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Claves Utilizadas Por La Avispa Social Vespula Germanica Durante El Forrajeo D’Adamo, Paola 2002

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Claves Utilizadas Por La Avispa Social Vespula Germanica Durante El Forrajeo D’Adamo, Paola 2002 Tesis de Posgrado Claves utilizadas por la avispa social Vespula germanica durante el forrajeo D’Adamo, Paola 2002 Tesis presentada para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: D’Adamo, Paola. (2002). Claves utilizadas por la avispa social Vespula germanica durante el forrajeo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_3566_DAdamo.pdf Cita tipo Chicago: D’Adamo, Paola. "Claves utilizadas por la avispa social Vespula germanica durante el forrajeo". Tesis de Doctor. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2002. http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_3566_DAdamo.pdf Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES Claves utilizadas por la avispa social Vespulagermanica durante el farra] eo AUTOR: Paola D’Adamo DIRECTORES: Dres. Mariana LOÏ"! Juan Carlos Corley CONSEJERO DE ESTUDIOS: Dr. .mu '¡ñez TESIS PRESENTADA EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PARA OPTAR POR EL TITULO DE DOCTOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES AÑO 2002 Este trabajo fue realizado con una beca de postgrado de CONICET en el Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria EEA Bariloche. El Foncyt, la Universidad del Comahue y el CONICET, a través de subsidios costearon parte de los gastos del proyecto. Agradezco a Mariana Lozada y Juan Corley por su dedicación y estímulo para que lleve a cabo estos estudios, su fratema comprensión y apoyo durante todos estos años. A Josue Nuñez, por sus sabios y pasionales comentarios y observaciones. A Angel Capurro, por su comprensión y su crítica constructiva. A todos los revisores de los manuscritos que forman parte de esta tesis, a la flia. Chaves, que desde el principio me ofreció su casa para realizar mis experimentos, junto con mates, jugos, almuerzos y mucho afecto, especialmente a Maite, que fue una ayudante de campo de primera. A Narcisa Hirsch, por permitirme trabajar en sus chacras. A Valeria, Julieta, Mecha, Caro, Vanina, Paula y José, que aportaron críticas, ideas y alguna mano siempre que hizo falta. A Mauricio Rabinovich, que me impulsó en un principio a adentrarme en este tema de las “chaquetas”. A mis padres que desde un principio me apoyaron en mi carrera científica. A Fabiola, Fernando, Mecha y Joe, que me hospedaron siempre que fue necesario. A Cris, que posibilitó que termine esta tesis con su incondicional apoyo y espíritu emprendedor. Las siguientes publicaciones se relacionan directamente con esta tesis: D’Adamo, P., P. Sackman. M. Rabinovich and J.C. Corley. 2002. Potential distribution of Vespula germam'ca (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Argentina. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29(2): 102-109 D’Adamo, P., J.C. Corley, P. Sackmann and M. Lozada. 2000. Local enhancement in the wa5p Vespula germanica. Are visual cues all that matter? lnsectes Socíaux 47: 289-291 D’Adamo, P., J.C. Corley and M. Lozada. 2002. Meat Bait with Live Conspecific Wasps can Increase Attraction of Vespula germam'ca (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Foragers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, en prensa D’Adamo, P., J.C. Corley and M. Lozada. 2001. Attraction of Vespula germam’ca (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Foragers by Conspecific Heads. Journal of Economic Entomology 94(4): 850-852 D’Adamo, P., M. Lozada and J.C. Corley. An Attraction Pheromone From Heads of Worker Vespulagermaníca Wasps. Enviado a Journal of Chemical Ecology Vl. D’Adamo, P. and M. Lozada. The importance of location and visual cues during foraging in Vespula gennanica wasps. Aceptado en New Zealand Journal of Zoology. VII. Paula Sackmann, Paola D’Adamo, Mauricio Rabinovich and Juan C.Corley. 2000. Anhropod prey forang by the German Wasp (Vespula gennam'ca) in NW Patagonia, Argentina. New Zealand Entomologist 23: 55-59 RESUMEN La avispa social Vespulagermanica es una especie invasora exitosa. En la mayoría de los países que ha invadido, se la considera perjudicial por causar daños económicos y ecológicos, además de ser una especie molesta y poseer una picadura dolorosa. Con el objeto de describir la situación de la especie en nuestro país y ahondar en las causas para su éxito de invasion, en primero lugar realizamos estudios de dieta y de su distribución, utilizando para esto último, un modelo ecoclimático. Los resultados indican que la avispa chaqueta amarilla se encuentra establecida en la Patagonia, donde es considerada plaga, a pesar de que desde el punto de vista ecoclimático ésta no seria un área muy favorable para la especie. Dadas las características de la especie y de los ambientes invadidos, es probable que su