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Dalbergia Congestiflora Standl.: Wood Structure

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Dalbergia Congestiflora Standl.: Wood Structure lAWA Journal, Vol. 17 (3), 1996: 327-341 DALBERGIA CONGESTIFLORA STANDL.: WOOD STRUCTURE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES COMPARED WITH OTHER CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF DALBERGIA 1 by Hans Georg Richter, Vlf-Joachim Krause & Claudia Muche Institute for Wood Biology and Wood Protection, Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, LeuschnerstraBe 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany SUMMARY Wood structure and selected physico-chemical properties of a rare Mex­ ican species, tentatively identified as Dalbergia congestiflora, are describ­ ed and compared with other Central American species of Dalbergia. On account of their distinct wood structure, four species groups can be distinguished: 1) D. granadillo, D. hypoleuca, D. lineata and D. retusa (,cocobolo') are characterised by mainly apotracheal diffuse-in­ aggregates parenchyma, large and few vessels, high density (0.89-1.35 g/cm3), identical heartwood colour, and chemical composition of ex­ tractives (D. granadillo, D. retusa); 2) D. tucuruensis (including D. cubit­ quitzensis) and D. palo-escrito are identical in all aspects but distinct from the coco bolo group on account of differences in parenchyma dis­ tribution, heartwood colour and extractives composition (D. tucuruensis), and the consistently lower density (~0.80 g/cm3); 3) D. congestiflora and D. funera (= D. calderonii) differ markedly in heartwood colour and somewhat in heartwood extractives composition but share a high den­ sity and similar wood structural pattern characterised primarily by rela­ tively small and frequent vessels, banded parenchyma and the presence of prismatic crystals in ray cells; 4) D. stevensonii is very similar in wood structure to D. tucuruensis but has a much higher density and different heartwood extractives composition. These results indicate that the combination of wood structure and chemistry of heartwood extractives may be successfully employed for intrageneric classification of Dal­ bergia. Key words: Dalbergia, wood anatomy, density, extractives, identification. INTRODUCTION Wood species of the pantropical genus Dalbergia L. f. have long commanded consid­ erable attention in local and international timber markets. Because of their outstanding beauty and excellent physical and mechanical properties, some have been known in the trade for more than 300 years as preferred timbers for all kinds of cabinet work and 1) Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Walter Liese on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:25:09AM via free access 328 IAWA Journal, Vol. 17 (3),1996 fine furniture, cutlery, and musical instruments, Of the approximately 100 species of Dalbergia trees and shrubs distributed throughout the tropical regions of the world (Mabberley 1987), some 10 to 15 are among the most valuable trade timbers, e.g.: Brazilian rosewood (D. nigra Fr. Allem.) from northeastern Brazil, now protected under the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) agreement where it has been listed in Appendix I since 1992; Indian rosewood or sonokeling (D. latifolia Roxb.) from India and Indonesia; African blackwood (D. melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.) from Central and Eastern Africa. Central America has been the traditional and sole supplier of cocobolo (mainly D. retusa HemsI., D. granadillo Pittier) with a combined range from southern Panama to southwestern Mexico. Two additional species, D. hypoleuca Pittier and D. lineata Pittier, are thought to be closely related to D. retusa and might have contributed some timber to the cocobolo trade (Record & Garrat 1923). Other Central American species in the international market are Honduras rosewood (D. stevensonii StandI.) from Belize, Guatemala and southeastern Mexico and, more recently, granadillo rojo [D. tucuruensis Donn. Sm., including D. cubilquitzensis (Donn. Sm.) Pittier] from Guatemala and Honduras. Dalbergia calderonii StandI. (including D.funera StandI.) and the recently (1988) de­ scribed D. palo-escrito Rzedowski & Guridi from Mexico are only of local signifi­ cance. For all the demand, supplies were always more or less restricted due to the low frequency, small dimensions and often irregular growth of the trees, and prices were correspondingly high. Traders and manufacturers in Europe and elsewhere are, there­ fore, more conscious about shipments of Dalbergia timbers being true to order than is common with general utility timbers. Hence, a thorough knowledge of botanical iden­ tity and corresponding trade names of the respective species or species groups is essential to satisfy the specific trade requirements. Therefore the present study was undertaken with the objective to provide safe identification of Central American Dalbergia species and species groups by means of general, macroscopic and micro­ scopic features amended by information on the chemical composition of heartwood extractives. