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Univerzita Karlova V Praze Filosofická Fakulta Ústav Etnologie UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FILOSOFICKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV ETNOLOGIE Jan Pokorný Ernst Cassirer a etnolingvistika (rigorózní práce) 2008 Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. František Vrhel, CSc. PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že jsem rigorózní práci vypracoval samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. Praha, únor 2008 …………………………… podpis Děkuji Doc. PhDr. Františku Vrhelovi, CSc. a Stanislavu Pešičkovi za jejich pomoc při psaní této práce ABSTRAKT Tématem této práce je analýza filosofie Ernsta Cassirera z pohledu současné etnolingvistiky. Věnuji se v ní jeho filosofickým východiskům, evolucionistickému schématu jazykového vývoje a především souvislostem se současnou kognitivní vědou a jejich významu pro moderní směry jazykového relativismu. Srovnávám Cassirerovu analýzu jazykové formy s výsledky současných lingvistických (etnolingvistických a psycholingvistických) výzkumů, jejichž předmětem je vyjadřování prostoru, času, množství, subjektivity, pojmů a syntaktických vztahů v jazycích neevropských kultur. ABSTRACT I challenge in this work Ernst Cassirer´s philosophy from the point of view of present ethnolinguistics. I addressed myself in this work to his philosophical basis, evolutionist scheme of the linguistic developement, and first of all to relations with the present cognitive science and their significance for modern trends of the linguistic relativism. I compare Cassirer´s analysis of the linguistic form with the results of present linguistic (ethnolinguistic and psycholinguistic) research whose subject is the voicing of space, time, quantity, subjetivity, terms and syntactic relations in the languages of the non-European civilizations. OBSAH Úvod ......................................................................................................................................... 8 I. ČÁST .................................................................................................................................. 10 1. ETNOCENTRISMUS V JAZYKOVĚDĚ.......................................................................... 10 2. E. CASSIRER .................................................................................................................... 13 2.1. Filosofický základ ..................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Metafory evolucionismu ........................................................................................... 16 3. KOGNITIVNÍ VĚDA – EVOLUCE, METAFORY A SYMBOLY V DNEŠNÍCH PARADIGMATECH ....................................................................................................... 19 3.1. Role symbolů ............................................................................................................. 21 3.2. Kognitivní lingvistika a teorie metafory ................................................................... 23 4. RELATIVISMUS ............................................................................................................... 25 4.1. Argumenty proti jazykovému relativismu / determinismu ....................................... 26 4.1.1. Univerzální gramatika ............................................................................................ 27 4.1.2. Modularita .............................................................................................................. 28 4.1.3. Mentálština ............................................................................................................. 29 4.1.4. Vnější faktory ......................................................................................................... 29 4.1.5. „Neurčitost“ jazyka ................................................................................................ 30 4.1.6. Přeložitelnost a kulturní relativita .......................................................................... 31 4.1.7. Kulturní heterogenita .............................................................................................. 33 ČÁST II. ................................................................................................................................. 35 1. MIMICKÝ, ANALOGICKÝ A SYMBOLICKÝ VÝRAZ ............................................... 35 2. PROSTOR .......................................................................................................................... 38 2.1. Intrinzitní a relativní referenční rámec, prostor a metafora ...................................... 40 2.2. Absolutní referenční rámec ....................................................................................... 41 2.2.1. Taba ............................................................................................................... 42 2.2.2. Tobelo ............................................................................................................ 44 2.2.3. Tidore ............................................................................................................ 45 2.2.4. Dyirbal ........................................................................................................... 47 2.2.5. Jup’ik ............................................................................................................. 48 2.2.6. Tanacross ....................................................................................................... 49 2.3. Pohyb a pozice .......................................................................................................... 50 2.4. Pády a předložky ....................................................................................................... 55 2.5. Prostorová deixe ........................................................................................................ 56 2.6. Jazyk prostoru a kultura ............................................................................................ 58 3. ČAS .................................................................................................................................... 60 4. POČÍTÁNÍ ......................................................................................................................... 65 5. „JÁ“ A SUBJEKTIVITA ................................................................................................... 70 5.1. Osobní zájmena a přivlastňovací vztah ..................................................................... 71 5.2. Gramatické vztahy ..................................................................................................... 72 5.3. Sociální vztahy v jazyce ............................................................................................ 74 5.4. Personální rozdíly ...................................................................................................... 77 5.5. Slovní druhy .............................................................................................................. 77 6. POJMY ............................................................................................................................... 83 6.1. Polysyntetičnost a slovesa ......................................................................................... 86 6.2. Skryté třídy a alternativní sémantické organizace ..................................................... 88 6.3. Kategorie barev .......................................................................................................... 90 6.4. Rody a třídy ............................................................................................................... 91 7. SYNTAKTICKÝ VZTAH ................................................................................................. 93 7.1. Souvětí ....................................................................................................................... 93 7.2. Vyjadřování koheze ................................................................................................... 95 7.3. Anafora ...................................................................................................................... 96 7.4. Mezivětné vztahy ...................................................................................................... 96 7.5. Věty vztažné .............................................................................................................. 97 7.6. Přímá řeč jako syntaktický prostředek ...................................................................... 98 7.7. Spona ......................................................................................................................... 99 8. ZÁVĚR ............................................................................................................................. 101 POZNÁMKY ....................................................................................................................... 103 LITERATURA ..................................................................................................................... 105 RESUMÉ .............................................................................................................................. 124 RESUME .............................................................................................................................. 125 ÚVOD Moderní etnolingvistika je v současné době konfrontována s velice složitými a dyna- mickými proměnami názorů na podstatu jazyka, kultury a myšlení. Inspiraci může čerpat také z vlastní intelektuálně neobyčejně bohaté historie, plné originálních koncepcí, které z časového odstupu získávají někdy zcela nové významy. 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