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Amphidromie Et Phylogéographie Des Neritidae (Mollusca Gastropoda

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Amphidromie Et Phylogéographie Des Neritidae (Mollusca Gastropoda À la mémoire de mes grands-parents Bwana Ntsode et Amina Mlatamu Eux, qui m’ont façonné À mon fils Amine Ridjal Une baisse de biodiversité révèle souvent un dysfonctionnement écologique, sans en être la cause. L’évaluation de la qualité des eaux à partir d’inventaires des invertébrés d’eau douce est un exemple simple de ce rôle d’indicateur : la réduction de leur diversité n’est qu’une conséquence des pollutions, mais permet d’enregistrer celles-ci de façon simple et robuste, en en gardant une trace biologique dans la durée. Jean-Dominique Lebreton (Membre de l’Académie des sciences) "Libres points de vue d’Académiciens sur la biodiversité" (2010) On the islands, the impact of humans on aquatic habitats is highly significant, particularly on estuarine habitats which are crucial to amphidromous species. These have to undertake two migrations between fresh waters and the sea. The success of such a life cycle, i.e. production of larvae and restocking rivers, depends on maintaining the mountain ocean corridor open to allow movements between both habitats. McDowall, 1997 ; Keith, 2003 Isolation, by checking immigration and consequently competition, will give time for any new variety to be slowly improved; and this may sometimes be of importance in the production of new species. If, however, an isolated area be very small, either from being surrounded by barriers, or from having very peculiar physical conditions, the total number of the individuals supported on it will necessarily be very small; and fewness of individuals will greatly retard the production of new species through natural selection, by decreasing the chance of the appearance of favourable variations. Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species (1859) Remerciements Ce travail de thèse n’aurait pas eu lieu sans la proposition, l’insistance et les encouragements du professeur Philippe Keith et du Dr. Gérard Marquet. Qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de ma reconnaissance et de mes sincères remerciements ! Mais pour réaliser une thèse, outre le sujet, il faut un cadre administratif, un cadre de recherche et un encadrement. Et mon statut de salarié à temps complet qui, sans être extraordinaire, ne s’ajuste pas automatiquement au cadre ordinaire généralement admis par les Écoles doctorales, a quelque peu compliqué les choses. L’École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) s’est avérée être la structure la mieux adaptée pour mon cas. Je remercie chaleureusement le professeur René Galzin, directeur d’études (DE) dans cet établissement, qui a bien voulu accepter de diriger cette thèse conjointement avec le professeur Philippe Keith. Il m’a, en outre, agréablement accueilli à Moorea en février 2014, et a mis à ma disposition tout le matériel nécessaire à la réalisation des expériences que j’y suis allé mener. Je lui en suis reconnaissant. Merci au professeur Guy Duhamel de m’avoir accueilli au sein du Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques (DMPA) du Muséum d’histoire naturelle à Paris et au professeur Sylvie Dufour, directrice de l’UMR BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques) qui m’a aimablement acceptée dans son unité pour que je puisse y préparer ma thèse. Merci également au professeur Serge Planes, directeur du CRIOBE (Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement) qui m'a permis de mener certaines de mes expériences dans ce cadre agréable à Moorea en Polynésie française. Qu'ils trouvent tous ici l'expression de ma gratitude ! Je remercie vivement les membres du jury qui ont bien voulu accepter de juger mon travail. Clara Lord, Jean-Pierre Pointier et Pierre Sasal, ont composé mon comité de thèse. Je leur en sais gré. Je voudrais dire toute ma reconnaissance aux nombreuses personnes qui ont contribué, à de degrés divers, à la réalisation de cette thèse en me faisant bénéficier de leur expertise, en particulier Clara Lord, Gilles Luquet, Sophie Berland, Hélène Tabouret, Aïcha Badou, Stéphanie Bordenave, Nicolas Puillandre. J'ai souvent sollicité l'expertise des Jeunes (comme je les appelle) au labo, Gaël, Valentin et Marion ; et j'ai beaucoup dérangé Céline Bonillo et Josie Lambourdière, qui m'ont apporté leur concours au Service de Systématique Moléculaire (SSM) lors de mes manips de génétique. Qu’ils en soient tous ici remerciés. Merci à tous les collègues qui m'ont fourni des précieux échantillons récoltés aussi bien dans le Pacifique que dans l'océan Indien : Midori Iida, Ken Maeda, Didier Labrousse, Laura Taillebois, Laurent Charles, Pierre Valade, Owen Griffiths. Merci aussi à François Meunier pour ses encouragements, à Coco pour sa bonté et sa disponibilité et à Mélyne. Je suis