Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with Special Reference to Her Hammered Silver

SOME NOTES ON THE COINAGE OF ELIZABETH I WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HER HAMMERED SILVER

By I. D. BROWN

INTRODUCTION

WHEN considering the transformation which occurred in the English coinage between the end of the Middle Ages and the late seventeenth century, it is surprising to find a period of forty-three years during which the coins are chiefly remarkable for the uniformity shown during the reign of Elizabeth I. It is this uniformity which has led to the absence of practically any detailed study of the coins of this reign. Yet, in spite of the uniformity shown by the coins themselves, there can be traced during the reign the beginnings of those changes that were to make the numismatics of the following century so eventful. The economy of the country was in a period of slow but steady change. After the recoinage of the silver early in the reign, which did so much to stabilize the English economy, there was the steady influx of precious metals from America. The increasing output of the gold coinage, and the fall in the price of bullion that followed, had led, by the end of the reign, to the first of the series of crises that resulted from the use of a bimetallic standard. It was during this reign also that the new "crown" gold standard finally established itself, bringing with it the denominations of the pound of twenty shillings and its fractions, in succession to the old "fine" gold denominations based on the ryal or noble of fifteen shillings. Likewise, the medieval groat was finally superseded by the shilling and sixpence, and the first sug- gestions were made advocating a copper coinage. As well as the abandonment of the medieval denominations, this period saw the last coins struck bearing the "Lombardic" lettering. Machinery was first used for coin manufacture, although soon abandoned, but experiments were resumed before the end of the reign and were continued until the hammer method was finally abandoned in 1662. The numismatic studies of this period have been very one-sided. Owing to the abundant documentary evidence available for this reign, most authors have tended to ignore the coins. Yet there are a number of interesting aspects of the history of the reign for which the coins are likely to prove useful sources. Before these can be studied, an accurate and complete description of the ordinary coinage of the reign is necessary. Part of this paper will be devoted to providing a beginning for such an account of the hammered silver. Amongst the problems which a study of the coins is likely to help solve are those of the economics of the time. A study of hoards, for example, can tell much about the periods of activity at the Mint, and about the state of the currency and its geographical and social distribution. The fourth section of this paper is devoted to a preliminary 569 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with survey of such hoard evidence. Other problems concern the development of machinery for coin manufacture, the extent of currency of trade tokens, and the experiments for a copper coinage. These are problems for which documentary evidence is scant, and they provide ample scope for numismatic research.

DISCUSSION OF THE HAMMERED SILVER COINAGE The most urgent need at the moment is for an accurate list of the many dates and varieties of hammered silver coin which were struck during this reign. The hammered gold coinage has been so listed by C. A. Whitton,1 but the companion article on the hammered silver coinage by H. A. Parsons2 omits to mention the location of the rarer coins and, indeed, does not indicate which are the rare and which the common pieces. In Table VI (Appendix I) I have provided such a list. Each privy-mark and date which I have seen has been recorded and, by means of footnotes, a large number of the principal varieties has been included. Also included in parentheses are the varieties which I have not yet managed to trace but which are recorded by Hawkins3 or Parsons.2 While it seems likely that some of these do exist, others probably do not, and even if they do they must necessarily be rare. Most Elizabethan coins are plentiful but are often in poor condition, and many of the dates and privy-marks are difficult to decipher. A number of coins with strange and ingenious attributions can be shown, by a study of punches, to be quite normal varieties. With the larger denominations (shilling, sixpence, and groat) an attempt has been made to give the relative frequencies with which the different types occur. The figures given next to the date in Table VI indicate the approximate issue in millions of coins and are probably correct to within 25 per cent. A discussion of the value of this evidence, which is derived from a statistical survey of twenty-one large hoards, is given in a later section of this paper. A perusal of the documentary and numismatic evidence allows some general comments to be made about this coinage. Privy-marks Martlet and Cross Crosslet were the only two marks used concurrently on the English hammered silver during this reign.4 That only one privy-mark was otherwise in use at a time can be asserted on the ground that only one mint was in operation. This assertion is sup- ported by documentary evidence where this is available,5 even though the dated coins might seem to suggest otherwise. It was, however, the privy-mark and not the date which was used for accounting purposes in the Mint, and in dating these coins it is, therefore, the privy- mark which is important. An attempt has been made in Table VI to

1 Numismatic Circular, 1948, col. 535; 1949, col. 57. 2 The Hammered Silver Coins of Elizabeth, Spink & Sons, 1947, originally published in the Numismatic Circular, 1947, col. 387, &c. 3 Silver Coinage of England, 3rd ed., 1887, p. 300. 4 H. Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, p. 98. 5 e.g. H. Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, pp. 101-2 for the years 1572-82. 570 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with fix a date for the beginning and end of each privy-mark period. In some cases the Mint records give the actual dates between which any given privy-mark was in use,1 in other cases a knowledge of the date of the pyx trial2 fixes the latest date for the end of the period, although in a number of cases a considerable interval elapsed between the clos- ing of the pyx and the date of the trial.3 Generally speaking I have assumed, in the absence of any definite information, that the date of the pyx trial marks the day on which the privy-mark was changed, unless there is internal evidence for an earlier date. Where neither of these methods is applicable it is only possible to guess the date, which may consequently be as much as six months in error. These guesses have been made having due regard for the dates on the coins and the relative abundance of coins of different dates and privy-marks. In some cases it has been necessary to assume that the rate of coinage was maintained reasonably steady, which is, of course, not a valid assumption. Bearing in mind that it is the privy-marks which officially date the coins rather than the year stamped on the dies, it is apparent that, although the dies were often brought up to date by overstamping the last figure of the year, coins were frequently issued bearing dates one or even two years old.4 A study of the incidence of overmarking of the dates or privy-marks with a later date or privy-mark suggests the way in which the dies were prepared and used at this period.During the years when Sir Richard Martin was both master and warden (1582-99) it seems likely that the dies were prepared with both the date and privy-marks stamped on them. When the privy-mark was changed (and we may assume that, since the periods between pyxes were so irregular, little warning of the change was normally given), the Mint had to stamp the new privy-mark over the old one on all the dies in stock at the time. The stock usually consisted of a supply of these dies sufficient for about a month's coining, and this would account for the frequency with which overmarked coins occur during this period.5 It is unlikely that the authorities were as scrupulous about changing the year on the dies as they were in changing the privy-mark.6 This accounts for the overlap in dates which occurs for example between the privy-marks Bell and A, both of which possess coins dated 1582 and 1583. At times when the Mint was more careful 1 e.g. H. Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, pp. 101-2 for the years 1572-82. 2 Quoted by H. Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, pp. 99-105. It is interesting to note that of the 17 dates of pyx trials mentioned: 4 occur on the day after the end of the Hilary Term (13 Feb.); 4 occur on the day after the end of the Easter Term; 1 occurs on the day after the end of the Trinity Term; 1 occurs on the day after the end of the Michaelmas Term (29 Nov.); and 7 do not appear to be related to any specific event. 3 e.g. the privy-marks Broad Arrow Head, Rose, and Portcullis were pyxed on the same day. 4 e.g. the three-halfpence of privy-mark Acorn dated 1572 was not struck until Novem- ber 1573. 5 About 4 per cent, of all the coins issued between 1582 and 1599 are overmarked. 6 For example, a coin of privy-mark A is dated 1582 although the earliest date at which this coin could have been struck was midsummer 1583 and it was probably not struck until December 1583. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 571 about correcting the dates, this overlap is absent, but on the other hand overmarking of the dates occurs.1 With the appointment of Thomas Knyvett as warden in 1599, Martin complains of his habit of scrapping serviceable dies2 rather than overstamping them. He appears to have reintroduced the sys- tem whereby the privy-mark and the last figure of the date were left absent when the die was first sunk and were only added when the die was put into use. It is noticeable that after 1599 all overmarking ceases except in one curious and interesting CclS6, clS has been pointed out by Mr. R. Carlyon-Britton.3 Even though the last figure of the date was left absent when the die was sunk, the change from the year 1599 to 1600 required that the last three digits of the date should be left absent. That this was not done is apparent from the occurrence of coins dated 1600 and 1601 with the 6 over 5 and the first 0 over 9 but the last digit not overstamped. In the earlier part of the reign, the privy-mark was always omitted when the die was first sunk, only being added when the die was brought into use.4 The absence of overstruck privy-marks in this period (with two notable exceptions) is most marked.5 Where they do occur (apart from these two exceptions) they are rare and can probably be explained by assuming that only the dies actually in use at the time of the change had to be overstruck.6 The two exceptions are the marks Cross over Eglantine and Castle over Crown. The special circumstances which apply in the case of the former will be mentioned shortly. In general the practice at this time seems to have been to date the dies fully at the time of sinking. The dates occasionally appear to be overstruck, more frequently the dies were allowed to remain out of date.7 However, a sudden contraction in work in 15638 resulted in a large number of 1562 dies still being unused as late as 1564, and, whilst these were overstamped for use, the sinkers became more cautious in the preparation of new dies, reverting to the practice (possibly used in the time of Philip and Mary)9 of omitting

1 e.g. when the Hand mark was introduced early in 1590, all existing dies (which bore privy-marlc Crescent and date 1589) were overstamped Hand 1590. 2 Sir John Craig, The Mint, p. 129. 3 Seaby's Bulletin, 1950, p. 60. Of the four coins mentioned by him in the British Museum, only the second (privy-mark Anchor) is in sufficiently good condition to show this effect well. The one of privy-mark Hand is probably the normal variety with 1590 over 1589. However," a good selection of 1600 and 1601 varieties exists in the Ashmolean Museum. 4 One die at least (threepence 1574) was used without ever having the privy-mark added. 5 Of all the coins struck between 1561 and 1582 about 1 per cent, have the mark Cross over Eglantine, less than 1 per cent, have Castle over Crown, whilst all the other overmarked coins together amount to less than o-i per cent. 6 I have not yet found two coins from the same die struck before and after the change in privy-mark. 7 e.g. 1563 and 1564 are often over 1562. 1568 occurs over 1567, and during the Eglan- tine period there was frequent overstriking. On the other hand between 1569 and 1574 many out-of-date dies were used, such as Castle 1569, Acorn 1572, and Eglantine 1573- 8 Stow's Chronicle, p. 656, quoted by Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed. 1817, vol. ii, p. 158. 5 Seaby's Bulletin, 1953, p. 325. B 7054 O O 572 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with the last figure of the date. Although there can be no such striking confirmation of this at this period as occurs at 1600, since the third figure of the date remained unchanged, the absence of coins from overstruck or out-of-date dies1 seems to bear out the theory. The presence in this period of two completely undated coins2 may suggest that, in fact, the whole date was omitted when the dies were made, and only added when they came into use. The sixpences of 1568 with the 8 over 7 show that by 1567 all four figures of the date were again placed on the die when it was first sunk. The same phenomenon occurs again after the contraction of the coinage in 1577. The large number of unused serviceable dies dated 1577 with privy-mark Eglantine indicates that a large coinage was expected to be begun as soon as the outstanding problems of the Mint had been settled.3 These were not, however, settled until well into 1578. A new mark was then introduced and very heavy overstamping of both the date and privy-mark occurs. Again the sinkers had been caught, and again they reverted to the practice of omitting the last figure of the date. This is shown by the usual features: lack of overstamped dates, or coins from out-of-date dies,4 and, more particularly, the presence of coins of 1580, 1581 (Pl. XXXII, 13-14) and 1582 with the 8 only overstamped.5 The practice during this period is best illustrated by the three-halfpenny piece. Until 1572 this coin was not struck in any great quantity, but between 1572 and 1582 it became more common. A large number of reverse dies were sunk in 1572 and bore the date of that year. Most of them were used to strike Ermine coins (19.4.1572-30.10.1573) (Pl. XXXII, 15-16) but a number of dies were still unused by the end of the Ermine period. At least one die6 (Pl. XXXII, 17) dated 1572 had the mark Acorn (30.10.1573- 25-5-I574) stamped into the empty space left for the privy-mark on the reverse, and another was stamped with an Eglantine (29.5.1574- § 30.7.1578) (Pl. XXXII, 18) or an Eglantine over Ermine (Pl. XXXII, 19) although by this time it was seen fit to change the date to 1574. The second batch of dies was produced in 1573, and these used a different set of punches for the lys and lions on the arms of England. These were mostly used with privy-mark Acorn (Pl. XXXII, 20), some showing the date changed to 1574 (Pl. XXXII, 21). A few were used with privy-mark Eglantine (Pl. XXXII, 22). Most of these have the date changed to 1574 (Pl. XXXII, 23) but only a few of these show the privy-mark changed from Acorn (Pl. XXXII, 24). Dies made in 1574 and 1575 occur only with privy-mark Eglantine (Pl. XXXII, 25, 26). No new dies were made after 1575 but existing ones, dated 1575, were altered to 1576 and 1577 (P1- XXXII, 27, 28).

