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Race-Against-Death.Pdf I:rntf r S — In 1925, children in a remote Alaskan town were being I F struck down by a deadly disease. The cure was hundreds of miLes rorn his apartment window, Dr. Curtis Welch watched away, across a as the Alamt4a, the last ship of the fall season of 1924, frozen wilderness. pulled away from the dock in Nome, Alaska. In a few There was only -‘ weeks, the freezing winter weather would almost one hope: dogs. completely cut off Nome from the world until spring. The town’s only link with the rest of Alaska would be one frozen 7. and windswept dogsled trail. I 4 SCHOLASTIC SCOPE • MARCH 11, 2013 1. .4,.,--- “ ;• The Alameda had broght Dr. Welch his winter supplies: cotton balls, ether, tongue depressors, thermometers, and nwdines. Only one item had been either misplaced or lost: his ordei ol fresh diphtheria (dif-THEER-ee-uh) medicine. Today, most American children are vaccinated against diphtheria, a deadly disease of the nose and throat. But in 1924, the diphtheria vaccine had only been around for a few years. WWW.SCN*ST1C.COM/SCOPE . MARCH.ll, 2013 5 This map shows the route the mushers took to get the The majority of Americans was already partially frozen, diphtheria medicine to Nome. The medicine’s journey hadn’t been immunized. began in Anchorage, Alaska’s Largest city. Transported making it impossible for Fortunately, Dr. Welch by train to Nenana, the medicine was then relayed by ships to travel. The closest different mushers to the town of Nulato (see orange major railroad was 674 miles hadn’t seen a single Line). Seppala’s route is marked in yeLlow. confirmed case of away in the town of Nenana. diphtheria in the 18 years So Nome’s town officials he’d been in Nome. Yet he came up with a bold plan. knew that the disease strikes They would have the suddenly and is highly medicine sent by railroad contagious. Without from Anchorage to Nenana. medicine, Nome’s From Nenana, there was but population would be one reliable way to get the helpless in an outbreak. medicine across hundreds Dr. Welch prayed diphtheria of miles of frozen wilderness would stay away for another to Nome: by dogsled. winter. Super Mushers A Deadly Outbreak Town leaders hoped to Unfortunately, the find the very fastest teams o people of Nome wouldn’t be dogs and the most brave ant, that lucky. Soon after the Alameda block Billy’s windpipe and kill him. experienced mushers, as dogsled had steamed off, a Native Alaskan The town’s situation was drivers are called. One musher family with four children arrived in desperate. Through a single would pick up the medicine at What can town. The youngest was ill, and the touch or sneeze, diphtheria you tell the railroad station in doctor guessed the child was can move from one warm about Name Nenana. Twelve others would by looking at suffering from a mild infection. body to the next. Dr. Welch this map? wait with their dog teams in By morning, however, the child needed 1 miffion units of villages along the trail. Each was dead. fresh medicine to treat the town. musher would travel a portion of Within weeks, two more By January26, medicine had been the trail and pass the medication to children had died. Then, on located in Anchorage, a major city the next musher until the medicine Tuesday, January 20, 1925, Dr. 1,000 miles away. It wasn’t enough reached the trail’s midpoint, the Welch checked in on a 3-year-old for the whole town, but Dr. Welch village of Nulato. One particularly boy named Billy Barnett, who had hoped it would be enough to keep skilled musher, Leonhard Seppala, been admitted to the hospital two the disease from spreading. would set out from Nome and weeks earlier with a sore throat But how could the medicine get travel alone 300 miles to Nulato to and fever. The boy had developed to Nome? In 1925, there were no jet pick up the medicine and bring it a thick, gray coating in his throat. airplanes, ice-cutting ships, rugged back to Nome. l.)r. Welch knev this could mean trucks, or snowmobiles. Nome is Under normal circumstances, only one thing: diphtheria. In a located on a peninsula that juts out the journey from Nenana to Nome m:-tter ot hours, the coating could-ito the frigid Bning Sea. The sea would take 25 days or more. Town 7IVtt 6 SCHOLASTIC SCOPE • MARCH 11. 