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The Race Against Death.Pdf *>•, AGAINST 4t STORYWORKS History and science Why were dogsled teams necessary to save a town from disease? \\ij LOOK FOR WORD NERD'S 6 WORDS IN BOLD As you read this article, look for information about medicine and transportation in 1925. W^V^SCHOLASTIC.COM/STORYWORKS • 4¿.OVEMBER/DECEMBER 20 1 2 5 rom his apartment window, Dr. Soon after the Alameda had steamed off, Curtis Welch watched as the an Eskimo family with four children arrived last ship of the fall season of in Nome. The youngest had fallen ill, and the 1924, the Alameda, pulled away doctor guessed the child was suffering from a from the dock in Nome, Alaska. mild infection. By morning, the child was dead. In a few weeks, the freezing Within weeks, three other children in winter weather would almost completely cut off Nome died. Then, on Tuesday, January 20, the town of Nome from the rest of the world 1925, Dr. Welch checked in on a 3-year-old boy until spring. The town's only link with the rest named Billy Bamett, who had been admitted of Alaska would be one frozen and windswept to the hospital two weeks earlier with a sore dogsled trail. throat and fever. The boy had developed thick. The Alameda had brought the doctor his winter supplies: cotton This map shows the route the mushers took as they rushed balls, ether, tongue depressors, to get the medicine to Nome. The medicine's journey began in thermometers, and medicines. Only Anchorage, Alaska's biggest city, and was transported by train to Nenana. It was then relayed by different mushers past the town of one item had been either misplaced Nulato (see orange line). Seppala's original route, from Nome to or lost: his order of fresh diphtheria Nulato, is marked in yellow. (dip-THEER-ee-uh) medicine. Today, most children are vaccinated against diphtheria, a deadly disease that causes fever and sores in the RUSSIA throat. But in 1924, there were no Alaska (U.S.) vaccinations against it. Still, Dr. Welch hadn't seen a single confirmed case of diphtheria in the 18 years he'd been in Nome. Yet he knew that the disease strikes suddenly and is highly contagious. Without fresh medicine, Nome's population would be helpless in an outbreak. Dr. Welch prayed diphtheria would stay away for another winter. What ca, A Deadly Outbreak you tell aboll> Unfortunately, the Nome by looking at this map? (Notice people of Nome wouldn't that it is closer to be that lucky. Russia than to %, Anchorage.) 6 STORYWORKS gray sores in his to transport the throat. Dr. Welch medication the knew this could hundreds of miles to mean only one Nome: dogsled. thing: diphtheria. In a matter of Nurses stand Super hours, the sores outside the Nusheis would block Billy's snowbound Town leaders hospital in Nome windpipe and where Dr. Welch hoped to find the kill him. and his patients '. very fastest teams of anxiously awaited dogs and the most The town's bottles of serum. situation was experienced and desperate. With courageous mushers, a single touch as dogsled drivers or sneeze, diphtheria could move from are called. One musher would pick up one warm body to the next. Dr. Welch the medicine at the railroad station needed one million units of fresh in Nenana. Twelve others would wait medicine to treat the town. By January with their dog teams in villages along the 25, a small quantity had been located trail. Each musher would travel a portion in Anchorage, a major city 1,000 miles of the trail and pass the medication to the away from Nome. It wasn't enough for next musher until the medicine reached the the whole town, but Dr. Welch hoped trail's midpoint, the village of Nulato. One it would be enough to keep the disease particularly skilled musher, Leonhard Seppala, from spreading. would set out from Nome and travel alone 300 But how could they get the medicine all miles to Nulato to pick up the medicine and the way to Nome? In 1925, there were no jet bring it back to Nome. airplanes, rugged trucks, snowmobiles, or ice- Under normal circumstances, the journey cutting ships. Nome is located on a peninsula from Nenana to Nome would take 30 days or that juts out into the freezing Bering Sea. The more. Town leaders hoped their team of "super sea was already partially frozen, making it mushers" could make the trip in 10 days. It was impossible for ships to travel. The closest the a risky plan for both the drivers and the dogs. one major railroad in Alaska came to Nome And there was no