1 e.g. Rose coins are all dated 1565, Portcullis ones 1566. 2 See Table I. 3 Sir John Craig, The Mint, pp. 125-6. 4 Privy-mark Cross occurs only with dates 1578, 1579; Long Cross only with dates 1580, 1581; and Sword only with the date 1582. 5 All threepences. 6 For details of the provenance of these coins see Appendix I. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 573 Many of the 1575 dies remained unused at the introduction of privy- mark Cross (1.10.1578) and were, of course, still without privy-mark. These had the privy-mark Cross added and the date altered to 1578 (PI. XXXII, 29). When these had been used new dies were prepared, probably with the last figure of the date left vacant for a 9 to be added (PI. XXXII, 30). Production must have stopped in 1579 with all the dies used up, for the next batch of dies was dated 158- and these were used to strike coin dated 1581 (Long Cross) (PI. XXXII, 31) and 1582 (Sword) (PI. XXXII, 32). It is interesting to note that on the 1581 coin the two figures 1 are from different punches. The more general features of this coinage having been dealt with, a number of smaller problems remain to be mentioned. The halfpenny without privy-mark belongs to the period of privy-mark Bell. No other halfpennies of this period are known, although they were ordered and pyxed.1 This attribution is nicely confirmed by the development of a flaw on the portcullis punch (see PI. XXXII, 9-12). In the coins without privy-marks the punch is flawless, a small flaw occurs in privy-mark A and becomes steadily worse until privy-mark Cypher. On coins of privy-mark 1 and later the punch has been repaired, but in repairing it the bolt on the cross-bar has been omitted. It is, however, clearly visible on the halfpence without privy-mark. A number of freak dates occur. The sixpence of privy-mark Broad Arrow Head dated 1566 is probably a 1561 coin with the date 1566 tooled on in more recent times. The one dated 1565 with the final 5 over 6 is a contemporary correction of a die-sinker's error. A number of coins occur without the Rose or date where one would be expected. Apart from coins where these features have been removed by forgers in order to pass the coin for the next higher denomination, these pieces are rare, usually only coming from one die. Such omissions may be due to experiment or to die-sinker's errors. A list of these coins

TABLE I A List of Coins which Omit the Rose or Date in Error

Denomination Date Privy-mark Remarks Location Sixpence 1561 Broad Arrow Head No Rose Lockett IV lot 2012d Plate 82 (1567) Lion No date BM, RCB (1567) Crown No date BM Threepence 1568 Crown No Rose BM

(For abbreviations, see Appendix I) which I have seen is given in Table I. In the indenture of 1572 it is specifically ordered that roses be placed on all coins of alternate denominations. Certainly after this date these omissions do not occur. In the indenture of 1582 it is stated that each denomination is to be clearly marked. The addition of the two dots behind the bust on 1 Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, pp. 84, 103. 574 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with the half-groats was in conformity with this order. The few Bell half- groats without these dots or with some other feature1 are probably early trials. A number of other curious features occur which may have some significance, although it is difficult to say what. Some of the sixpences and other coins of 1568 and 1572 show the last figure of the date inverted. These are by no means uncommon. At least three dies are known of 1572 and a further two apparently have this corrected by being overstamped with a 2 the right way up. Another feature is the legends of some shillings of privy-mark Scallop which read ELIZB instead of ELIZAB. As the legends are normally remarkably consistent during this reign2 it is curious to find an error of this sort which occurs on several dies. The shilling with privy-mark Martlet, attributed in the supplement of Brooke3 to the milled series, appears to have more in common with the hammered series. Although it is well struck on a round flan and is without the inner border of dots common to the hammered series at this time, the flan has been hand-cut rather than machine-cut. The die axes, which on milled coins are at about o° or 180°, are at about 2io° on some specimens of this piece.4 Finally, the punches used in preparing the dies for this coin have all been used on other hammered coins. In no other case are hammered punches used on milled coins. This coin dates from the first quarter of 1560/1 and is probably a hammered pattern.

THE PERIOD 1558-61 Although the succession of privy-marks from 1561 to 1603 has long been known, the chronology of coins of the first period (1558-61) has hitherto received little attention.5 It is proposed to consider this in rather more detail. Work on the coinage of Queen Elizabeth began on 1 January 1558/9 as the result of an indenture between the queen and Sir Thomas Peckham, the under-treasurer, signed the previous day.6 The coinage in silver was similar to that ordered by Mary and included the shilling, sixpence (which was not struck), the groat, half-groat, and penny. The designs were also based on those of Mary. The bust was surrounded by a thin "wire line" circle which separated it from the queen's titles, while the reverse bore the royal arms and 8 the legend POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM? exactly as Mary's had done. The bust, however, in contrast to Mary's, showed the

1 Such as the "Lys" half-groat in the British Museum. 2 A number of coins show misplaced or absent letters in the legend, but as these occur only on one die they are probably die-sinkers' errors. 3 Brooke, English Coins, 3rd ed. (1950), PL. LXVIII, NO. I. 4 The two specimens in the British Museum show 210° die axes. The Lockett specimen (Lockett IV, lot 2044) and that in the Ashmolean show a 180° die axis. 5 The only account of the coins of this period is "The Dress of Queen Elizabeth on her Early Silver Coins" by Col. Morrieson, Brit. Num. Journ., 1925-6, p. 121. 6 Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed. 1817, vol. ii, p. 133. 7 The legends on the penny were E.D.G.R.OSA.SI NE.SP IN A and CI VITAS LONDON. 8 Mary's larger coins after her marriage had, however, the plural form of the legend POSVI MVS DEVM ADIVTOR.EM NOSTR.VM. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 575 queen wearing a high-necked bodice and ruff. On this early portrait the bodice is plain on all denominations except the shilling, where the two busts used (PI. XXXII, 1-2) were both decorated with vertical rows of beads. The larger of the two busts (No. i) was discontinued after a few months when the shillings and groats, which at first had the queen's name spelt ELIZABET, had the final H added. The un- familiarity of the die-sinkers with the length of the new legends on the three larger pieces was no doubt the cause of the leniency allowed in the abbreviation of REGINA and in the abbreviation and spacing of the reverse legend. On the rare penny the only experimenting consisted in the placing of the date 1558 at the end of the obverse legend.1 The privy-mark used for this coinage was the Fleur de lys. At some time during the next twelve months the thin continuous "wire line" circle inside the legend was replaced by a circle of dots, such as was used for the rest of the reign. This coincided on the shilling with a change of bust to one (No. 3) (PI. XXXII, 3) which no longer had the rows of beads. This in turn was shortly superseded by two new busts (Nos. 4 and 5) (PI. XXXII, 4-5) showing the bodice more elaborately decorated. The groats of the second Lys period frequently bore the bust which was normally used on the half-groat. On both the shilling and groat the same variations in the legends occurred with this issue as with the wire-line issue. The coinage of half-groats and pennies seems to have ended before the introduction of the circle of dots since none are known of privy-mark Lys showing this feature. This type continued until the late autumn of 1560. During the summer of 1560 plans were made, largely through the efforts of Sir Thomas Gresham,2 for the recoinage of the base money still in circulation. This was initiated on 27 September 15603 when the queen called down all the base silver in circulation to a value which would allow it to be recoined without loss to the Crown. In the various proclamations4 published during September and October concerning the withdrawal of base coinage, it is stated that the Mint was already engaged on the recoinage. This was, however, scarcely true, for so anxious was the queen to keep secret the date of the call-down5 that the Mint was not prepared for the increased work, and it was two months before the necessary arrangements had been made. Various correspondence passed on the subject during October and November.6 It was proposed to raise the standard of the silver from 11 oz. to 11 oz. 2 dwt., its ancient value. Sir John Yorke, lately under-treasurer of the Southwark and Tower mints, suggested that a second mint should be started, and, in the midst of the confusion, the queen decided that the portrait which was then in use was not to her

1 This coin, in the British Museum, is believed to be unique. - J. W. Burgeon, Num.Chron., vol. ii (1841), p. 12 ; also The Life of Sir Thomas Gresham, vol. i, p. 354 by the same author. 3 Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed. i8r7, vol. ii, pp. 135 ff. 4 Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed., vol. ii, pp. 135-54. 5 Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed., vol. ii, p. 137. 6 Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, pp. 62 ff- 576 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with liking. However, by 8 November 1560 a new indenture was signed with Thomas Stanley, as under-treasurer, for a coinage of shillings, groats, half-groats, and pennies in 11 oz. 2 dwt. fine silver, as well as the usual coinage in gold.1 A month later, following Sir John Yorke's suggestion, Thomas Fleetwood was commissioned to start a second mint in the Tower to assist in recoining silver only. Both mints were to share certain services, including the die-cutting shop. Stanley's new coinage began immediately on the signing of his indenture. To distinguish the coins struck under the new commission, which were nominally of a higher standard,2 he changed the privy-mark to Cross Crosslet. In view of the queen's objection to her portrait on the shillings, the graver was set to work to produce a new punch and, until this was ready, busts 1 and 2 were again put back into service. Some dies were also prepared at this time for Thomas Fleetwood's mint (known as the Upper Houses to distinguish it from the Nether mint of Thomas Stanley). These dies show bust 2, but since the necessary equipment for any large-scale coining was not installed in the Upper Houses until after Christmas, only a few shillings of this type were struck. All the coins from Thomas Fleetwood's mint bear the privy- mark Martlet.3 The first attack on the base money was directed towards withdraw- ing the larger and baser coins. In order to convert the greatest weight of metal into new coin as quickly as possible, work was concentrated on making shillings during the first six months of the privy-marks Cross Crosslet and Martlet. The die-cutting shop was producing dies by the dozen.4 The consequent wear on the punches resulted in a short life for most of them, and it is possible to date the shillings of this period to the nearest month by the state of the punches used. Three new busts of the queen were ready by the New Year (Pl. XXXII, 6-8) and one of them (no. 6) was put into regular service. The others were used for a short while, but were then discontinued.5 During the period of the recoinage, the legends became more or less fixed with the exception of the abbreviations ANG, FRA, and HIB which were at times changed to AN, FK, and Hi or HIBE,6 almost all the various combinations of these being used at one time or another. Occasionally, also, the MEVM on the reverse was not abbre- viated. Silver was coined at the rate of about £500 a day during the first three months of 1560/1, so that by the beginning of April it was possible to demonetize the base testoons.7 Besides these larger pieces, 1 Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, p. 66. Ruding gives an incorrect version of this indenture. 2 The raising of the standard was likely to have occurred on paper only, as the trial plate in use was already of the higher standard: Craig, The Mint, p. 117. 3 This attribution is shown by Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, p. 98. 4 The Nether mint account for 1560/1 has an item for 192 dozen piles and trussels for silver coins: Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, p. 67. 5 However, bust 8 was reintroduced again in 1582 when the shilling coinage was resumed after a break of twenty years! 6 The reason, if any, for this is not clear. 7 Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed. 1817, vol. ii, p. 150. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 577 -which were then circulating for 4\d., an amount of smaller coin had also been withdrawn and minted into shillings. This resulted in a severe shortage of small change. Consequently, the coinage of shillings ceased at the end of April or beginning of May, and work was concentrated on making smaller pieces. Early in July the queen paid a state visit to the Mint1 to inspect the progress of the recoinage and herself struck a number of pieces in gold. Ten days later the base groats and half-groats were demonetized2 and two months later the recoinage terms expired. The whole operation was completed within the twelvemonth. In April, at the height of the recoinage, a small issue of fine shillings and groats was made for Ireland. The bust used on these shillings is the same as that used on the English shillings of the recoinage period, and shows the same degree of wear that it does on the latest English shillings of the privy-marks Cross Crosslet and Martlet.3 This provides an accurate dating for the end of the English shilling coinage.4 This same bust is used on the half-pound in gold, but on nearly half these coins this punch is in a state of further decay, from which it can be inferred that the gold coinage was continued throughout the summer. As a result of a proclamation in November 1561, sixpences, threepences, three-halfpences, and three-farthings appear in both the milled and hammer series. In view of the proclamation in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries, I believe that these denominations were introduced primarily with a view to their being called down at a later date to the values of a groat, half-groat, penny, and halfpenny respectively, in spite of the official reason given, that they were introduced to supply the want of small change. The effect of the proclamation calling down the value of the coins would have been to restore the weights of the coins to those in use in Henry VII's day. The reason for the abandonment of the plan has been given by Sir Charles Oman.5

SOME FINDS OF ELIZABETHAN COIN Coin hoards can provide some interesting numismatic evidence for this reign. Listed in Appendix II are all the finds of coins of Eliza- beth I that I have been able to trace.6 Since these finds (most of them being hoards) when taken together form a large sample of Elizabethan coin, it is possible to perform a statistical analysis on them. The finds were probably all deposited between 1561 and 1696 and show that

