26.5cm total Bănărescu 1999). Some midwater or surface feeding length) to have a b value in the length-weight can occur in calm waters (Avlijaš et al. 2018). relationship of 2.5358, negatively allometric, a Nezami Balouchi et al. (2004) studied the diet of relative condition factor of 1.0 and a Fulton’s tench in the Amirkelayeh Lagoon and found 17 food condition factor of 1.6. Moradinasab et al. (2017) groups including Odonata, snails, water plants, found 188 Anzali Wetland fish had an age range of Trichoptera, Chironomidae, Hemiptera, 0+ to 6+ years, the male:female sex ratio was 1:1.7 Ephemeroptera, Perca fluviatilis, Diptera, and significantly different, maximum total length and Gammarus, Tubifex, plant seeds, Simulium, water weight were 40.7cm and 1.0kg, the b value was 2.7 bugs, water ticks, zooplankton and phytoplankton. indicating negative allometric growth, the growth Phytoplankton, snails and Hemiptera had the highest performance index (ϕ) was 2.61, infinity weight frequencies at 68.5, 65.7 and 34.0%, respectively. (W∞) was 1,261.43g, Tmax was 16.41, and von This fish is an omnivore here and diet varies with Bertalannfy growth parameters were L∞ = 47.48cm, season age and sex. -1 k = 0.19yr and t0 = -1.07yr. Reproduction: Spawning occurs in shallow water Vetlugina (1992) studied the biology of tench in with little current and abundant vegetation. Spawning the Volga Delta using sections of dorsal fin rays for aggregations can be seen in April in the Volga Delta aging. Life span there is 13 years or more. Females and spawning takes place in May and June grow faster than males and comprise 90-100% of (Vetlugina 1992). In Kapulukaya Reservoir, Turkey older fish. Growth rate is similar to fish from fish reach sexual maturity at age 3 years, breeding Dagestan, nearer Iranian waters. Tench begin to starts in May and ends in July, mean number of eggs mature at 3 years (30-40% of fish are sexually per fish was 23,403 and maximum egg diameter was mature) and by age 4-5, 60% are mature. In Dagestan 1.33mm (Benzer et al. 2011). Tench in the Anzali they mature at 3-4 years (Shikhshabekov 1977). Life Talab have well-developed, 1.0mm eggs in early span is up to 30 years elsewhere and maturity may be June. Water temperatures at peak spawning are 20- attained at 2 years, females often a year later than 26°C. In Dagestan, spawning takes place in June-July males (Cudmore & Mandrak 2011). Turkish at water temperatures no lower than 19-20°C populations in lakes formed by dams range up to 5 or (Shikhshabekov 1977). Each female is accompanied 6 years of age (e.g., Altindağ et al. 1998, 2002, 2002; by 2-3 males and different males will fertilise the egg Benzer et al. 2009). These authors gave age-length batches as they are released. Tench spawn two or and age-weight relationships and condition factors. three times at intervals of about 20-30 days, shedding There is a substantial European literature on this fish. eggs onto surface vegetation. Eggs are greenish, Food: Tench are nocturnal foragers but do feed adhesive and up to 1.57mm in diameter. Fecundity is during the day too (on processed cheese, personal up to 863,000 eggs (or 124,850 per kg of body observations, 1960s in England). Diet comprises weight) and increases with age, length and weight. insect larvae, crustaceans, small molluscs, aquatic Larvae have attachment organs which enable them to worms, vegetation and detritus. Chironomids may hang onto plants for the first few days of life. constitute as much as 91.8% of the diet in the second Maximum fecundity is 1,241,200 eggs in Eastern year of life while older fish favour snails and algae Europe. and macrophytes. This fish is probably a carnivore, Parasites and predators: Khara et al. (2005) found 85 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2019), 6(2): 82-91

