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27 La Inmigración Brasileña En La Estructura

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27 La Inmigración Brasileña En La Estructura Esta publicación recoge los resultados de una investigación centrada en la población brasileña asentada en España, que permite conocer las prin- cipales características de este colectivo, en el que las mujeres tienen un DOCUMENTOS DEL OBSERVATORIO PERMANENTE DE LA INMIGRACIÓN Carlota Solé, Leonardo Cavalcanti y Sònia Parella Cavalcanti y Sònia Solé, Leonardo Carlota papel destacado. La investigación presta especial atención a las estrate- gias de inserción laboral del colectivo, y a los itinerarios laborales de las mujeres brasileñas. Siguiendo un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, a lo largo del libro se 27 contextualiza el fenómeno migratorio en Brasil, mostrando las coyunturas sociales, políticas y económicas que explican el proceso a partir del cual ese país ha pasado de ser tierra de inmigración a convertirse en un país de emigrantes. Además, a lo largo de la obra, se presentan las características sociodemográficas de la inmigración brasileña en España y se abordan las La inmigración en la estructura brasileña de España socioeconómica La inmigración brasileña motivaciones y expectativas que determinan los proyectos migratorios, con una especial atención al importante papel desempeñado por las redes en la estructura socioeconómica migratorias. Asimismo, mediante el análisis de las entrevistas en profundi- dad realizadas a inmigrantes brasileños, se analizan sus principales itine- rarios laborales en España, prestando atención a las iniciativas emprende- de España doras de la inmigración brasileña y los patrones de incorporación laboral Carlota Solé de las mujeres brasileñas residentes en España. Finalmente, la obra presta atención al estudio de la imagen del colectivo brasileño que se proyecta Leonardo Cavalcanti desde los medios de comunicación en España. Sònia Parella PORTADA OPI 27(2).indd 1 13/12/11 12:17:43 27 01 portadilla.indd 1 13/12/11 11:56 01 portadilla.indd 2 13/12/11 11:56 La inmigración brasileña en la estructura socioeconómica de España 01 portadilla.indd 3 13/12/11 11:56 Todos los derechos reservados. Este libro no podrá, total o parcialmente, ser objeto de cualquier moda- lidad de reproducción o transmisión electrónica o mecánica, inclusive el sistema de reprografía, grabación o cualquier otra forma de almacenaje de información, sin la autorización escrita previamente dada por el Editor. La Secretaría de Estado de Inmigración y Emigración no comparte necesariamente las opiniones y juicios expuestos y en ningún caso asume responsabilidades derivadas de la autoría de los trabajos que publica Catálogo general de publicaciones de la Administración General del Estado http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es © Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración Edita y distribuye: Subdirección General de Información Administrativa y Publicaciones Agustín de Bethencourt, 11. 28003 Madrid Correo electrónico: [email protected] Internet: http://www.mtin.es Diseño de cubierta: C & G Comunicación Gráfica, S.L. NIPO: 790-11-164-X ISBN: 978-84-8417-394-6 Depósito legal: BI-2.766-2011 Impresión: Grafo, S.A. Esta obra ha sido impresa en papel reciclado libre de cloro 01 portadilla.indd 4 13/12/11 11:56 La inmigración brasileña en la estructura socioeconómica de España Carlota Solé Leonardo Cavalcanti Sònia Parella 01 portadilla.indd 5 13/12/11 11:56 01 portadilla.indd 6 13/12/11 11:56 Con la colaboración: Dr. Nicolás Lorite, Maria Badet, Alisa Petroff y Marc Sabadí. Investigadores que han colaborado en la realización del trabajo de campo: Diogo Lopes, Tatiana Pedrosa, Flávio Carvalho, Elza Rodrigues, Sergio García, María Cristina Romero Rodríguez, Adriana Lopes y Júlia Petrus. 02 agradecimientos.indd 7 12/12/11 18:02 02 agradecimientos.indd 8 12/12/11 18:02 PRESENTACIÓN En el siglo XXI, el siglo de la movilidad, los países están en permanente transformación. Los términos se entrecruzan en la era global y los Estados que habían sido históricamente países de inmigración hoy también lo son de tránsito y de emigración. Este es el caso de Brasil, donde en las últimas décadas se han visto incrementados los flujos migratorios hacia el exterior. En los últimos 30 años se estiman en tres millones los ciudadanos brasileños que han salido de su país. España, con una corta pero intensa historia en inmigración, ha sido uno de los princi- pales destinos europeos donde hacer realidad sus nuevos proyectos. Precisamente por tratarse de flujos recientes, y a pesar de que hay muchas investigaciones y publicaciones dedicadas al estudio de colectivos inmigrantes en nuestro país, muy pocas han indagado sobre las características y particularidades de los brasileños asentados en España. Con este estudio, el Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración pretende cubrir parte de esa laguna que existe en la literatura sobre inmigración. Este libro refleja cómo son y cómo viven los ciudadanos brasileños en España y qué particula- ridades tiene este fenómeno migratorio. Así, se analizan las características de los proyectos em- presariales llevados a cabo por este colectivo, que destacan por su heterogeneidad y creciente diversidad. El estudio también hace hincapié en la imagen que los medios de comunicación proyectan de los inmigrantes brasileños afincados en España, o en el importante papel que desempeñan las redes migratorias en la decisión de emigrar y en el futuro de estos ciudadanos residentes ya en nuestro país. No es posible referirse a este proyecto sin destacar el intenso trabajo que ha hecho el equipo de investigación, liderado por Carlota Solé, Leonardo CavalcantiPRESENT y SòniaACIÓN Parella, 9 03 presentacion.indd 9 12/12/11 18:03 y agradecer la valiosa colaboración de todas las personas entrevistadas y las instituciones que han colaborado, sin cuya generosa participación no habría sido posible llevar a cabo esta investigación. NNA ERRÓN I USÍ A T C Secretaria de Estado de Inmigración y Emigración Presidenta del Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración LA INMIGRACIÓN BRASILEÑA EN LA ESTRUCTURA SOCIOECONÓMICA DE ESPAÑA 10 03 presentacion.indd 10 12/12/11 18:03 ÍNDICE Presentación .......................................................................................................................... 9 Introducción .......................................................................................................................... 5 1 1. Las edades del fenómeno migratorio en Brasil ............................................................. 23 1.1. Introducción ........................................................................................................ 25 1.2. Primera edad: Brasil como país de inmigración .................................................... 26 1.3. Segunda edad: la migración interna ..................................................................... 3 1 1.4. Tercera edad: la emigración ................................................................................. 34 1.5. La cuarta edad. La diversificación de los flujos migratorios y la reubicación de Brasil en el escenario internacional: entre el BRIC, la nueva inmigración y la exportación de emigrantes ............................................................................. 46 2. La inmigración brasileña en España: una aproximación cuantitativa a partir de las fuentes estadísticas oficiales ............................................................................... 49 2.1. Introducción ........................................................................................................ 5 1 2.2. Entradas de nacionales brasileños en España ....................................................... 5 1 2.3. Evolución de la población brasileña residente en España ..................................... 53 2.3.1. Características sociodemográficas de la población brasileña residente en España ................................................................................................. 62 2.3.2. Acceso a la nacionalidad, pautas de matrimonios mixtos y nacimientos .... 68 2.3.3. Estudiantes brasileños residentes en España ............................................. 72 2.3.4. La población brasileña reclusa .................................................................. 79 2.4. La inserción laboral de los brasileños en España .................................................. 80 3. Los proyectos migratorios de los brasileños en España ............................................... 93 3.1. Introducción ........................................................................................................ 95 3.2. El contexto macro-estructural de los proyectos migratorios ................................ 96 3.2.1. Algunos ejemplos de proyectos migratorios .............................................. 100 3.3. Las regiones de origen ......................................................................................... 103 3.4. Las redes migratorias y su papel en la decisión de migrar ......................................ÍNDICE 113 11 04 indice.indd 11 12/12/11 18:03 3.4.1. Entre Itapuranga y Artesa de Segre. Un ejemplo emblemático de la lógica y funcionamiento de las migraciones contemporáneas .............................. 115 3.4.2. Los espacios y límites de las redes .............................................................. 118 4. Un acercamiento cualitativo a la inserción de los brasileños en el mercado de trabajo español ..................................................................................................... 121 4.1. Introducción .....................................................................................................
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