1 Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, p. 67; Hawkins, Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain and Ireland, 1885, vol. i, p. 101; Nichols, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 1823, vol. i, p. 91. 2 Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed. 1817, vol. ii, p. 151. 3 The state of the punch can be seen from the number of jewels on the arch of the crown. 4 The Irish pieces were struck during April 1561: Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, p. 99. 5 Sir Charles Oman, Num. Chron. 1932, p. 1. 6 In addition, in order to provide as complete a list of finds for this period as possible, a few finds have been included which do not, in fact, contain any coin of Elizabeth. 578 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with the fine silver of Edward VI and succeeding monarchs circulated throughout this period. Hardly any of the base money issued before this date appears in the English finds although it is often found in

FIG. 1 140 years date from the Civil War (1642-8) (Finds nos. 49-164). In addition to these there is a series of Irish hoards dating from the troubled period at the end of Elizabeth's reign. These consist chiefly of English silver, mostly sixpences. The absence of base Irish coin does not necessarily mean that it did not circulate. Gresham's law would suggest that so long as there was any good money in circulation, base money would occur only occasionally in the hoards. A number of English coins are also found in the European finds which were deposited between 1610 and 1625. Reports of the finds vary much in the detail they give. About a third of them include details of the numbers of coins found of each date and privy-mark. Another sixth give only the number of coins in the find of each denomination of each reign, whilst the remainder only describe the find in general terms. The worn condition of Eliza- beth's coins in all but the earliest finds makes identification somewhat uncertain. A number of the freak coins mentioned in these reports may well be forgeries or worn coins wrongly identified. Since these pieces form a very small fraction of the total, it is reasonable to neglect them in a quantitative survey and to hope that these and other errors in identification will cancel each other out. One hundred and seven of the reports contain details of the numbers of coins of each denomination of the reign (see Appendix II, Table VII). The bulk of the finds is composed of shillings and sixpences but all the silver denominations, except the crown and halfpenny, are represented by at least one coin. Fig. 1 shows the relative Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 579 proportions of shillings and sixpences in eighty-four finds. Along the horizontal axis is plotted the value of Elizabethan shillings and sixpences in the find, expressed in shillings. This is plotted so that the larger finds occur on the left, the smaller on the right. The proportion of shillings present, which is plotted up the vertical axis, is expressed as the percentage by value of shillings occurring among the Eliza- bethan shillings and sixpences. It is to be expected that the larger the find, the more nearly this percentage will represent a true picture of the state of the currency at the time the find was deposited. It will be seen from Fig. 1 that most of the finds suggest that this was about 40 per cent, but some of the large ones show a much higher percentage than this. This is no doubt due to a greater preference for hoarding larger pieces. If these are included in the calculation of the normal percentage of shillings in circulation, it leads to a figure of 47-8 per cent, which seems unlikely, judging by the majority of finds. All the finds, therefore, which do not occur between the two continuous lines (Fig. 1) have been arbitrarily discounted. All the finds within the continuous lines containing more than twenty-five shillings worth of Elizabethan shillings and sixpences give a mean of 41-5 per cent. The continuous lines then indicate the maximum likely error in a random sample. It will be seen that 76 finds lie within these two lines, 11 show a significantly high proportion, and 2 show a significantly low proportion of shillings. For convenience, finds from England, Scotland, Ireland, and the Continent are shown differently and each is numbered to correspond with the numbering in Table VII (Appendix II). Those deposited during the Civil War are shown by filled-in figures. The only series which shows a tendency different from the general one is the early Irish series, suggesting that the shilling did not circulate as freely in that country as in England during the sixteenth century. It is worth noting also that by the time of the Civil War English coins appear plentifully in the Scottish hoards. In spite of the preference for larger coins in some hoards, only one Elizabethan half-crown and no crowns of this reign appear in any of these finds. As most of the larger finds contain half-crowns of other reigns, this would point to the extreme rarity of these two coins in circulation. Only six finds have a large enough number of groats to be useful in deciding the relative numbers issued, and only three have any number of-threepences. The Houghton find (15) is the only one which contains three-halfpenny and three-farthing pieces but, since this find is in many other ways non-typical, too much weight should not be placed on evidence from it. The absence of the smaller coin in most finds makes it difficult to assess the relative numbers of these pieces issued. However, an attempt to do this has been made in Table II, but too much reliance should not be placed on it. Milled sixpences occur in a number of finds, to the extent of about J per cent, of all Elizabethan sixpences, representing an issue of a few hundred thousand pieces. Unfortunately, the total issue is not known, although probably about 120 pairs of dies were used in their manufacture. 580 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with Although some milled sixpences certainly did circulate, there is strong evidence that many others were kept for gaming purposes.1

TABLE II Estimate of Quantity of Silver Coin of Various Denominations Struck 1558-1603

Denomination Amount issued Remarks lb. Hammered shilling 600,000 Accurate to 10 per cent. Hammered sixpence . 850,000 Milled sixpence .... 5,000 > Hammered groat 30,000 Hammered threepence 25,000 Half-groat..... 15,000 'Accurate to within 5,000 lb. Three-halfpence .... 6,000 Penny ..... 15,000

Total ..... 1,546,000

Other denominations probably amount to a negligible total weight. Gold coin of Elizabeth is not well represented. There was little of it left in circulation by the time of the Civil War. Only a handful of finds contain any gold coin of the reign and these contain very little, mostly half-pound pieces. The number of occasions on which two coins struck from the same die appear in a find provides a means of estimating the number of dies used.2 Unfortunately it has only been possible to examine one hoard in sufficient detail and the results are therefore liable to be very inaccurate. They do, however, agree with what might be expected from other considerations and point to a figure of about 1,000 to 10,000 coins being struck from each pair of dies. Sixty-four finds have been analysed by date and privy-mark, but only twenty-three of these are large enough to be of much use in a quantitative study (see Appendix II, Table VIII). These hoards contain together over 2,000 shillings and 6,000 sixpences, and from these it is possible to draw up a table of relative frequencies for the various privy-marks and dates (Appendix I, Table VI).3 What is 1 Sir John Evans, Num. Chron. 1905, p. 307; Allen and Dunstan, Brit. Num. Journ. 1938/41, p. 287. See also the report of the Peshawar Find (193). 2 It can be shown that if # dies were used in preparing a coinage, in a sample of y coins, [y—i)y z pairs of coins would be expected to be struck from the same die, where # = ——— providing that z is small compared with y. For example in a sample of 100 coins, three pairs of coins were found from the same obverse die. 99 X 100 Therefore, no. of dies = x = = 1,650. 2x3 3 In preparing this table allowance has been made for the fact that some sixpences can be identified by date alone (e.g. a coin of 1576 must bear privy-mark Eglantine) or by privy-mark alone, whilst others have to be identified by both marks. These latter will therefore appear slightly less frequently than expected if there are many worn coins present. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 581 remarkable about these twenty-three finds is that all but two of them agree on the relative frequencies with which the privy-marks and dates occur, to within the limits of random error.1 One of those two (Cheadle (26)) can be explained if it is assumed that it was collected over the two periods 1561-2 and 1595-1602. In the other (Welsh- back (191)) about half the coins could not be identified and these might well account for the discrepancy. A check that these frequencies are in fact correct can be made by comparison with the minting figures. These are shown in Table III. The agreement is good except for the period 1592-1600 where significantly too few coins appear in the hoards. Since the shillings and sixpences were not always issued in the same ratios throughout the reign, this agreement also provides additional confirmation of the correctness of the figures quoted in Table II.

TABLE III Comparison of the Number of Coins found in Hoards with the Mint Issues

Issues (1,000 lb.) Issues as predicted Denominations Period Mint records from hoards issued 1558-60 Lis . i8± 6 Shilling 1560-1 Crosslet 126 I2I±I2 Shilling 1560-1 Martlet 122 IL6±I2 Shilling 1561-72 . 286 303 ±30 Sixpence 1572-82 282 285±28 Sixpence 1582-92 302 3°°±3° Shilling Sixpence 1592-1600 . 341 261^26 Shilling Sixpence 1601-1603 . 82 8o±io Shilling Sixpence

NOTES : The figures in column 2 have been derived from figures quoted by Craig, The Mint, pp. 414-15 and Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, pp. 65-67, 88-89. In some cases these have been adapted in order to correspond to the privy-mark periods. The discrepancy for the period 1592-1600 is not explained. Another feature of interest is that the English coins found in Ire- land, Scotland, and the Continent show the same distribution amongst privy-marks as do those found in England. The total weight of silver in the finds listed in Appendix II is about 300 lb., representing about 0-02 per cent, of the total issue. It is unlikely that more than o-i per cent, of the total coin in the country remained unclaimed after the Civil War, but what percentage of it was originally buried is a matter for conjecture; it might well have been large enough to have affected the economics of the country to a considerable extent.

1 It has been assumed that the random error in a figure x is not likely to exceed 2V*. See Aitken, Statistical Mathematics (University Mathematical Texts), 7th ed., p. 50, where he gives cr = *J(npq) for a binomial distribution. In our case q is nearly 1 and np = x. The random error will be less than 2cr in 95 per cent, of the cases. 582 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with In conclusion I wish to express my thanks to Mr. R. Carlyon- Britton and Mr. W. Forster who have allowed me to examine their collections. Also I wish to thank Mr. J. D. A. Thompson for drawing my attention to a number of the hoards mentioned in Appendix II and especially to Dr. J. P. C. Kent and other members of the staff of the British Museum for their help and encouragement.

APPENDIX I A List of the Principal Varieties of Hammered Silver Coin of Elizabeth I A description of the coins is given in Table V and a list of the dates and privy-marks which occur is given in Table VI. This is supplemented by footnotes which give any varieties of interest or special significance. Amongst these are some of the bust variations on the larger coins, and any variations of legend which occur on more than one die. Legend varieties which are probably only due to carelessness on the part of the

TABLE IV A Summary of the Seven Coinages of Elizabeth I

Date of order Denominations ordered Officers Remarks I 31.12.1558 6 d., Afd., 2d., id. Sir Edward Peck- 11 oz. fine ham 1 a 8.11.1560 1 /-. 4 d., 2d., id. Thomas Stanley 11 oz. 2 dwt. 2b 9.12.1560 4 d., 2d., id. Thomas Fleetwood Recoinage mint 3 1561 6 d. 4 d., 31i., id., 1 \d., id., fii. Thomas Stanley Indenture lost j 18.4.1572 6 d., 3d., 1 \d., f d. I John Lonison 4 (2.4.1574 id. (Richard Martin (John Lonison 1 Reduced weight 27.7.1578 6 d„ •3d., 1 \d., id., |d. 5 [ Richard Martin j and fineness I Richard Martin 1 Standards re- 6 30.1.1582/3 6 d„ id., id., id. (Richard Martin / stored succeeded in 1599 as War- den by Thomas Knyvett j Richard Martin j Reduced 29.7.1601 2/6, 1/-, 6d., id., id., \d. 7 5h (Thomas Knyvett / weight die-sinker are not noted. The occurrence of overmarked dates and privy-marks, and several other features, has also been included. All the coins noted are in the British Museum unless otherwise stated. Varieties noted by Hawkins or Parsons which I have not yet seen have been included in parentheses. The figures given in parentheses after the shillings, sixpences, and groats represent the number of millions of coins issued for that particular denomination and date or privy-mark. These numbers are based on the analysis of hoards, as mentioned above, and have been scaled to give the correct total issues for the reign. They are accurate to about 25 per cent. Reference is made in the footnotes to Table VI to the following collections: British Museum (indicated by initials BM). Ashmolean Museum (indicated by initials AM). The author's collection (indicated by initials IDB). The collection of Mr. R. Cartyon-Britton (indicated by initials RCB). The collection of Mr. W. Forster (indicated by initials WF). Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 583 The collection of the late Mr. R. C. Lockett. References to this collection quote the lot number in the sale catalogue, part IV, followed by a letter to indicate the particular piece as it occurs on the British Numismatic Society's photographs of this collection. Also quoted is the number of the photograph. A certain amount of documentary evidence has been incorporated in Table VI to give completeness. This is to be found in Ruding, Symonds and Craig.1 Each new indenture or order for the coinage has been described as initiating a new coinage although the differences, apart from the privy-mark, are sometimes not apparent on the coins. During the first three coinages, the Mint had an under-treasurer responsible for its management. After 1572 it reverted to the traditional organization with a master and a warden. The seven coinages are summarized in Table IV.