parasites of this species in the Amirkelayeh Wetland for injuries. Rubbed on humans, it is said to cure were Raphidascaris acus, Camallanus lacustris, fever, headache, toothache and jaundice. In Iran, this Asymphylodora tincae, Diplostomum spathaceum, species has been proposed as a component of Dactylogyrus sp., Caryophyllaeus fimbriceps, polyculture as it feeds on snails, a host for Lernaea sp. and Trichodina sp. Khara et al. (2006a) diplostomiasis- and schistosomiasis-causing recorded the eye fluke D. spathaceum for this fish in parasites. A decrease in snail frequency varied from the Amirkelayeh Wetland in Gilan, although it had 43 to 82% in experiments using adult and juvenile the lowest abundance of seven species examined, and tench (Iranian Fisheries Research Organization Barzegar et al. (2008) also recorded this parasite. Newsletter 37: 3, 2003; Abou et al. 2005). Robins et Sattari et al. (2004, 2005) surveyed this species in the al. (1991) listed this species as important to North Anzali and Amirkelayeh wetlands, recording R. acus Americans. Importance is based on its use as food, in larvae and C. lacustris. Khara et al. (2006b) recorded textbooks and because it has been introduced outside the digenean trematode A. tincae from this species in its natural range. the Boojagh Wetland of the Caspian coast and Khara Experimental studies: Vajargah et al. (2013) studied et al. (2011) added the crustacean Lernaea the acute toxicity of two pesticides, experimentally in cyprinacea. Barzegar & Jalali (2009) reviewed Gorgan, finding the LC50 96 h of diazinon was 6.77 crustacean parasites in Iran and found Lernaea sp. on and 0.63 for fingerlings and larvae and for this species. deltamethrin 0.07 and 0.005, the latter being more Economic importance: Commercial catches are made toxic therefore. Eslami et al. (2014) found high in the Volga Delta where there are spring (April) and concentrations of lead and cadmium in liver tissues fall (September-October) fishing seasons. Up to of fish from the Anzali Wetland compared to the 6,300 tonnes are taken using fyke nets, trap nets and perch, Perca fluviatilis. Concentrations were less in seines. Holčík & Oláh (1992) reported a catch of muscle tissue and were safe for human consumption. 540kg in the Anzali Talab in 1990. Moradi et al. (2017) measured the amount of the The tench is a sought-after sport fish in Europe, hydrocarbon benzo[a]anthracene in fish from the putting on a strong fight for its weight (personal Anzali Wetland, finding no significant differences experience). The flesh is firm, white and tasty when between sample areas and levels lower than smoked or fried. There is an ornamental form, international health standards (20μg/kg dry matter). orange-yellow or reddish, which is kept in park Seifzadeh et al. (2018) found bioaccumulation of the ponds. pesticides aldrin, diazinon and endrin in muscle Goldfish (Carassius auratus) are commercially tissues of fish from the Anzali Wetland were lower important in the Anzali Talab and are all female, than international detection limits and so consumers reproducing through gynogenesis. Sayad Borani et were not at risk. Haematological changes were al. (2001) found egg development is stimulated by investigated after exposure to mercury, cadmium and sperm probably from Tinca tinca, among other lead by Lal Shah (2010), examining fish from Mogan cyprinoid species. Lake near Ankara, Turkey. Impaired haematological The roe or eggs of this species are particularly parameters resulted in hyperactivity, increased poisonous and it should be cleaned with care to avoid breathing, accelerated ventilation, surfacing and contamination of the flesh although it is not a sinking, erratic swimming, inactivity, lethargy and common market fish in Iran (Halstead 1967-1970; convulsions. Coad 1979). There have been attempts to breed this species The tench is reputedly a "doctor fish" and other artificially in Iran to increase the recruitment rate and species are said to rub against its slimy body as a cure to control loss (Annual Bulletin 1993-94, Iranian 86 Coad - Review of the tenches of Iran