guarantee that the medicine was the town of Nenana, 674 miles away. would survive the journey. If the medicine were Nome's town officials came up with a lost or frozen on the icy trail, hundreds—even bold plan. They would have the medicine thousands—of children and adults in Nome sent by railroad from Anchorage to Nenana. would likely die. From Nenana, there was but one reliable way But there was no other choice. It was to be a www.SCHOLASTIC.COM/STORYWORKS • NOVE1 2012 7 i Gunnar Kaasen and his team of ill dogs upon their arrival in Nome I with the diphtheria medicine. It race against death. below zero. That night, it was 50 below. The journey began in Nome on January 27, Still, Shannon made the trip in record time, when 47-year'old Seppala rigged up his seven pausing for just a few hours near the end to rest dogs and set out on the 300-mile journey to his dogs and warm his frozen body. Three of Nulato. He would have to travel one of Alaska's his dogs were too exhausted to finish the trip, most hazardous trails and take a 42'mile so Shannon left them to warm up at the trail shortcut across the frozen Norton Sound. The outpost. He traveled the last four hours of the shortcut would be littered with ice rubble— journey with only six dogs. When he arrived frozen spears that could shred a dog's paws. With in Tolovana, his face was black with frostbite. little warning, the ice might break up and carry Men rushed out from the roadhouse. They a team out to the Bering Sea. Seppala had been loaded the medicine onto another sled and chosen because he was the fastest musher in helped Shannon into the warmth. Alaska. If anyone could make it, it was Seppala. The first part of the relay was done. But there were still hundreds of miles to cover, A Single Push and an enormous blizzard was making its As Seppala raced west, "Wild Bill" way toward western Alaska. Meanwhile, the Shannon and his team of nine dogs were at situation in Nome was becoming graver by the the other end of the trail in Nenana, meeting hour. "The situation is bad," Nome's panicked the train carrying the medicine. The crate of mayor announced in a telegram to leaders in medicine weighed 20 pounds. It contained Washington, D.C. "The number of diphtheria glass vials of amber-colored serum packed in a cases increases hourly." padded container and wrapped in heavy quilts By now, the entire country knew of Nome's and canvas. Shannon loaded the crate onto plight. Newspapers and radios reported news his sled and set off for the village of Tolovana, of the epidemic. People across America prayed where another musher was waiting. Normally, that the medicine would reach Nome in time. the 52-mile trip over frozen terrain took two days. Shannon was told to make the trip in a The Final Nusher single push, traveling through the night. As a At first, the mushers were lucky. Seppala rule, dogsled drivers avoided traveling in the made it over the dangerous Norton Sound dark and in temperatures lower than 40 degrees without mishap. Nome's leaders added more 8 STORYWORKS mushers to the relay, so the medicine reached trail again. It was up to Balto to sniff tbrougb Seppala days earlier than expected. There were several feet of snow and try to pick up tbe scent now 20 men racing to save Nome. of tbe trail. Tbe minutes crawled by as tbe Seppala strapped the medicine to his sled dog searcbed tbrougb tbe snow. Kaasen's beart and immediately turned around to head back to raced. His body acbed witb cold. Suddenly, the frozen Norton Sound. The trip across was Balto lifted bis bead and broke into a run. Tbe even more treacherous this time, but he made it. team—and tbe medicine—^were back on track. Seventy-eight miles from Nome, in the village Over tbe next 20 miles, tbe winds beat at of Golovin, the exhausted Seppala handed the Kaasen and bis dogs. Tbe musber was losing cargo to another musber, Cbarlie Olsen. Olsen bis strengtb, and several times tbe sled flew traveled 25 miles to tbe off tbe trail, dragging tbe dogs witb it. Heavy village of Bluff, wbere the drifts made tbe going difficult. At last, at 5:30 crate was loaded onto tbe a.m. on Monday, February 2, Kaasen and bis sled of tbe final musber, dogsled team pulled onto Front Gunnar Kaasen. Street in Nome. He staggered Tbe life-saving cargo off tbe sled, stumbled up was just 53 miles east of to Balto, and collapsed, Nome. But tbe monster muttering, "Fine dog." blizzard bad closed in, Witbin minutes. Dr.
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