TABLE V A Description of the Hammered Silver Coins of Elizabeth I Unless otherwise stated, all coins bear on the obverse the crowned bust of the queen, and on the reverse the royal arms quartered by a cross which divides the legend as indicated. Denomination Description Crown Obv. ELIZABETH:D'GÂNG'FRA'ET:HIBER^RJEG1NA The queen carries a sceptre Rev. POSVI/DEVM:AD/IVTOKE/M:MEVM The shield is garnished Half-crown As Crown, Shilling ist coinage 1558-60 Obv. ELIZABETH:DÂNG^FR.A^Z.H1B-?R.EGINA Rev. POSVI/DEVÂD/IVTORvE/M.MEV^ 2nd coinage 1560-61 As ist coinage but reads ET instead of Z. 6th-7th coinage 1582—1603 Obv. ELIZAB^GÂNG^FRÊT:HIBÊGK Rev. POSVI/DEV'AD/I VTORE/M.MEV' Sixpence 3rd-5th coinage 1561-82 Obv. ELIZABETH:D-G-ANG-FR.ÊT:HKR.EGINA Rose behind bust. Rev. POSVI/DEVÂD/1 VTOR.E/M.MEV^ Date above shield. 6th—7th coinage 1582-1603 Obv. ELIZAB^KG'ANG-WET:HIB^R.EGK Rose behind bust. Rev. POSVI/DEVÂD/1 VTOR.E/M.MEV' Date above shield. Groat ist and 2nd coinages as shilling. Threepence 3rd-5th coinages as sixpence, Half-groat ist coinage 1558-60 Obv. EL1ZABETH:DÂNG

1 Ruding, Annals of the Coinage, ist ed. (1817), vol. ii, pp- I33~9°; Symonds, Num. Chron. 1916, pp. 61-105; Craig, The Mint, pp. 117-32. 665 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with Denomination Description Half-groat 6th-7th coinage 1582-1603 Obv. E. D.G.ROSA.SI NE.SP1NA. Two pellets behind bust. Rev. CIVI/TAS/LON/DON Three-halfpence 3rd-5th coinage 1561-82 Obv. E.D.G.ROSA.SINE.SPINA Rose behind bust. Rev. CIVI/TAS/LON/DON Date above shield. Penny Obv. E.D.G.ROSA.SINE.SPINA. Rev. CIVI/TAS/LON/DON Three-farthings As three-halfpence. Halfpenny Obv. Portcullis and privy-mark, no legend. Rev. Cross and pellets, no legend.

NOTES TO TABLE VI r. Occurs with busts 1 (AM, not in B.M.) and 2. Variations occur in the spacing of the reverse legend. 2. Bust 2 only. Variations occur in the abbreviation of obverse and reverse legend. 3. Variations occur in the abbreviation of REG IN A and in the reverse legend. 4. Mentioned by Hawkins but almost certainly does not exist. 5. A unique variety has the date 155S in the obverse legend. 6. Occurs with busts 3, 4, and 5. Variations occur in the abbreviations of REGINA and MEVM. 7. Variety has the half-groat bust. Variations occur in the abbreviation of REG IN A. 8. Although the sixpence was ordered it does not appear to have been struck. 9. Occurs with busts 1, 6, 7, and 8. Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG, FRA, HIB, and MEVM. 10. Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG, FRA, and HIB. 11. Occurs with three different busts. Variations occur in the punctuation of the obverse legend, the colon being a later form than the full stop. 12. Occurs with busts 2, 6, and 8 (Lockett IV, lot 20061;, pi. 81, not in B.M.)-. Variations occur in the abbreviations of A N G, FRA, HIB, and M E V M. These shillings can always be distinguished from Cross Crosslet shillings by the absence of a "wire line" inside the inner circle of dots. For a discussion of the so-called milled martlet shillings, see text. Parsons notes a shilling of this mark without privy-mark on the reverse; it is not in B.M. 13. Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG, FRA, HIB, and REG1NA. 14. Variations occur in the abbreviations of A N G and HIB. A pattern or trial piece occurs without inner circle (Lockett IV. 2027 illustrated, not in B.M.). 15. Occurs only with the two earlier busts and full stops in the obverse legend (see note 11). 16. Variety shows a different bust from the normal one. Another has no rose (Lockett IV, lot 2012^, pi. 82, not in B.M.). Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG, FRA, HIB, and MEVM, and in the size of the shield and flan (the larger sizes being earlier). 17. Date often over 1561. Legend varieties as in 1561 (note 16). 18. Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG, FRA, and HIB. 19. Date usually over 1562. Legend varieties as in 1561 (note 16). 20. Date often over 1562. Variety has large bust. Legend varieties as 1561 (note 16). 21. Variety has large bust, and another has date over 1566 (Lockett IV, lot 2012m, pi. 82, not in B.M,). Legend varieties as in 1562 (note 18). 22. This coin (Lockett IV, lot 2012M, pi. 82) belongs to 1561 and has probably had the date altered in recent times. 23. Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG, FRA, and HIB. 24. Date occurs only over 1561. Legend variations as in 1561 (note 23). 25. Date usually over 1562. Legend variations as in 1561 (note 23). 26. Variety of lid. apparently has no rose or date (Parsons, Num. Chron. 1945, p. 145). This piece in fact has had the rose and date erased (RCB, not in B.M.). 27. Mentioned by Parsons, not in B.M. 28. J. Kenny mentions a JiI. with privy-mark Cross Crosslet [B.N.J. 1934/7, P- 3x4). Not in B.M. and probably does not exist. TABLE VI Varieties of the Hammered Silver of Elizabeth I

Privy-mark, &-c. 1/ 6 d. 4 d. 3 d. 2 d. 1 id. id. id. id. ist Coinage, 1.1.1558/9-30.11.1560 Fineness = 916, shilling weighs 96 gr. 1/ 6 d.» 4 d. 2 d. id. LYS 1 st period, wire line circle, ELIZABET .... + M +3\ ELIZABETH- + 2 ( I-I) + 3 }(o-8 + 3 )+' 2nd period, dotted circle...... + 6J 2nd Coinage, 1.12.1560-c. 10.1561 Fineness = 925, shilling weighs 96 gr. 1 /- 4 d. 2 d. id.

CROSS CROSSLET 1.12.1560-c. 10.1561 Nether Mint . 13 4.14 4 (7-1 ) + (4-3) + 11 (+)28 ( + ) MARTLET 9.12.1560-c. 10.1561 Upper Houses .... 6-8) + .o (I.7) 4.10 + « ( + 15 3rd Coinage, c. 10.1561-18.4.1572 Fineness = 925, shilling weighs 96 gr. 6 d. 3d. 2 d. lid. id. \d.

16 26 BROAD ARROW HEAD C. 10.1561-c. 8.1565 .... 1561 (4-8) 1561" (+)26 1561 1561 156Z" (1-2) I56Z24 156Z29 156Z29 156218 1562" 1562 1562 1563" (0-4) 1563" 1564" (i-4) 1564" 1564 156521 (l"2) 1565 (1565)" [1566]" ROSE C. 8.1565-c. 3-1565/6 156530 (L-2) 1565" 15653' + 33 PORTCULLIS C. 3.1565/6-13.2.1566/7 ..... 1566 (3-0) 156634 4-39 1566 33 LION 13.2.1566/7-c. 5.1567 1566 (0-7) 15663' + 39 + 156735 (0-9) 15673S (1567)40 + 36 (0.O) CROWN C. 5.1567-c. 7.1570 ...... [I566]« + 42 (o-o) 4.46 1567 (4-1) 1567 1567 + (1567)47 1568" (4.5) 156845 1568 1568 15694' (6-6) 1569 1569 157044 (i'3) 1570 CASTLE C. 7.1570-18.4.1572 ...... 156948 (o-o) I57°48 (1-2) 1570 4-39 1570 + 1571 (2-9) 1571 (1572)49

4th Coinage, 18.4.1572-27.9.157S Fineness = 925, shilling weighs 96 gr. 6 d. 3 d. lid. id. ERMINE 19.4.1572-30.10.1573 (" Powdred Armyne ") (1571)5° 55 1572s' (4-6) 1572S3 ( + )S4 157257 (+) 157256 1573" (3'°) 1573 (i573)47 ACORN I.II.1573-25.5.1574 157261 s8 1573 (2-5) I57359 1573 (+)62 1573 1574 (°"9) 1574 157460 EGLANTINE 29.5.1574-30.7.1578 (but work ceased in r577) 1573 (o-o) 1573" I57370 4.76 1573 I57463 (3'9) 157466 I57471 1574 I57564 (4"i) I57567 1575 1575 1576 (0-9) 157668 15 76" (1576)74 157765 (o-4) I5776' I57773 I57775 5th Coinage, 27.9.157S-30.1.1582/3 Fineness = 921, shilling weighs 95-6 gr. 6 d. 3 d. lid. id. id. CROSS (PLAIN) 1.10.1578-17.5.15S0 ...... (1577)" I57878 (4-1) 1573 ( + )" I57380 + 15788' 1579 (i'4) 1579 1579 (I579)82 LONG CROSS 1.6.1580-31.12.1581 ...... 15S083 (3-6) 1580s4 4. 1581 (i-4) 1581s5 1581s6 1581s7 SWORD 31.12.1581-30.1.1582/3 ...... 1582 (2-7) 1582s8 1582 + 1582s' 6th Coinage, 30.1.1582/3-29.7.1601 Fineness = 925, shilling weighs 96~gr. 1/- 6 d. 2 d. id. id. BELL 30.1.1582/3-29.11.1583 + (I-8) 158200 (0-9) 4-92 + 1583 (1-6) (1584)" A 29.11.1583-13.2.1584/5 + M (3'4) 1582" (o-o) 4-95 4-97 -L 1583'6 (l"2) I584">7(I-4) + 98 ( SCALLOP 13.2.1584/5-30.5.15S7 2-9) I584<» (0-9) + +100 1585 (1-8) i586">'(o-7) 102 CRESCENT 30.5.1587-C. 1.1589/90 ...... + (I'4 ) I587«>3(O-9) + 4- 4_ 106 I5S8'°4(O-2) I589">5(0-7) HAND C. 1.1589/90-31.1.1591/2 ...... + ..o (I.5) I59O108(I-I) + 4- 4- i59iI0,(i-2) 1592 (0-4) ! TUN 31.1.1591/2-C. 7.1594 (?) + 110 (4-5) I592"'(2-o) + 1 4- 1593 (2-5) 1594 (0-4) 1595 (o-o) WOOLPACK c. 7.1594 (?)-i3.2.1595/6 ..... + IIZ (4"0) I594"3(2-2) + + -r I595II4(O-9) (I596)"5 + ..6 (I.?) KEY 13.2.1595/6-C. 2.1597/8 I595,i7(°-4) 4_ 119 ' 121 1596 (0-9) 1597 (o-o) I598"8(O-O) ANCHOR C. 2.1597/8-30.4.1600 ...... + I20 (0.2) (I597)122 4- + I2S 4- 1598 (o-o)

