Introductory Course to the English Stylistics
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1 NIGAR VALIYEVA Introductory Course to the English Stylistics Linguistic Approach Azərbaycan Dillər Universiteti Təhsil fakültəsi Elmi Şurasının 27 noyabr 2018-ci il tarixli iclasının 16 saylı protokolu ilə təsdiq edilmişdir. 2 Introductory Course to the English Stylistics. A Resource Book for Students of the Azerbaijan University of Languages. Author Nigar Chingiz q. Valiyeva Doctor of Science, professor Reviewers: Sarxan Avaz o. Abdullayev Doctor of Science, professor Afqan Ali o. Abdullayev Doctor of Science, professor Azad Yahya o. Mammadov Doctor of Science, professor Language and Style covers all three major literary genres (poetry, prose and drama), and also other text-types, e.g. advertisements, which share some of the characteristics of poetry. Stylistics is a systematic way of exploring literary texts. It looks at the language of texts and tries to explain how that language creates meaning, style and effect. Throughout the course, you will learn different aspects of how to analyse the language of texts. You will learn about particular aspects of the structure of English (e.g. grammatical, sound and conversational structure), at points where it is of particular relevance to the texts you happen to be studying at the time. This book suggests the fundamentals of Stylistic Theory that outline such basic areas of research as expressive resources of the language, stylistic differentiation of vocabulary, varieties of the English language as Global English, sociolinguistic and pragmatic factors that determine functional styles. It also shows how modern terminology and classification of expressive means owe to rhetoric. In this book, the fourteen numbered units (lectures) introduce you to key concepts in English Stylistics. The following introductions are compact and ordered in a linear way, so if you read progressively through this section you can assemble a composite picture of the core issues in both Stylistic Theory and Practice, especially in Linguo- Stylistics, Phonetic-Stylistics, Lexical-Stylistics, Morphological Stylistics and Literary criticism. BAKU – 2018 3 C O N T E N T S ______________________________________________________________________ Preface: Course Description, Course Objectives, Individual Works, Learning Outcomes..........................................................................................................................5 General Notes on Style and Stylistics...........................................................................27 Lecture 1. General notes on style and Stylistics. Main trends in style study. Expressive means (EM) and stylistic devices (SD). Varieties of language. Oral and written speech..................................................................................................................52 Lecture 2. Types of lexical meaning. Logical, emotive and nominal. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Neutral, common literary, common colloquial vocabulary......................................................................................................73 Lecture 3. Special literary vocabulary (terms, poetic and highly literary words, archaic words, barbarisms and foreignisms, literary coinages). Special colloquial vocabulary (slang words, professionalisms, dialectal words, vulgar words, colloquial coinages).........................................................................................................................99 Lecture 4. Lexical EMs and SDs. Interaction of primary dictionary and contextually imposed meanings. Metaphor, metonymy, irony. SD based on polysemantic effect. Zeugma, pun.................................................................................................................108 Lecture 5. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings. Interjections and exclamatory words, the epithet, oxymoron. Interaction of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon. Euphemism, hyperbole.....................................................................133 Lecture 6. Peculiar use of set expression. The cliché, proverbs and sayings, epigrams, quotations, allusions, decomposition of set-phrases...................................................180 Lecture 7. Lexico-syntactical EM and SDs. Antithesis, climax, anticlimax, simile, litotes, periphrasis.........................................................................................................189 Lecture 8. Syntactical EM and SDs general consideration. Composition of utterance. Supra-phrasal units, the paragraph. Compositional patterns of syntactical arrangement. Stylistic inversion, detached construction, parallel construction...................................................................................................................212 4 Lecture 9. Chiasmus, repetition, enumeration, suspense. Particular ways of combining parts of the utterance. Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the gap-sentence link.................................................................................................................................248 Lecture 10. Particular use of colloquial constructions. Ellipses, Break (Aposiopesis), question in the narrative, represented speech, uttered represented speech, unuttered or inner represented speech. Stylistic use of structural meaning. Rhetorical questions. .......................................................................................................................................255 Lecture 11. Phono-graphical Ems and SDs. Onomatopoeia, alliteration, rhyme, rhythm...........................................................................................................................270 Lecture 12. Functional styles of the English language. The Belles-Lettres style. Language of Poetry.......................................................................................................275 Lecture 13. Language of Drama. Publicist style.........................................................301 Lecture 14. Newspaper style, scientific prose style, the style of official documents.....................................................................................................................323 Exercises in Stylistics...................................................................................................344 Bibliography.................................................................................................................403 For notes.......................................................................................................................431 5 P R E F A C E The Style is the man himself - Le style c’est l’homm meme Georges-Louis Leclerc Buffon Dear Students of the Azerbaijan University of Languages, presented to Your attention “Introductory Course to the English Stylistics” is Resource Book and a special linguistic approach to English Study as Global Status Language is actual nowadays. Each book does not answer questions all the time, it itself asks some questions as well. The books that asks many questions are almost widening internally, make you think more and find answers to the new questions arising beyond the limits of the book. From this point of view, inside such books there are still books that are not written yet but are necessary, that are seeking answers to your new questions and creating additional questions. Up to now a process that is called globalization was realized in the various stages by different people, even certain men. Globalization is a social process “characterized by the existence of global economic, political, cultural, linguistic and environmental interconnections and flows that make the many of the currently existing borders and boundaries irrelevant” (Steger, M.B., 2009, p.180). Globalization is not as recent phenomenon as economists have generally led us to believe, although it has undoubtedly operated in faster and more complex ways since the late 1980-s. Languages are the very lifeline of globalization: without global language, there would be no globalization and vice versa, without globalization, there would be no world language. But one can give a fundamental question: Why is or was there a need to develop a global language? The idea of having English as a national language developed only gradually even within Britain, arising at first as the country emerged from hundreds of years of French domination. Its position was only really secured in the Renaissance period, when French 6 and Latin were completely replaced by English as a language of learning, law, literature and commercial activity. Even when English expanded into Celtic-speaking areas of Britain, this was not done with any nationalistic fervour, or indeed with any specific legal programme. But gradually, with the rise of Standard English, the nation came to associate one particular way of speaking with the identity of the nation. However, the philosophy of one nation united under one language is a European notion that developed primarily in Germany in the XIX-th century. From this point on, national languages were considered a potent symbol of national unity and identity and were exploited in the development of national cultures and government. It is no accident that this desire for unity came at a time when Europe was particularly unstable, in the run-up to World War I, and far from unified either politically, culturally or linguistically. The role of the standard national language was to act as a unifying force within countries, but the problem of communication between nations still remained. Latin had functioned