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 1983, a German importer called the attention of the senior author to a cocobolo shipment from Mexico as it contained a log which, on account of its intensely violet heartwood colour, was singled out as definitely different from the usually deep yellow­ ish to orange brown of cocobolo. The wood structure ofthis specimen (RBHw 19195) indicated Dalbergia, yet was distinct from any of the cocobolo producing species. Since no matching specimen was available from the RBHw and other major wood collections, and as at that time no matching wood description could be found in litera­ ture, its identity was uncertain. In 1987, the senior author was informed by a carpenter in Mexico that a timber fitting the given description was locally known as 'camotillo', and was occasionally used by artisans in the region. During an adventurous one-week search in the coastal regions of Colima and Jalisco, wood and herbarium specimens (fruiting) were collected from a small camotillo tree (RBHw 18732); one additional Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:25:09AM via free access Richter, Krause & Muche - Wood of Dalbergia congestiflora 329 wood specimen (RBHw 18731) was found in the trash of a Manzanillo (Colima) saw­ mill, another was obtained later from a Guadalajara (Ja1isco) craftsman (RBHw 18276). Based on matching herbarium specimens deposited at the Instituto de Bio10gia, Universidad de Guadalajara, the collected material (RBHw 18732) was tentatively identified as Dalbergia congestiflora Pittier. The subsequent comparative wood anatomical analysis of Central American spe­ cies of Dalbergia includes the following species and specimens, respectively: Dalbergia tucuruensis (including D. cubilquitzensis): RBHw 13987 (commercial), Honduras; RBHw 16326 (commercial), Mexico; RBHw 18243 (= USw 7387, commercial), Honduras; RBHw 18247 (= USw 19375, Frejnik 540), Belize; RBHw18252 (= USw 2892 = SJRw 8896, Kuylen s.n.), Guatemala; RBHw 18255 (commercial), Honduras; RBHw 18277 (commercial), Honduras; RBHw 18396 (= MADw 31975 = SJRw 10729, Galusser s.n.), Guatemala; RBHw 18397 (= MADw 10836 = SJRw 3721, Whitford & Stadtmiller 61), Guatemala; RBHw 18398 (=MADw 11011 = SJRw 8896, KuylenG65), Guatemala. -D.funera: RBHw 18534 (= SJRw 47207, Calderon 2479, type specimen), Mexico. - D. granadillo: RBHw 1484 (commercial), Mexico; RBHw 18395 (= SJRw 38303, Hutchinson s.n.), Nicaragua. - D. hypoleuca: RBHw 4787,4788,4789 (commercial), Costa Rica. -D.lineata: RBHw 18533 (= SJRw 7493, Calderon s.n.), Salvador. - D. palo-escrito: RBHw 19765 (= GUAw 144, vouchers deposited at lnst. Ecologia, Morelia, Mexico), Mexico. - D. retusa: RBHw 546, 4801,4802 (commercial), Nica­ ragua; RBHw 4807 (commercial), Honduras; RBHw 16229, 16245 (Poveda 268,355), Costa Rica; RBHw 18244 (= USw 9, Pittier 3511), Panama; RBHw 18245 (= USw 4231, commercial), Costa Rica; RBHw 18248 (= USw 15707, Forgeson & Southwell 32A), Panama; RBHw 18250 (= USw 19303, Belize For. Dept. 468), Belize; RBHw 18275 (= SJRw 5344, Fait s.n.), Costa Rica; RBHw 18365 (commercial), Guatemala; RBHw 18393 (= SJRw 8903, commercial), Gua­ temala; RBHw 18394 (= SJRw 4764, Reko 3517), Mexico. - D. stevensonii: RBHw 1356, 4806 13048 (commercial), Honduras; RBHw 10840 (= USw 10956, Belize For. Dept. 178), Belize. Terminology and the methods for determining quantitative features conform to the recommendations from the IAWA feature list (IAWA Committee 1989); each vessel was counted individually for vessel frequency, intervessel pit diameters were meas­ ured vertically. In addition to wood structure the following characteristics were determined: - Density at 6-8% me; values from literature were adjusted according to a standard graph (IAWA Committee 1981). Heartwood fluorescence with shortwave (254 m) and longwave (365 m) ultraviolet light (lAWA Committee 1989). - Colour and fluorescence of ethanol extract (lAWA Committee 1989). - Extractives content of selected specimens (Soxleth ethanol extraction according to Weis 1981). - Froth test (IAWA Committee 1989). - Thin-layer chromatography of ethanol extract: Aluminium oxide covered TLC plates with fluorescence indicator F 254 (type E), MERCK company; 0.01 ml extract segregated with eluation solvent (formic acid-acetic acid ethyl ester-chloroform 1 : 4 : 5); number and position of segregated compounds, fluorescence under short­ wave and longwave UV-light (Weis 1981). Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 10:25:09AM via free access 330 IAWA Journal, Vol. 17 (3), 1996 Fig. 1. Dalbergia congestiflora. a & b: transverse and tangential section (scale bar = 0.5 mm); c: radial section (scale bar = 0.2 mm); d: prismatic crystals
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