I599'23(0-O) I6OO'24(O-O) 2 CYPHER 30.4.1600-20.5.1601 ...... + (°-3) I6OO' 6(0-O) + _!_ 127 + 7th Coinage, 29.7.1601-7.6.1603 Fineness = 925, shilling weighs 93 gr. 5/- 2/6 1 /- 6 d. id. id. id. ONE 29.7.1601-14.5.1602 ..... + + + (i"3) I6OII28(O-7) 1602 (0-4) Two 14.5.1602-7.6.1603 ..... + + + (2-o) | 1602 (i-6) + 1 + Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 585 29. Variety has date over 1561 (WF, not in B.M.). 30. Varieties have privy-marks on either side over Broad Arrow Head (Lockett IV, lot 2013a, pi. 82 and IDB, not in B.M.). Others show variations in abbreviation of ANG, FRA, and HIB. 31. IDB, not in B.M. 32. Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG and FRJ\. Varieties have obverse privy- mark over Rose. 33. A mule Rose-Portcullis over Rose occurs (RCB, not in B.M.). 34. Variations occur in the abbreviations of ANG and FR.A. 35. Variety may have date over 1566. 36. Variety has no date (one die). 37. Variety has obverse privy-mark over Portcullis. 38. Variety has obverse privy-mark over Rose or Portcullis. 39. The obverse dies were often used for the gold half-crown and these half-groats occasionally appear gilt. 40. Mentioned by Parsons, not in B.M. 41. Owing to a flaw on the punches used for the figures 6 and 9, worn coins of 1569 sometimes appear to be dated 1566. 42. The sixpence without date (one die) belongs to the period 1567. 43. Varieties have the figure 8 inverted, or the figure 8 (inverted or the correct way up) over 7. 44. Variety has crescent-shaped stops on the reverse (Lockett IV, lot 20131, pi. 82, not in B.M.). 45. Varieties have 8 (inverted) over 7, or no rose on obverse, or variations in abbreviation of HI. 46. Most pieces have crescent-shaped stops. See also note 39. 47. Mentioned by Parsons, not in B.M. 48. Varieties have privy-marls on either side over Crown. 49. Mentioned in the reports of the Bingley (56) and Constable Burton (71) treasure troves. Not in B.M. Probably an error. 50. Mentioned by Hawkins and Parsons, not in B.M. 51. Varieties have the figure 2 inverted and 2 (correct) over 2 (inverted). Parsons mentions this date over 1571, not in B.M. 52. A new bust was introduced during this privy-mark period. 53. Variety has 2 (correct) over 2 (inverted). 54. Mentioned by Parsons, not in B.M. Probably does not exist as it is not mentioned in the indenture for this period. 55. Mentioned by Hawkins and Parsons, not in B.M. Probably does not exist as it was not mentioned in the indenture for this period. 56. Variety has the figure 2 (correct) over 2 inverted (WF, not in B.M.). 57. Variety has the figure 2 (correct) over 2 inverted (IDB, not in B.M.). 58. Parsons mentions variety with privy-mark over Ermine. Not in B.M. 59. A mule has obverse: Eglantine over Acorn, reverse: Acorn (RCB, not in B.M). 60. Occurs only with date over 1573. 61. AM, not in B.M. 62. The penny was specifically ordered by the queen on 2 April 1574 for her personal use, presumably on Maundy Thursday, 8 April 1574. As the Acorn mark was in use until 25 May 1574, it might be expected that some 2,500 pieces were struck for the Maundy service bearing this.mark. These coins (if they exist) and those of privy mark Eglan- tine, must be amongst the earliest coins struck specially for the Maundy service. Unfortunately, although Parsons mentions privy-mark Acorn, I have been unable to trace this piece. It does not appear in the B.M. 63. Variety has privy-mark on reverse over Acorn (IDB, not in B.M.). 64. Variety has date over 1574. 65. Date is over 1576. Parsons mentions this coin with date not over 1576 but it is not in B.M. 66. Varieties have date over 1573 (WF, not in B.M.) or no privy-mark on reverse (Lockett IV, lot 2024^, pi. 84, not in B.M.). 67. Variety has date over 1574 (Lockett IV, lot 20247?, pi. 84, not in B.M.). 68. Variety has date over 1575. 69. Occurs only with date over 1575 or 1576. 70. RCB, but a piece in B.M. may also have this date. 71. Varieties have date over 1572, or date over 1572 and reverse privy-mark over Ermine (RCB, not in B.M.), or date over 1573 (RCB, not in B.M.), or date over 1573 and privy- 586 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with mark on either side over Acorn (WF, and Lockett IV, lot 2031 A, pi. 85, not in B.M.). Parsons mentions a mule Eglantine-Acorn, not in B.M. 72. Occurs only with date over 1575. 73. Occurs only with date over 1575 (Lockett IV, lot 2031/, pi. 85, not in B.M.). 74. Mentioned by Parsons, not in B.M. 75. Possibly occurs only over 1576; the two specimens in the B.M. are indistinct. Parsons mentions this coin without overmarked date. 76. This coin is scarce and was probably only struck for Royal charities (see Symonds, Num. Cliron. 1916, p. 78). 77. Mentioned by Hawkins and Parsons, not in B.M. 78. A common variety has date over 1577 and privy-mark over Eglantine. It also occurs with the date but not the privy-mark overstamped. Another variety has the date over 1577 over 1576 (Lockett IV, lot 2015a, pi. 83, not in B.M.). 79. Mentioned by Hawkins, not in B.M. and probably does not exist as it was not mentioned in the indenture for this period. 80. Occurs only with date over 1575. Parsons mentions date over 1577, n°t i11 B.M. 81. Variety has date over 1575. 82. Mentioned by Parsons, not in B.M. 83. Varieties have obverse privy-mark over Cross or date over 1579 and reverse privy- mark over Cross. 84. Variety has the figure 8 in the date over 7 but the figure o not overstamped (WF, not in B.M.), another has date over 1579 with reverse privy-mark possibly over Cross (RCB, not in B.M.). 85. Variety has the figure 8 in the date over 7 but the figure 1 not overstamped (WF, not in B.M.). 86. Lockett IV, lot 20311, pi. 85, not in B.M. 87. The specimen in the B.M. may have date over 1580. 88. Variety may have reverse privy-mark over Long Cross. Another variety has the figure 8 over 7 but the figure 2 not overstamped (RCB, not in B.M.). 89. Lockett IV, lot 2035c, pi. 85, not in B.M. 90. Occurs with the old form of legend (ELIZABETH, &c.) and with the new form (ELIZAB^, &c.), the former being the more common. Variety has Bell over Sword on reverse (RCB, not in B.M). 91. This coin may be unique. 92. Varieties occur without the two dots, or with a Lys behind the bust, or with the two dots over LL (IDB, not in B.M.). These are probably trial pieces. 93. The halfpennies belonging to the privy-mark Bell have no privy-mark. See text above. 94. Varieties often show privy-mark on both sides over Bell. Parsons mentions a mule Bell-A, not in B.M. 95. Variety has obverse privy-mark over Bell (WF, not in B.M.). 96. Variety has reverse privy-mark over Bell. 97. Variety has reverse privy-mark over Bell (Lockett IV, lot 2033n, pi. 85, not in B.M.). 98. Varieties have privy-mark on either side over A, or have obverse legend reading ELIZB, or have one of two variant busts (one RCB, another IDB, not in B.M.). 99. Varieties have privy-mark on either side over A. 100. Variety has privy-mark on both sides over A (RCB, not in B.M.). 101. Date usually over 1585, but does occur not overstamped (Lockett IV, lot 2015s, pi. 83, not in B.M.). Another variety has obverse privy-mark over A (AM, not in B.M.). 102. Variety has privy-mark on either side over Scallop. Three busts are used during this period. 103. Varieties have obverse privy-mark over Scallop, or reverse privy-mark over Scallop with date over 1586 or over 1586 over 1585. 104. Parsons mentions variety with date over 1587, not in B.M. 105. Variety has date over 1588. 106. Variety has privy-mark over Scallop (Lockett IV, lot 2036c, pi. 85, not in B.M.). 107. Variety has obverse privy-mark over Bell (Lockett IV, lot 2015W, pi. 83, not in B.M.). 108. Variety has reverse privy-mark over Crescent and date over 1589. 109. A common variety has date over 1590. no. A mule has Tun (over Hand ?)-Hand. HI. Variety has obverse privy-mark over Hand. 112. Variety has reverse privy-mark over Tun (IDB, not in B.M.). A large number of mules has been reported for this period, but owing to the extensive overmarking which occurred, and the worn state of many of the coins, many of these can be discounted. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 587 113. Varieties have privy-mark on either side over Tun and date over 1593. See note 112 concerning mules. 114. Variety may have date over 1594 (AM, not in B.M.). 115. Mentioned by Hawkins and Parsons. Not in B.M. 116. Varieties have privy-mark on either side over Woolpack. A fine series of pattern shillings occur bearing the privy-mark Key (inverted). These are quite distinct from the normal shillings, having a completely different set of dies and punches. In style they resemble the gold coin of this period. They are probably contemporary with the normal Key shillings. 117. Varieties have privy-mark on either side over Woolpack. 118. Variety has date over 1596 (AM, not in B.M.). 119. Privy mark normally occurs on obverse only but variety has the privy-mark on both sides (Lockett IV, lot 2O33V, pl. 85, not in B.M.). 120. Variety has privy-mark on both sides over Key (RCB, not in B.M.). 121. Variety has privy-mark over Woolpack (RCB, not in B.M.). 122. Mentioned by Hawkins and Parsons, not in B.M. 123. Varieties have date over 1598, or over 1598 over 1594 (Lockett IV, lot 20160, pl. 84, not in B.M.), or over 1596 (IDB, not in B.M). 124. Occurs only with 6 over 5 and first o only over 9, but Parsons mentions a variety not overmarked, not in B.M. 125. Occurs with or without privy-mark on the reverse. 126. Probably only occurs with the 6 of the date over 5 and the first o only over 9 (AM, the pieces in the B.M. are not distinct enough to distinguish all the overstamping). 127. No reverse privy-mark. 128. Variety has 6 of date over 5 and o over 9 (AM, not in B.M.).

APPENDIX II A List of Finds Containing Coins of Elizabeth I In Table IX are listed all the coin finds that were deposited in England, Wales, and Ireland between 1558 and 1697 that I have managed to trace. In addition, finds from Scotland and elsewhere are included where these contain English coin of the period 1558 to 1660. They are numbered and arranged according to their date of deposit, except during the Civil War, when they are listed alphabetically, the Scottish and Irish Civil War deposits being listed separately. Besides the date of deposit and the name, the following information is also supplied: the date of discovery, the size and contents (where known), the present location and principal references. The references have been classified according to the information they contain as follows: (a) general description only; (ib) coins listed by reigns only; (c) coins listed by reigns and denominations; (d) coins listed by privy-marks and dates; (e) discussion of the find only. No new descriptive material. The following abbreviations are used for the various sources to which reference is made: BNJ British Numismatic Journal. CI Coinage of Ireland (Lindsay). CS Coinage of Scotland (Lindsay). CM Gentleman's Magazine. JAAI Journal of the Archaeological Association of Ireland. NC Numismatic Chronicle. NCirc Numismatic Circidar. NJ Numismatic Journal. NM Numismatic Magazine. ProcNS Proceedings of the Numismatic Society. PSAL Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. PS^4S Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. RBN Revue Beige de Numismatique. B 7054 P P 588 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with RNF Revue de Numismatique Frangaise. SB Seaby's Bulletin. VCH Victoria County History. Series numbers are given in parentheses ( ), volume numbers are in small roman numerals, other figures refer to the date and page numbers. In Table VII the Elizabethan coins are analysed according to denomination for all the finds for which this information is available. Those marked with an asterisk * were 1] used to fix the ratio of shillings to sixpences in circulation. Table VIII shows the total number of coins of each privy-mark and date in twenty- ? one of the larger typical hoards and, for comparison, the same numbers for the two large untypical hoards (Cheadle (26) and Welshback (191), see text). These figures were used in determining the frequencies quoted in Table VI.

TABLE VII Elizabethan Coin in Finds Analysed by Denomination

Mill No. Name 2/6 1/- 6 d. 6 d. 4 d. 3 d. 2 d. 1 id. id. id. id. 4 Islay . 2 9 Middlesborough 24 1 10 Whaplode 1 20 1 3 11 Limerick 2 12 •Little Broad Oak . 11 28 2 13 Thornton Abbey . 3 17 1 15 Houghton 16 20 25 10 11 33 1 2 16 Alciston 3 4 3 1 1 17 New Barnet . 1 7 1 1 1 18 •Tullamore '38 90 1 2 19 Kapelle 1 20 Creggs . 2 20 22 Castletown . 1 180 23 Mickle Trafiord . 1 37 26 Cheadle 569 291 2 3° •Cuileenoolagh 5 47 1 33 •Knockaboul . 14 92 5 38 *Wistow 11 38 11 11 5 39 Woodend 7 11 1 40 •Sheffield 29 29 2 1 41 * Barrow 19 18 42 Haynck 6 12 43 Lauterbach . 70 43 45 Denby. 1 10 46 Ellistown 7 14

51 Allington 10 18 52 *Ashampstead Green 16 25 53 Ashbrook 137 44 56 *Bingley 42 107 57 Binney's 1 1 2 62 Brand End Farm . 72 63 Bridgnorth . 9 24 64 Buckfastleigh 6 8 65 Bury St. Edmonds 3 66 Canterbury . 2 68 Chesterfield . 3 3 69 Chesterfield . 2 9 71 •Constable Burton . 28 99 73 Denby. 1 20 1 1 74 Derbyshire . 4 9 1 76 Douglas 9 14 Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 589

Mill No. Name 2/6 1 /- 6 d. 6 d. 4 d. 3 d. id. 1 id. id. Id. id. 77 Earith . 2 78 *East Worlington . 578 1.647 2 79 Egton . 3 8 80 *EUand. "5 364 2 81 Emborough . 1 6 82 Enderby 4 19 1

83 Farmborough 1 215 85 84 *Flawborough 23 107 2 85 *Foscote 3i 63

86 Glympton 7 3 87 Godsfield Row 3 7 1 2 89 *Griggleston . 18 42 1

91 *Hadleigh 23 24 92 *Hartwell 281 790 93 Headington . 5 17

95 *Idsworth 18 43 96 *Itchen Abbas 24 63

97 Kettering 5 26 98 Kidlington . 2 4

100 Leicester . » 3 15 1

107 *Orston. 197 425 20 1 108 . *Qswestry . . 27 153 10 19 no Painswick 1 2 HI Prestatyn . 184 182 2

114 Salford 3 16

120 Thorpe Hall . 373 1,091 4 1 121 Trehafod 2 2

123 Wellington . 122 176 1 124 West Country 34 247 16 2 126 Whitchurch . 5 14 128 Winterslow . 14 129 Wolvercote . 1

131 Yorkshire 11 3

132 Bankhead 9 6 136 Duns . 1 1 137 Grangemouth 85 94 138 *Irvine . 10 114 25 8 141 Kippendavie 5 3 143 *Musselburgh. 40 83 146 *Rannoch 10 40