reconnaissant envers l'association AIMARA pour le soutien financier qu'elle m'a apporté. Pour leurs encouragements et leur compréhension, je remercie tous mes collègues du service des Publications scientifiques du Muséum, la responsable d'édition Laurence Bénichou en particulier. J'associe à ces remerciements tous les camarades de la Malaco terrestre et marine au Muséum, Olive, Ben, La Virge, Barbara, Danielle et Le Maestro, notamment. En Polynésie française, mes remerciements s'adressent à toute la communauté criobienne de Moorea. Je citerai en particulier Benoît Espiau qui a aimablement accepté de veiller sur mon dispositif expérimental après mon départ de Moorea fin février 2014, Franck Lerouvreur qui m'a aidé à installer le système de bullage dans mes aquariums, Elina Burns pour son accueil et sa disponibilité, Pierre Sasal qui m'a fait découvrir le sentier des ancêtres et les Marae Titiroa. Mes remerciements s'adressent également à Jean-Yves Meyer, qui m'a fait découvrir Tahiti. Il m'a permis de visiter les deux composantes de l'île et de faire quelques récoltes dans la rivière Vaitepiha à Tahiti Iti (Taiarapu) et la rivière Vaipaea au sein du parc naturel territorial de Te Faaiti, dans la vallée de la Papenoo à Tahiti Nui. Il m'a, en outre, instruit sur le nom de Moorea, qui serait une graphie simplifiée de la transcription normale du nom de l'île, "Mo'o-re'a", se traduisant littéralement par le "lézard jaune" d'après une légende. Ils ne m'ont pas tenu rigueur pour mes retours tardifs le soir et mes absences de la maison pratiquement tous les weekends durant ces quatre dernières années. Pour leur soutien, leur tolérance et leur compréhension, je remercie chaleureusement ma femme et mon fils. Last but not the least, je voudrais exprimer ici ma profonde gratitude au professeur Philippe Bouchet, principal artisan de mon admission au sein du Muséum. Il a, en effet, instruit et validé ma demande d’inscription au DEA de Systématique de cet établissement, m’a accueilli dans son laboratoire dans le cadre de ce diplôme, m’a initié à la malacologie et m’a permis d’intégrer le Service des Publications scientifiques du Muséum, tout en me laissant la possibilité de participer aux travaux de recherche de son équipe. C'est cette opportunité qui m'a permis de rencontrer Philippe Keith et Gérard Marquet dans le cadre de missions de terrain que nous avons réalisées ensemble aux Comores. SOMMAIRE TABLE DES FIGURES .............................................................................................................. 13 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................................. 15 SIGLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS UTILISÉS ....................................................................................... 16 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 17 1.- Île et insularité ..................................................................................................................................... 18 1.1- L’île, entitée complexe et multifacette................................................................................................ 18 1.2- Province biogéographique Indo-Pacifique et biodiversité .................................................................. 21 1.2.1- Où il est question de biogéographie des îles … ........................................................................... 25 1.2.2- de phylogéographie … ................................................................................................................. 27 1.2.3- de courants marins … et de dispersion ........................................................................................ 30 2.- Contexte et problématique .................................................................................................................. 34 2.1.- Le contexte de l’étude ........................................................................................................................ 34 2.2.- Problématique et objectifs ................................................................................................................. 36 CHAPITRE 1- MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES ............................................................................... 39 1.- Modèles de l’étude .............................................................................................................................. 40 1.1- Modèle géographique ......................................................................................................................... 40 1.2- Modèle biologique............................................................................................................................... 40 1.2.1- Groupe biologique ......................................................................................................................
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