comportamiento de forrajeo constituya un factor relevante en su éxito colonizador. Para V.germam'ca se demostró la existencia de incremento local, un tipo de facilitación social por medio del cual, durante el forrajeo, las avispas son atraídas por con­ específicas a explotar una fuente de alimento. Estudios realizados previamente en la especie han propuesto a las claves visuales como principales responsables del proceso. Sin embargo, a través de varios experimentos nosotros demostramos que las claves olfativas serían las que prevalecen. Las avispas forrajeadoras son atraídas por el olor que emana de sus con-especificas. Los machacados de cabezas de estas avispas atraen con­ específicas desencadenando el aterrizaje y la remoción de fragmentos de cabezas. Los extractos de cabeza, aplicados sobre un papel de filtro desencadenan la atracción y aterrizaje de avispas, y la respuesta comportamental difiere de acuerdo a si el experimento es realizado cerca del nido o en condiciones de forrajeo. Postulamos que existe una feromona vinculada al forrajeo que se encuentra en las cabezas de las obreras de V. germanica. A nivel individual analizamos qué claves (visuales o de micro localización) prevalecen al re-localizar una fuente de alimento. Encontramos diferencias según el on'gen proteico o carbohidratado de la fuente explotada. SUMMARY Vespula germani'ca is a social wasp that has successfully colonized many parts of the world. It affects economic activities and natural communities in invaded countries, and is responsible of painful sting. In order to describe the species situation in our country, we did studies on its diet and on its distribution using an ecoclimatic model. Our results show that yellowjackets are well established in Patagonia, where it is considered a pest, although according to ecoclimatic model this would not be a suitable place for the species establishment. Foraging behaviour probably constitutes a relevant characteristic for wasp invasion success. Local enhancement is a variant of social facilitation in which foragers are attracted by conspecifics exploiting a feeding source. Through a series of experiments we show that odour cues mediate this process. Forager wasps are attracted by the odour elicited by conspecifics. Wasps head squashes attract conspecifics eliciting landing and removal of head fragments. Head extract applied on filter paper attracts forager wasps eliciting landing, but behaviour differs according to the context of proxirnity to the nest or foraging conditions. We propose that a foraging related pheromone exists on Vespula germam'ca workers’ heads. We also analysed the cues used by an individual forager to relocate a feeding source. We found differences between the visual and micro-location cues utilised, depending on the type of food (protein or carbohydrates) offered during training sessions. CONTENIDO S Introducción Las Invasiones biológicas Características de la especie Comportamiento de forrajeo en avispas sociales 10 Comunicación social en insectos 12 El Incremento local 14 Propósito de la tesis 15 Objetivos 15 Capítulo 2: Características de Vespulagermanica en Patagonia 25 o Parte I. a-Dieta 25 b-Variación estacional en la preferencia por cebos 36 o Parte II. Distribución actual y potencial de Vespulagermanica en la Argentina 43 Capítulo 3: Incremento local: rol de claves odoríferas y visuales 57 Capítulo 4: El agregado de avispas vivas a un cebo proteico incrementa la atracción de forrajeadoras con-específicas 65 Capítulo 5: Atracción con-específica desencadenada por machacados de avispas 76 Capítulo 6: Respuesta comportamental desencadenada por extracto de cabezas en diferentes contextos 85 Capítulo 7: Claves utilizadas individualmente durante la re-localización de una fuente de alimento 99 Conclusiones generales 111 INTRODUCCIÓN La avispa Vespula germanica es una especie social con una larga historia de invasiones, siendo Argentina su última conquista. Conocida vulgarrnente como chaqueta amarilla, este insecto es un depredador oportunista y generalista que también se alimenta de carroña, siendo capaz de desplegar mecanismos de atracción con­ específica hacia fiJentes abundantes de alimento. Su eficiencia en la explotación de los recursos permite a la colonia crecer rápidamente durante el verano, lo cual sen'a un factor importante en su éxito invasivo. El propósito de esta tesis es describir la situación de la avispa en nuestro país y estudiar algtmas características de su comportamiento de forrajeo, el cual consideramos de importancia e interés tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como por su utilidad en programas de control. En particular, esta tesis trata mayormente sobre la comunicación química con-específica durante el proceso de incremento local. Postulamos la existencia de una feromona vinculada al forrajeo, que estaría localizada en las cabezas de las avispas obreras de V.
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