149 *Abbeylands . 31 84 1 150 *Abbeylands . 52 191 1 152 *Ballinasloe . 57 161 153 Camolin 44 154 Carrigtwohill 10 23 2 156 Deramfield . 2 1 158 Drumenagh . 18 3 162 Gortnahilta . 1 163 Rannyhual . 8 5 164 Templetuohy 1

166 *Gloucester . 10 63 2 3 168 *Long Crendon 118 305 1 590 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with

Mill No. Name 2/6 x/- 6 d. 6 d. i\d. 3d- id. 1 id. id. id. 170 *Steadham 34 02 171 *Upwey 45 54 172 Kilmarnock . 5 173 Old Monkland 1 3 174 Staple . 18 9 175 Dundonald . 3 176 Georgemass Hill . 1 178 Banbridge 1 179 •Crediton 166 616 1 184 Glenbeg 2 23 4 2 187 *Ashton 12 51 191 *Welshback . 527 1.372 192 *Yearby 114 266 1

^93 Peshawur 3° Totals . 1 4.9

TABLE VIII Total Numbers of Coins for each Date and Privy-mark in Twenty-one Finds

Total in Privy-mark Date 21 finds (26) (191) Remarks

SHILLINGS Lis 61 27 2 Cross Crosslet 411 227 30 Martlet 391 137 36 Bell 104 12 4 A 195 45 8 Scallop 171 29 14 Crescent 93 13 5 (168) contains 13 which is non- typical. Corrected to 5. Hand 85 17 9 Tun 254 35 20 Woolpack 227 18 17 Key 95 7 10 Anchor 9 1 2 Cypher 13 1 One 75 1 12 Two 120 9 Total 2.304 569 179 Uncertain 85 348

Grand Total 2,389 569 527

SIXPENCES Broad Arrow Head 1561 310 2 32 1562 78 5 21 Often date over 1561 1563 22 2 14 1564 90 8 21 Date often 1563. (107) has one with Zeeland Countermark. 1565 59 2 9 Rose 1565 84 4 15 Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 591 Total in Privy-mark Date 21 finds (26) (191) Remarks SIXPENCES (cont.) Portcullis 1566 199 15 (168) gives date as 1565. Lion 1566 31 2 26 1567 56 5 None (12) contains one specimen. Crown None 1567 213 28 (78), (166), and (192) contain pieces dated 1566.

1568 289 45 Date often with 8 inverted, or with date over 1567. 1569 343 16 23 1570 73 1 9 Castle 1569 4 (78), (80), (120), and (192). 157° 60 6 11 Often with Castle over Crown. 1571 188 10 17 (56), (71) contain 4 dated 1572. Ermine 1572 304 !4 49 Often 2 inverted, or 2 over 2 inverted. (78) contains one dated 1571. (107) contains one with Zeeland Countermark. 1573 158 7 Acorn 1573 133 15 (78) contains one dated 1571. 1574 41 12 Eglantine 1573 14 2 (179) contains 7 which is non-typical. Corrected to 1. 1574 200 7 26 1575 267 17 44 1576 58 5 13 1577 22 10 Most with date over 1576. Cross 1578 263 17 34 (41) has 2 dated 1574. (78), (108), (143), (191) contain specimens dated 1577. Often occurs with date over 1577 and privy-mark over Eglantine. 1579 97 6 17 Long Cross 1580 229 10 34 Date occurs over 1579. (83) has 2 attributed to Cross. 1581 95 4 13 Sword 1582 175 12 14 (83) has 2 attributed to Long Cross. Bell 1582 5° 3 7 1583 88 6 7 (56) has 4 dated 1584. 1582 1 2 (124) 1583 57 4 11 Often with privy mark over Bell. 1584 67 4 11 Often with privy-mark over Bell. Scallop 1584 41 1 2 Often with privy-mark over A. 1585 114 5 14 1586 36 3 4 Often date over 1585. (78) has one dated 1587 over 1586. Crescent 1587 7 1588 13 1 1589 38 2 10 (83) has 2 dated 1590. Hand 1590 75 2 7 21 Often 1591 over 1590. 1591 77 5 1592 22 4 Tun 1592 98 13 21 Occurs with privy-mark over Hand. 1593 158 11 29 1594 23 3 Occurs with date over 1593. (107) and (124). 1595 2 3 12 Woolpack 1594 115 Occurs with date over 1593 and privy- mark over Tun. (168) has 12 which is non-typical. Corrected to 6. 592 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with

Total in Privy-mark Date 21 finds (26) (191) Remarks SIXPENCES (cont.) Woolpack 1595 48 5 4 Occurs with privy-mark over Tun. (191) has one dated 1596. Key 1595 19 3 1596 63 1 11 1597 4 1 (107), (123), (168), and (192). 1598 6 1 Anchor 1598 3 1 (78), (108), and (120). 1599 6 1 1600 2 (120) and (179). Cypher 1600 5 2 One 1601 39 2 22 1602 18 1 Two 1602 97 26 Total 5,588 272 816 Uncertain 477 540

Grand Total 6,065 272 1-356

Total in Privy-mark 25 finds Remarks

GROATS Lis 6 \ In addition to the 21 finds listed below, the fol- Cross Crosslet 3I lowing four finds have been used in preparing Martlet 12 these totals: 10. Whaplode Total 49 15. Houghton Uncertain 28 17. New Barnet Grand Total 77 87. Godsfield Row

Number of Total in reverse dies Privy-mark Date 23 finds in B.M. Remarks

MILL SIXPENCES Star 1561 1 2 (166) In addition to the finds 1562 9 19 listed below, the follow- 1563 2 ing two finds were used 1564 3 in preparing these 1566 2 totals: Lis 1567 2 2 (78), (80) 10. Whaplode 1568 1 1 (120) 26. Cheadle 157° 1 Castle 1 1 I57I (179) Total 14 33 NOTE : Figures in parentheses refer to find numbers. Where fewer than 5 coins appear in the 21 finds, an indication is given as to which finds they appear in. The following were the twenty-one finds used in compiling this table: 41 Barrow, 56 Bingley, 62 Brand End Farm, 71 Constable Burton, 78 East Worlington, 80 Elland, 83 Farmborough, 84 Flawborough, 85 Foscote, 107 Orston, 108 Oswestry, 120 Thorpe Hall, 123 Wellington, 124 West Country, 143 Musselburgh, 166 Gloucester, 168 Long Crendon, 171 Upwey, 179 Crediton, 187 Ashton, 192 Yearby. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 593

TABLE IX A List of Coin Finds Deposited between 1558 and 1696

De- No. posit Name and Description References 1. ? SOUTH SHIELDS (Newcastle), Co. Durham. 1778 N and 7R "Henries" to Elizabeth. Found (a) John Sykes, Local Records, in ballast from the Thames. i- 3I3- 2. ? WORMWOOD SCRUBS, Middlesex. 1840 JR Henry VIII-Elizabeth. (a) The Times 31 Aug. 1840. (a) GM 1840, i. 415. 3. 1561 COLLIGEN (Dungarvan), Co. Waterford. 1841 c. 100 7R Henry VIII-Elizabeth. Many in (a) NC 1841, iv. 208. collection of Edward Hoare. (e) BNJ 1911, viii. 200. 4. 1561 ISLAY (Ballynaughton Cist), Argyll. 1902 74 7R Henry IV-Elizabeth and Scottish. (c) PSAS 1902, xxxvi. 113. 5. 1561 ST. ALBANS, Herts. 1872 29 N Henry VIII-Elizabeth. In collection of Lord Verulam. (d) NC 1872, 186. 6. 1564 THAMES (Blackfriars Bridge), London. N and c. 200 7R Edward VI-Elizabeth and 1840 associated finds. 7. 1565 BISHAM (Maidenhead), Berks. (a) GM 1840, i. 415. 318 N Henry VIII-Elizabeth. 8. 1566 TALMONT (Vendee), France. 1878 149 N and 6 7R including 9 N Henry VIII- (d) NC 1878, 304. Elizabeth. 1893 9. 1569 MIDDLESBOROUGH, Yorks. 27 J® Mary-Elizabeth. (c) RNF 1884, 271. 10. 1570 WHAPLODE, Lines. 29 M Edward VI-Elizabeth. Many in B.M. 1935 11. 1573 LlMERicK(St. John's Hospital), Co. Limerick. Unpublished 22 iR Henry VIII-Elizabeth. Limerick Museum. 1890 12. 1573 LITTLE BROAD OAK (Kingsley, Stoke), Staffs. (d) NC 1891, 202. 48 M Philip and Mary-Elizabeth. 1921 (d) Antiquaries Journal, ii, 13. 1578 THORNTON ABBEY, Lines. 1922, 56. 23 7R Mary-Elizabeth. 1941 R4- I579 WYCOMBE MARSH, Bucks. (d) BNJ 1949/52. 9I. 7R Mary-Elizabeth. (c) NC 1943, 107. 1952 15. 1580 HOUGHTON-CUM-WYTON (St. Ives), Hunts. 25 N and 288 M Edward IV, Henry VII- Unpublished. Elizabeth. Some pieces are in the B.M. 1902 Most of the N and some 7R in private (a) Records of Bucks, ix. 213. possession. About 120 iR in the Norris Museum, St. Ives. 1876 (d) NC 1877, 163. 16. 1586 ALCISTON (Lewes), Sussex. 1925 12 J® Elizabeth. (d) BNJ 1955/7. 659. 17- 1587 NEW BARNET, Herts. 1946 21 7R Mary-Elizabeth. In New Barnet Museum. (d) NC 1946, 72. 18. 1590 TULLAMORE, King's Co. 140 7R Edward VI-Elizabeth, Spanish. 1922 (c) Antiquaries Journal, ii, 1922, 264. (c) JAAI (6) xiii, 1922, 86. 594 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with De- No. posit Name and Description References 19- 1591 KAPELLE (S. Beveland), Zeeland. 1882 114 N and iR including 5 N and 1 iR of (c) RBN 1884, 211. England, Edward IV-Elizabeth. 20. 1592 CREGGS, CO. Roscommon. 1895 22 iR Elizabeth. (c) JAAI (5) 1895, 230. 21. 1594 DERVOCK, CO. Antrim. 1877 Edward VI-Elizabeth. (a) BNJ 1911, 363. 22. 1595 CASTLETOWN (Portglenone), Co. Antrim. 181 iR Elizabeth. 29 in Carrickfergus 1937 Castle Museum. (d) BNJ 1938/41, 285. 23- 1595 MICKLE TRAFFORD, Cheshire. 1895 38 iR Elizabeth. In Grosvenor Museum, (d) BNJ 1952/4, 93- Chester. 24. 1600 ESTAIRE, Nord, France. 1924 N including Elizabeth. (a) RNF xxix, 1926, no. 25- 1601 Co. MAYO. 1896 50 iR Edward II-Elizabeth. (c) JAAI (5) vii, 1896, 80. 26. 1602 CHEADLE, Staffs. 1934 894 ^ Edward VI-Elizabeth. 50 in B.M., (d) BNJ 1938/41, 286. ? selection in Stoke-on-Trent Museum. Prob- ably two deposits: 1561 and 1602. 27. BLACKHEATH, Kent. 1807 253 iR mostly Elizabeth. {a) GM 1807, 581. 28. p CATTON GROVE (Norwich), Norfolk. 1743 ? Large. Mostly Elizabeth. (a) GM 1743, 493- 29. CORK. 1837 ? iR Philip and Mary-Elizabeth, mostly base. (a) CI 134. 3°- CUILLEENOOLAGH, CO. Roscommon. 55 iR Philip and Mary-Elizabeth. In 1943 National Museum of Ireland. (c) BNJ 1952/4, 214. 31. ? GLANMIRE, CO. Cork. J of Elizabeth. R 1847 32. ? HARRISTOWN (St. Margaret's), Co. Dublin. c. 100 iR Edward VI-Elizabeth. (a) JAAI iii, 1854, 62. 33- ? KNOCKABOUL, CO. Limerick. c. 1923 117 iR Philip and Mary-Elizabeth, Irish and Spanish. In National Museum of Ireland (a) BNJ 1923/4, 364- 34- ? KILLEAGH (Middleton), Co. Cork. 1943 Numerous iR of Elizabeth's time. (a(c)) BNJCI 1341952/4. , 214. (a) Lewis, Topographical Dic- tionary. 35- ? LEITH HILL (Wotton), Surrey. 1837 30 N Henry VIII-Elizabeth. Were pre- (a) VCH Surrey, iii. 154. served at Wotton House. 36. 1605 DONERAILE, CO. Cork. 1853 42 oz. iR Elizabeth-James I and Spanish. [a) NC 1854, 96. Sold to goldsmith. 37- 1605 PONTYPRIDD, Glam. c. 300 iR Elizabeth-James I. (a) Antiquary, x, 1884, 132. 38. 1605 WISTOW (Selby), Yorks. 1943 119 iR Mary-James I, Irish and Scottish (c) NC 1943, 107. 39- 1605 WOODEND (Snizort), Skye. 53 iR Mary-James I, Scottish and French. 1884 Returned to finder. (a) Antiquary, x, 1884, 32. (c) PSAS xviii, 1884, 379- Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 595 De- No. posit Name and Description References 40. 1606 SHEFFIELD. 1913 3 N, 100 iR Henry VHI-James I, Irish and (c) NC 1927, 280. foreign. 41. 1613 BARROW, Leics. 1861 57 iR Edward VI-James I. (d) NC 1861, 246. 42. 1619 HAYNCK, North Brabant. 1912 Large N and .iR including English Henry VI- (d) J. Schulman, Elizabeth. Mai 1912. 43. 1621 LAUTERBACH, Hessen. 1928 14 N, 1373 JR including 141 iR English (d) BNJ 1929/30, 3°5- Elizabeth-James I. Some in H. A. Par- sons Collection. 44. 1626 NEERITTER, Limburg, Holland. Large N including English Henry V- [a) RNF 1908, 567. James I. (a) Schulman, Sale Catalogue, Mar. 1908. 45. ? DENBY (Barnsley), Yorks. 1888 36 J® Mary-James I. (c) NC 1888, 366. 46. ? ELLISTOWN, CO. Kildare. 30 iR Elizabeth-James I. In National 1945 Museum of Ireland. 47. ? MADELEY WOOD, Salop. (c) BNJ 1952/4. 214- Large N Elizabeth-James I. 48. ? STOWBRIDGE (River Ouze), Norfolk. 1839 11 JR, 9M Edward Vl-James I. Found on (a) Salop. Journal, Dec. 1839. body of drowned man. 1825 (b) GM 1825, ii. 261.