2013 Shannon was told to make the trip in a single push, traveling through the night. As a rule, dogsled drivers avoided traveling in the dark and in temperatures lower than 40 degrees below zero. That night, it was 50 below. Still, Shannon made the trip in record time, pausing for just a few hours near the end to rest his dogs and warm his frozen body. Three of his dogs were too exhausted to continue, so Shannon left them to warm up at the trail outpost. He traveled the final four hours of the and carry them out to the journey with only six dogs. When leaders hoped their team of he arrived in Tolovana, his face “super mushers’ could make IpIIeI G. Seppala had been chosen was black with frostbite. Men the trip in 10. It was a risky because he was the fastest rushed out from the roadhouse. plan for both the drivers and musher in Alaska. If anyone They loaded the medicine onto 4 the dogs. And there was no could make it, it was Seppala. another sled and helped Shannon guarantee the medicine would even into the warmth. survive the freezing journey. A Single Push The first part of the relay was But hundreds of lives were The serum As Seppala raced east, done. But there were stifi hundreds at stake. There was no other was an antitoxin “Wild Bill” Shannon and his of miles to cover, and an enormous choice: It was to be a race that works by team of nine dogs were at the blizzard was making its way toward against death. neutralizing other end of the the disease. trail in western Alaska. Meanwhile, the The journey began in Nenana, meeting the train crisis in Nome was becoming graver Nome on January 27, when carrying the medicine. The crate of by the hour. 47-year-old Seppala rigged up his medicine weighed 20 pounds. It “The situation is bad,” Nome’s seven dogs and set out on the 300- contained glass vials of amber- panicked mayor announced in a mile journey to Nulato. He would colored serum packed in a padded telegram to leaders in Washington, have to travel one of Alaska’s most container and wrapped in heavy D.C. “The number of diphtheria hazardous trails and take a 42-mile quilts and canvas. Shannon loaded cases increases hourly.” shortcut across the frozen Norton the crate onto his sled and set off By now, the entire country knew Sound. The shortcut would be for the village of Tolovana, where of Nome’s plight. Newspapers and littered with ice rubble—sharp another musher was waiting. radios reported news of the fragments of ice that could slice Normally, the 52-mile trip over epidemic. People across open a dog’s paws. With little frozen terrain took two days. America prayed that the warning, the ice might break up WWW.SCIIOLASTJC.CL AR11, 2013 7 medicine would cold. If Balto failed, it reach Nome before it would mean disaster was too late. for Nome and for Kaasen too. FinaL Musher Suddenly, Balto At first, the lifted his head and mushers were lucky. broke into a run. The Seppala made it over team was back on the dangerous track. But the danger Norton Sound wasn’t over yet. without mishap. For the next 20 Meanwhile, the miles, wind beat medicine had reached Nulato days around the drifts, hoping that his mercilessly at Kaasen and his dogs. earlier than expected, because lead dog, Balto, would be able to The musher was losing his strength. Noine’s leaders had added more find it again. It was up to Balto to Several times the sled flew off the mushers to the relay. There were sniff through several feet of snow trail, dragging the dogs with it. now 20 mushers involved in the and try to pickup the scent of the At last, at 5:30 a.m. on Monday, race to save Nome. trail. The minutes crawled by Today, February 2, Kaasen and his In Nulato, Seppala strapped the as the dog searched through Balto’s body team pulled onto Front is preserved medicine to his sled and the snow. Kaasen’s heart and on display Street in Norne. He staggered immediately turned around to raced. His body ached with at a museum off the sled, stumbled up to In Cleveland, head back across the treacherous Ohio. Balto, and collapsed, Norton Sound. Seventy-eight muttering, “Fine dog.” miles from Nome, in the village Within minutes, the medicine of Golovin, the exhausted was in Dr. Welch’s hands. And by Seppala handed the cargo to the next day, it was clear that another musher, Charlie Olson. even the most seriously ill Olson traveled 25 miles to the patients would recover. village of Bluff, where the crate News dispatches went was loaded onto the sled of the out over the radio and final musher, Gunnar Kaasen. telegraph announcing the The lifesaving cargo was victory of men and just 53 miles east of Nome.
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