Fisheries Research and Training Organization, (37º21'N, 49º33'E); CMNFI 1980-0916, 6, 38.2- Tehran p. 78-79, 1995, Annual Report 1994-1995, 51.1mm standard length, Gilan, Nahang Roga River Iranian Fisheries Research and Training (no other locality data); CMNFI 1993-0137, 1, Organization, Tehran p. 39, 1996; Sirang 1997). 150.4mm standard length, Mazandaran, Sari Brood fish weighed 0.2-0.45kg and were kept in (36º34'N, 53º04'E). earthen ponds. Carp culture techniques were used with injection of gonadotropic hormones from Acknowledgements common carp pituitary at 3-8mg per kg body weight I am indebted to the Department of Biology, Shiraz applied in two doses. Water temperatures were 20- University and the Canadian Museum of Nature, 24°C, eggs were placed in saline carbamide solution Ottawa for funding of research. Numerous colleagues after fertilisation to remove stickiness, and washed in and co-authors assisted in developing the website on pure water. Swelled eggs measured 0.65-0.8mm and Iranian fishes, providing specimens, data and were bright yellow to greenish-yellow. The number photographs and are listed at www.briancoad.com. of eggs per spawner was 10,848-17,710 and 80-350 eggs/g body weight. Fertilisation rate was 70-85%. References Eggs were incubated for 2.0-2.5 days with a survival Abbasi, K.; Moradi, M.; Nikpoor, M.; Zahmatkesh, Y.; rate of hatched fry at 85-95% and size of newly Mirzajani, A.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Abdoli, A.; hatched larvae at 4.5-5.0mm. Sayadrahim, M.; Mohammadidost, R.; Hoseinjani, Conservation: Lelek (1987) classified this species as A.; Zolfinezhad, K. & Ramzani, M. 2017. Study on intermediate in Europe (liable to be transferred to distribution of fish species in Anzali Wetland and its rivers. The Fifth Iranian Conference of Ichthyology, vulnerable or rare categories if their habitat Islamic Azad University of Babol, 13-14 December deteriorates further). Kiabi et al. (1999) considered 2017. pp: 642-648. (In Farsi) this species to be of least concern in the south Abbasi, K.; Moradkhah, S. & Sarpanah, A.N. 2007. Caspian Sea basin according to IUCN criteria. Identification and distribution of fish fauna in Criteria included commercial fishing, sport fishing, Siahdarvishan River (Anzali Wetland basin). abundant in numbers, habitat destruction, widespread Pajouhesh va Sazandegi 19(1)(74): 27-39. (In Farsi) range (75% of water bodies), absent in other water Abbasi, K.; Valipour, A.; Talebi Haghighi, D.; Sarpanah, bodies in Iran, and present outside the Caspian Sea A. & Nezami, Sh. 1999. Atlas of Iranian Fishes. Gilan basin. Listed as of Least Concern by the IUCN (2015, Inland Waters. Gilan Fisheries Research Centre, https://newredlist.iucnredlist.org/, downloaded 15 Rasht. 113 p. (In Farsi) October 2018). Abdoli, A. 2000. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran. Iranian Museum of Nature and Wildlife, Tehran. 378 Sources: Cudmore & Mandrak (2011) provided a p. (In Farsi) biological synopsis of tench. Abdoli, A. & Naderi, M. 2009. Biodiversity of Fishes of Iranian material: CMNFI 1970-0514, 2, 63.9- the Southern Basin of the Caspian Sea. Abzian 106.9mm standard length, Gilan, Shafa River estuary Scientific Publications, Tehran. 243 p. (In Farsi) (37º35'N, 49º09'E); CMNFI 1970-0553, 1, 70.9mm Abou, M.; Saeedi, A.A.; Rezai, A.; Rezvani, Z. & standard length, Gilan, Sowsar Roga River (37º27'N, Mirhashemi, S.F. 2005. Biological control of 49º30'E); CMNFI 1970-0580, 3, 28.0-36.2mm intermediate host parasites (snails) by the use of standard length, Mazandaran, river near Iz Deh Tinca tinca fish. The Fourth International Iran and (36º36'N, 52º07'E); CMNFI 1979-0439, 1, 170.9mm Russia Conference ’Agriculture and Natural standard length, Gilan, Anzali Talab (ca. 37º27'N, ca. Resources’, September 8-10, Shahr-e Kord, Iran. (In 49º25'E); CMNFI 1980-0148, 14, 33.9-49.7mm Farsi) Ahmadpour, M.; Ahmadpour, M.; Hoseini, S.H.; standard length, Gilan, Pir Bazar Roga River 87 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2019), 6(2): 82-91

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90 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2019), 6(2): 82–91 Received: October 25, 2018 © 2019 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: May 01, 2019 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v6i1.324 http://www.ijichthyol.org

مقاله مروری مروری بر الی ماهیان ایران )خانواده Tinicidae(

برایان کد

موزه تاريخ طبيعي کانادا، اتاوا، انتاريو، K1P 6P4 ، کانادا.

چکیده: در اين مقاله مروری، سيستماتيک، ريختشناسي، پراکنش، زيستشناسي و اهميت الی ماهي ايران شرح داده شده، تصاويری از آن ارائه گرديده و فهرستي از منابع موجود درباره اين گونه ليست شده است. تنها يک گونه الیماهي Tinca tinca در ايران يافت ميشود که در حوضه دريای خزر پراکنش دارد. کلماتکلیدی: زيستشناسي، ريختشناسي، سيستماتيک، الیماهي.