FINDS NO. 49-131 WERE DEPOSITED IN ENGLAND AND WALES PROBABLY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. THEY ARE ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY

49. ? ABERNANT, Caermarthenshire. c. 1823 c. 60 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) Ancient Monuments (Wales), Caermarthenshire, viii, No. 31. 50. 1641 ABINGDON, Berks. c. 1870 2 galls. JR Elizabeth-Charles I. Some in Unpublished. Ashmolean Museum. 51. 1644 ALLINGTON (Devizes), Wilts. 1927 106 .

57- 1645 MR. BINNEY'S HOARD from Kent. 63 J® Elizabeth-Charles I, Irish, Spanish, (d) To be published. and Dutch. 58. ? BLAKEWAY (Wedmore), Somerset. c. 1891 iR Philip and Mary-Charles I. Found in a (a) NM Nov. 1891, 91. chest so may not have been deposited in Blakeway. 59- ? BODFARI, Wales. 1927 JR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) Archaelogia Cambrensis (7) viii, 1928, 209. BOSTON, see 62. 60. 1633 BOTLEY (Chesham), Bucks. 200 N Edward IV- Charles I. (d) NC 1890, 48. BRADFORD PEVEREL, see 104. 61. ? BRAMPTON (Huntingdon), Hunts. 1840 454 JR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) GM 1840, ii. 79. 62. 1646 BRAND END FARM (Boston), Lines. 291 iR Edward Vl-Charles I, Scottish and 1886 (d) NC 1886, 163. Irish. 63. 1644 BRIDGNORTH, Salop. 144 J® Mary-Charles I, Irish and Scottish. (d) NC 1908, 319 1644 BUCKFASTLEIGH, Devon. 1932 64. 36 iR Elizabeth-Charles I and Spanish. In (d) NC 1932, 70. Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter.

BURY ST. EDMUNDS, Suffolk. 1957 65. 18 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. In Moyses Hall Museum, Bury. (c) SB 1957, 153. 1643 CANTERBURY, Kent. 66. 49 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. 1947 67. CATFORD, Kent. 1644 110 N James I-Charles I. 12 in B.M. (d) NC 1946, 152. CHESHAM, see 60. 1937 68. CHESTERFIELD (Prestige), Derby. (c) NC 1939, 183. 1644 18 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. 1 in B.M. (c) NC 1939, 183.

69. 1643 CHESTERFIELD (Vicarage Lane), Derby. 1934 40 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. 1 in B.M., 1 in (c) NC 1939, 183. Royal Mint Museum. CHIPPING NORTON, see 115 and 116. 70. 1640 CONGLETON, Cheshire. 1956 18 N James I-Charles I. In Grosvenor (d) BNJ 1955/7, 419- Museum, Chester. (e) NCirc 1957, ILA 71- 1641 CONSTABLE BURTON (Wensleydale), Yorks. 1909 236 M Edward Vl-Charles I. Some in B.M. (d) NC 1909, 285. 72. ? CROWOOD, Wilts. 1869 280 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (6) Wilts. Archaeological Maga- zine, xi, 1869, 119. 1641 73- DENBY (Barnsley), Yorks. 1887 51 JR Philip and Mary-Charles I, Scottish and Irish. (c) NC 1887, 340. 39- 1641 DERBYSHIRE. 30 iR Elizabeth-Charles I and Scottish. 1879 (d) Antiquary, iii, 1881, 181. (e) BNJ 1916/7, proc. 195- Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 597 De- posit Name and Description References DEVIZES, see 51. ? DISTINGTON, Cumberland. 75- 1811 7R Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) Jefferson's Cumberland, 76. 76. ? DOUGLAS, Isle of Man. 1880 4 N, 75 iR Elizabeth-Charles I, Scottish, (c) Journal of the British Irish, and Spanish. In possession of Lord Archaeological Ass. (1) Dunglass. xxxvi, 1880, 373. 77. 1645 EARITH, Hunts. C. 1956 10 7R Elizabeth-Charles I. Unpublished. 78. 1646 . EAST WORLINGTON, Devon. 1897 5188 7R Edward Vl-Charles I, Scottish and Irish. Some in B.M. (d) NC 1897, 143. 79. 1640 EGTON, Yorks. 23 JR Elizabeth-Charles I and Scottish. 1928

80. 1641 ELLAND, Yorks. (c) NC 1928, 335. 1187 JR Edward Vl-Charles I, Scottish and forgeries. 1932 (d) NC 1933. 233- 81. 1645 EMBOROUGH, Somerset. 1930 18 7R Elizabeth-Charles I. (d) NC 1932, 69. 82. 1644 ENDERBY, Leics. 1866 88 JR Henry VHI-Charles I and Irish. (c) NC 1866, 321. 83. 1640 FARMBOROUGH, Somerset. 3 N and over 500 JR Edward Vl-Charles I, I953 Scottish and Irish. (d) NC 1953, 150; I954> 218. 84. 1643 FLAWBOROUGH, Notts. 1877 . 327 7R Elizabeth-Charles I. (d) NC 1877, 164. 85. 1641 FOSCOTE, Bucks. I955 199 7R Elizabeth-Charles I and Scottish. In (d) BNJ 1955/7. 416. Aylesbury Museum. 86. 1643 GLYMPTON, Oxford. 1948 44 7R Elizabeth-Charles I. 2 in B.M., 42 are (d) NC 1947. L8O. being kept at Glympton Hall. 87. 1640 GODSFIELD ROW (Alresford), Hants. 1871 iy JR Mary-Charles I and Irish. In private (d) BNJ 1952/4, 3I6. possession. GRANTHAM, see 103. (1a) VCH Hants, iii. 304. 88. 1643 GREAT SHEFFORD (Newbury), Berks. 7R Elizabeth-Charles I. 1889 (a) Archaeological Review, iii, 89. 1641 GRIGGLESTON, Yorks. 1889, 144. (a) VCH Berks, 170 7R Mary-Charles I, Irish and Scottish. iv. 238. Some in B.M. 1928 90- ? HADLEIGH, Suffolk. NC 1928, Edward Vl-Charles I. (c) 336.

9i- 1649 HADLEIGH, Suffolk. 1841 97 N Edward Vl-Charles I. 1 in B.M., (a) NC iv, 1842, 63. (a) Ipswich Journal, 20.3.1841. 47 in Ipswich Museum. 1936 92. 1640 HARTWELL (Aylesbury), Bucks. 2,436 iR Edward Vl-Charles I. 474 in col- (c) NC 1939. 183. lection of Dr. Lee, 74 presented to Royal Numismatic Society, the remainder pre- 1835 sented to B.M., &c. (c) NC 1863, 147. (a) ProcNS 1842-3, 87. (a) GM 1843, i. 78. (d) NC 1921,150, describes the selection in the R.N.S. collection. 598 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with De- No. posit Name and, Description References 93- 1645 HEADINGTON, Oxford. 1937 65 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. 3 in B.M., 62 in (d) BNJ 1938/41, 91. Ashmolean Museum. (c) NC 1939, 184. 94. ? HONINGTON, Warwick. 1741 93 oz. iR Elizabeth-Charles I. 2 pieces in Unpublished. Brown Willis collection. HORNDEAN, see 95. HUNTINGDON, see 61. 95. 1644 IDSWORTH (Horndean), Hants. 1861 240 iR Elizabeth-Charles I, Scottish and (c) NC 1861, 247. Irish. 96. ? ITCHEN ABBAS, Hants. 1914 234 JR Philip and Mary-Charles I. Some in (c) NC 1927, 280. B.M. KENT, see 57. 97- 1645 KETTERING, Northants. 1928 63 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (c) NC 1928, 337. 98. 1642 KIDLINGTON, Oxon. c. 1941 13 or more iR Elizabeth-Charles I. Unpublished. 99. 1640 LAMBOURN (Woodland St. Mary), Berks. 1949 60 N James I-Charles I. 23 in Newbury (d) NC 1949, 257. Museum. Some in B.M. and Ashmolean Museum. LEEDS, see 109. 100. 1645 LEICESTER. 1937 79 iR Mary-Charles I, Scottish and Spanish. In Leicester Museum. (c) NC 1939, 184. 101. ? LEIGH HOUSE (Bath), Somerset. James I-Charles I. 1831 LEWISHAM (Southend), London. 102. 1646 (a) Bath Herald, May 1831. 420 N James I-Charles I. All melted down. 1837 (d) NC i, 1839, 30. (a) NJ i. 265, ii. 195. (a) GM 1837, i. 413. 103. 1641 LONG BENNINGTON (Grantham), Lines. (a.) GM 1838, i. 303 (inquest). 980 iR Edward Vl-Charles I and Scottish. (b) GM 1838, ii. 307. 1944 104. 1638 MUCKLEFORD (Bradford Peverel), Dorset. (d) NC 1947, 88 (selection 115 N James I-Charles I. 25 in B.M., 10 in only). Dorchester Museum. J935 (d) Dorset Natural History and, Archaeological Society, lvii, 1935. l8- 105. 1641 NEWARK, Notts. (c) NC 1939, 184. 17 N, 465 iR Edward Vl-Charles I, Spanish 1957 (d) and German. To be published. NEWBURY, see 88. NEWTON ABBOT, see 54. 106. 1638 NOTTINGHAM. Before 1789. (a) Merry's Remarks on the JR Elizabeth-Charles I, Irish and Scottish. Coinage of England, 103. 107. 1643 1952 ORSTON, Notts. 2 N, 1413 iR Edward Vl-Charles I. Some in (d) NC 1952, 118. 108. 1643 B.M. 1904 OSWESTRY, Salop. 4 N, 401 iR Henry VHI-Charles I and Irish. (d) NC 1905, 100. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 599 De- posit Name and Description References OULTON (Leeds), Yorks. 1906 260 iR Elizabeth-Charles I (a) NCirc xiv, 1906, 891:3. OXFORD, see 93, 98, and 129. 1641 PAINSWICK, Glos. 1941 34 N, 8 iR Edward Vl-Charles I and Spa- (d) BNJ 1952/4, 219- nish. In Gloucester Museum. (d) SB 1954, 420. (a) NC 1943, 107. PETHERTON, see 119. PONTYPRIDD, see 121. in. 1643 PRESTATYN, Flint. 1934 518 iR Philip and Mary-Charles I. 113 in (c) NC 1939, 184. B.M. 50 in National Museum of Wales. READING, see 52. 112. 1641 READING (Yield Hill), Berks. 1934 17 N James I-Charles I. 8 in B.M., 9 in Reading Museum. (c) NC 1939, 184. "3- ROCHESTER, Kent. 158 iR Edward Yl-Charles I. 1838 ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY COLLECTION, [a) GM 1838, ii. 181. see 92. 114. 1645 SALFORD, Lanes. 1928 ? 31 JR Elizabeth-Charles I. (d) BNJ 1929/30, 363. 115- SANFORD (Chipping Norton), Oxon. 1786 Probably Civil War. No details. (a) GM 1793, 83. 116. SANFORD (Chipping Norton), Oxon. Large N and iR Elizabeth-Charles I. 1793 SELBY, see 120. 1793, 83. SHAWS FARM ESTATE (Windsor Park), Berks. [a) GM 150 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. SHEFFORD, see 88. 1859 SHEPTON MALLET, Somerset. 23 iR Edward Vl-Charles II [sic]. (a) The Times, 20.4.1859. SOUTH PETHERTON, Somerset. 32 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. 1826 SOUTHEND, see 102. (a) GM 1826, ii. 70. 1642 THORPE HALL (Thorpe Willoughby, Selby), 1939 Yorks. (d)188 BNJ9 1949/51, 93- (a) Antiquary, xix, 1889, 172. 1 N, 2678 JR Edward Vl-Charles I and Scot- tish. 90 in B.M., others in local museums. THORPE WILLOUGHBY, see 120. TREHAFOD (Pontypridd), Glam. 1943 28 iR Edward Vl-Charles I. In National Unpublished. Museum of Wales. 1639 WANTAGE, Berks. 1937 44 N James I-Charles I, and Scottish. 6 in (d) Berks Archaeological 13.M., 3 in Reading Museum. Journal, xli, 1937, 82. (c) NC 1939, 184. WEDMORE, see 58. 1643 WELLINGTON, Salop. 1938 522 JR Philip and Mary-Charles I. (d) BNJ I949/5U 92. WENSLEYDALE, see 71. 1646 WEST COUNTRY. 480 iR Mary-Charles I, Irish and Scottish. (d) NC 1953, 153. WEST SHEFFORD, see 88. 6oo Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with De- No. posit Name and Description References 125. ? WHITBURN, CO. Durham. 1777 Large iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) John Sykes, Local Records, i. 311. 126. 1640 WHITCHURCH, Salop. 1945 4 N, 39 TR Edward Vl-Charles I and Irish. (d) NC 1945, 124. WILDWOOD, see 71. 127. ? WIMBOURNE STOKE, Wilts. *797 301 iR James I-Charles I. (a) GM 1797, 791- WINDSOR GREAT PARK, see 117. 128. 1641 WLNTERSLOW, Wilts. I9IO 50 iR Edward Vl-Charles I. 8 in Royal Mint (c) NC 1910, 205. Museum. 129. 1646 WOLVERCOTE, Oxford. 1937 9 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. In Ashmolean (d) Oxoniensia, ii, 1937, 101. Museum. 130. ? WOOBURN, Bucks. ? 100 N angels. (a) Cooke, Topography (Bucks.), 138. (e) BNJ 1915, 115. WOODLAND ST. MARY, see 99. 131. 1643 YORKSHIRE. 1850 161 iR Elizabeth-Charles I and Spanish. (c) NC 1851, 42.

FINDS NO. 132-148 WERE DEPOSITED IN SCOTLAND PROBABLY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. THEY ARE ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY 132. 1640 BANKHEAD (Newhills), Aberdeen. 1862 32 JR Elizabeth-Charles I and Spanish. In (c) NC 1862, 231. National Museum of Scotland. 133. ? BRIDSTON (Campsie Parish), Sterling. 1788 Large iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) CS 263. CAMPSIE PARISH, see 133. 134. ? CARLUKE, Lanark. 1782 52 oz. iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) CS 261. 135. ? DUNBAR, East Lothian. ^773 290 iR mostly Elizabeth. (a) GM 1773, 573. (a) CS 260. 136. 1645 DUNSE. 1859 22 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. In National (c) PSAS iv, 1862, 397- Museum of Scotland. GLASGOW, see 144 and 147. 137. 1644 GRANGEMOUTH, East Stirling. 1899 1,094iR Elizabeth-Charles I, Scottish, Irish, (c) PSAS xxxiv, 1899. !5- Spanish, and German. 12 in National Museum of Scotland. 138. ? IRVINE, Argyll. 1923 351 JR Edward Vl-Charles I, Scottish, Irish, (c) PSAS lix, 1925, 120. and Spanish. 139. ? KILMARNOCK, Argyll. 1785 168 oz. iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) CS 262. 140. ? KILMARNOCK, Argyll. 1788 Large JR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) CS 263. 141. ? KIPPENDAVIE, Stirling. 1863 50 iR Philip and Mary-Charles I, Scottish, (c) NC 1863, 217. German, and Spanish. (c) PSAS v, 1864, 236- Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 601 De- No. posit Name and Description References 142. 1 KIRKINTULLOCH, Stirling. 1797 16 oz. iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) CS 264. 143- 1646 MUSSELBURGH, Midlothian. 1951 318 iR Philip and Mary-Charles I, Scottish (d) NC 1952, 116. and Spanish. 23 in National Museum of Scotland. NEWHILLS, see 132. 144. PARTAKE (Glasgow), Lanark. 1766 30 oz. JR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) CS 260. 145- PHILIPHAUGH, Selkirk. 1845 9 JR Elizabeth-Charles I, Scottish and Spa- (a) Arcliaeologia Scotia, v, nish. 5 in B.M. donations 54. 146. 1643 RANNOCH, Perth. 1875 155 iR Elizabeth-Charles I, Scottish and (c) NC 1876, 78. Spanish. (c) PSAS xi, 1876, 548. 147. SHAWS, Glasgow. 1787 9 oz. .ZR Elizabeth-Charles I and Scottish. (a) CS 262. 148. STRATHBLANE, Stirling. 1793 Large N and iR Edward Vl-Charles I, Scot- (a) GM Annual tish and German. 1793, 1144. Register, xxxv. 58. (a) CS 263. FINDS NO. 149-164 WERE DEPOSITED IN IRELAND PROBABLY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. THEY ARE ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY 149. ? ABBEYLANDS, CO. Kildare. 1912 226 JR Edward Vl-Charles I, Irish, Scot- (c) BNJ 1912, 415. tish, Spanish, and French. In the Royal Irish Academy Collection. 150. 1645 ABBEYLANDS (Havan), Co. Meath. 1921 Over 474 iR Edward Vl-Charles I and (c) Antiquaries Journal, i, Irish. In the Royal Irish Academy collec- 1921, 341. tion. 151. ? Co. ARMAGH. c. 1900 iR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) BNJ 1911, 364. 152. ? BALLINASLOE, Co. Galway. 1942 321 iR Edward Vl-Charles I, Irish, and Spanish. In National Museum of Ireland. (c) BNJ 1952/4. 214. 153. 1644 CAMOLIN, CO. Wexford. 77 JR Edward Vl-Charles I. 1913 :54- 1639 CARRIGTWOHILL, CO. Cork. (d) BNJ 1913, 315- 58 JR Elizabeth-Charles I, Irish, French, 1955 Spanish', and Portuguese. (d) NC 1955, 247. CORK, see 160. 155- ? CRUMLIN, Co. Antrim. 1911 95 JR Elizabeth-Charles I. (a) BNJ 1911, 363. p 156. ? DERAMFIELD, CO. Cavan. 14 iR Philip and Mary-Charles I and Spa- (c) BNJ 1952/4, 214. nish. In National Museum of Ireland. !57- ? DERRYVILLE (Portarlington), Co. Offaly. 1946 48 N including Charles I Pistoles. In Natio- (d) To be published. nal Museum of Ireland. (a) BNJ 1952/4, 215. (a) SB 1948, 62. 158. 1642 DRUMENAGH, CO. Derry. J955 132 M Philip and Mary-Charles I, Scottish (c) SB 1955. 275. and Spanish. 602 Some Notes on the Coinage of Elizabeth I with Be- No. posit Name and Description References 159- ? FETHARD, CO. Tipperary. 1837 Few N, several hundred iR, James I- (a) CI 135. Charles I and Spanish. 160. 1646 FOUNTAINSTOWN, Cork. 1835 JE siege coins of 1646. (a) CI 134. 161. ? GALWAY COURTHOUSE. 1904 8 iR Henry VHI-Charles I, Irish, and Spa- (c) BNJ 1952/4, 215. nish. In National Museum of Ireland.

162. ? GORTNAHILTA, CO. Mayo. 1945 6 iR Elizabeth-Charles I and Spanish. In (c) BNJ 1952/4, 215. National Museum of Ireland. HA VAN , see 150. PORTARLINGTON, See I57. 163. ? RANNYHUAL, CO. Donegal. 34 iR Philip and Mary-Charles I. In (c) BNJ i952/4. 214. National Museum of Ireland.

164. ? TEMPLETUOHY, Tipperary. 1944 5 iR Elizabeth-Charles I, and Irish. In (c) BNJ 1952/4. 215- National Museum of Ireland.

165. 1650 WITHERIDGE (Chumleigh), Devon. c. 1895 7R "1600-1650". (a) NM x, 1895, 52. GLOUCESTER. 166. 1653 1945 140 7R Edward VT-Commonwealth, Scottish, and Irish. In Gloucester Museum. (d) NC 1952, 122. 167. ? LANGHAM, Suffolk. c. 1,000 IR Elizabeth-Commonwealth. 1357 168. ? LONG CRENDON, Bucks. (a) Proc. Archaeological Insti- 210 N, 846 iR Henry VHI-Commonwealth, tute of Suffolk, viii. 396. Scottish, Irish, and Spanish. 1885 (d) NC 1885, 333. 169. ? STEPNEY, London. (e) VCH Bucks, ii. 115. Large hoard of Commonwealth coin. 1770 170. 1662 STEDHAM (Midhurst), Sussex. 414 iR Philip and Mary-Charles II. (a) GM 1770, 391.

171. 1662 UPWEY, Dorset. 1926 (d) NC 1927, 283. 279 iR Philip and Mary-Charles II. 4 in 1950 Dorchester Museum. 172. 1671 KILMARNOCK, Argyll. (d) NC 1949, 261. 20 7R Elizabeth-Charles II. 173. 1672 OLD MONKLAND, Lanark. 1920 8 iR, 88 & Elizabeth-Charles II and Scottish. (c) PSAS lv, 1921, 108.

174. 1673 STAPLE (Canterbury), Kent. 1877 138 iR Elizabeth-Charles II. (c) NC 1877, 308. (c) PSAS xii, 1877, 307. DUNDONALD, Belfast. 1942 175. 1676 (c) NC 1943. io7- 32 J® Elizabeth-Charles II, Scottish, and 1928 Spanish. GEORGEMAS HILL, Caithness. (d) NC 1928, 337. 176. 1676 8 iR, 139 M Elizabeth-Charles II, Scottish, and German. 1876 HIGHAM, Leics. 1773 177. 1676 (c) NC 1877Leicestershire,, 308. iv. 43 N and some iR Edward Vl-Charles I. (a)(c) PSASNicols , xii, 1877, 3°6- Also iR dated 1676, &c., and Spanish. 640. Special Reference to her Hammered Silver 603 De- No. posit Name and Description References 178. 1677 BANBRIDGE, CO. Down. 1931 18 iR Philip and Mary-Charles II, Scottish, French, and Spanish. (d) NC 1932, 70. 1683 CREDITON, Devon. 1,884 ^ Edward Vl-Charles II, Scottish, 1896 and Irish. 1683 LYME REGIS, Dorset. (d) NC 1897, 159. N, iR valued at £2,000. Charles I - Charles II. 1786 181. ARGYLLSHIRE. (a) GM 1786, 435. 42 oz. iR Elizabeth-Charles II, Scottish, and (a) CS 265. foreign. 182. CAMBUS (River Devon), Clackmannanshire. 1797 Large iR Elizabeth-Charles II. (a) CS 265. 183. INGESIRE, Staffs. 1798 Numerous iR Charles I-Charles II. (a) GM 1798, 922. 184. GLENBEG (Elgin), Moray. 1864 64 JR, 557 iE Mary-Charles II and Scottish. (c) NC 1864, 226. 185. KILMARNOCK, Argyll. 1863 127 iR recovered. James I-Charles II and (c) PSAS v, 1864, 235. German. (a) NC 1863, 217. 186. LETCHMORE HEATH (Aldenham), Herts. 1882 16 N, 264 iR Edward Vl-Charles II. (a) NC 1882, 354. 187. 1686 ASHTON, Northants. 1955 184 iR Philip and Mary-James II. In (d) BNJ to be published. Northampton Museum. 188. MR. HAWKIN'S FIND. 1855 50 N Charles II-James II. (a) Archaeological Journal, xii 1855, 200. 189. PEBMARSH, Essex. 1841 269 iR Philip and Mary-James II. Unpublished. 190. STOCKTON-ON-TEES, CO. Durham. Over 840 iR Edward Vl-James II. 1792 (a) John Sykes, Local Records, i. 362. (a) Brewster's Stockton (1829), 191. 1691 WELSH BACK, Bristol. 423- 5,449 iR Henry VHI-JamesII, Scottish, and 1923 French. 192. 1696 YEARBY (Redcar), Yorks. (d) NC 1925, 236. 1,197 & Edward Vl-William III. 5 in B.M. Some in Middlesbrough Museum. 1954 193- PESHAWAR (Punjab), India. (d) BNJ 1952/4, 294- 30 iR mill sixpences of Elizabeth. 1865 (c) GM 1865, i. 595- (c) NC 1865 (Proc.), 11, 13.

B 7054 PLATE XXXII