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Contents MUSHROOM POISONING by O. E. FISCHER, M MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Mycological and toadstool clubs have been organized in many cities in order to interest people in this fascinating Publication 26. Biological Series 5 branch of botany. Such clubs have easily won the THE AGARICACEAE OF MICHIGAN Interest of people at large because of their appeal on the BY score of mycophagy, the eating of fungi. In the purely C. H. KAUFFMAN botanical and technical field, colleges, universities and VOL. I state herbaria have given more and more attention to the scientific and economic aspects of mycological study TEXT and have brought about the publication of journals PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE devoted exclusively to studies made in these specialties. BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR For centuries almost every community has had its 1918. enthusiastic amateur botanist who has collected and sought to name—to classify—the higher plants of his LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS hunting ground. Now cometh also the humble collector 1918 of toadstools and mushrooms who finds that his hobby meets with sympathy and interest. Thus "The Spectator” in Outlook (January 13, 1915) gives a charming account Contents of his initiation into the accuracies and delights of mycology. Mushroom Poisoning, by O. E. Fischer, M. D. ............. 1 *The author would acknowledge his thanks to the libraries of Parke, Poisoning by White-spored Agarics .............................. 2 Davis & Co., to the University of Michigan and to the Wayne County Amanita phalloides...................................................2 Medical Society, as well as to Professor Kauffman and to numerous Treatment of A. phalloides poisoning ...........................4 private correspondents and co-workers whose services have aided in the preparation of this paper. Our knowledge of mushroom poisoning Poisonous constituents of A. phalloides .......................5 is still far from complete and further aid from any source will be Other Amanitas ........................................................6 welcomed. Amanita muscaria ....................................................6 Poisonous constituents of A. muscaria.........................7 Detroit, Michigan, 507 Field Ave., March, 1915. Treatment for A. muscaria poisoning............................8 It has been the purpose of Dr. Kauffman to supply in Toxic principles of Amanitas.........................................8 these volumes a manual for the use of both the amateur Lepiota .....................................................................9 and advanced student of the Agaricaceae or gilled fungi Triceoloma .............................................................10 of Michigan. It is similarly the purpose of this chapter on Clitocybe ................................................................10 mushroom poisoning to place before layman, Hygrophorus ..........................................................11 mycologist, mycophagist and physician an account of Lactarius ................................................................11 the present state of our knowledge of the subject. Russula ..................................................................12 Having in mind such a varied class of readers, the Marasmius .............................................................12 author must include matter which will seem hopelessly Poisoning by Pink-spored Agarics............................... 12 technical to the one, and matter that may seem Entoloma................................................................13 superfluously simple to the other. It is not the purpose of Poisoning by Brown or Ochre-spored Agarics ............ 13 the paper to present much that is either new or original Pholiota ..................................................................13 but it does seem possible, in the light of recent Inocybe ..................................................................13 advances, to record more vital information about Hebeloma...............................................................13 deleterious and suspected species than is to be found in Poisoning by Purple-Brown-spored Agarics................ 14 similar articles in all the text books combined. The Poisoning by Black-spored Agarics............................. 14 strictly technical literature of the subject is very large. A Poisoning by Boletus and Gyromitra esculenta .......... 15 bibliography might easily include one hundred books and papers in French, German and English. Most of these Bibliography .................................................................. 17 are quite inaccessible to the average student and an Abbreviations ................................................................ 23 attempt is made herein to present part of the matter they contain. No popular handbook covers a tenth of the Glossary......................................................................... 24 field. The earliest views, still popularly held, regarded the Agarics as a large group of poisonous plants. Then, under the influence of teaching-mushroom-clubs and the MUSHROOM POISONING invaluable published results of Peck and of McIlvaine BY O. E. FISCHER, M. D.* and Macadam, the impression that there were but few deleterious and hundreds of edible species, has led to a No one who has not followed the development of the reckless mycophagy which resulted in the discovery of study of mycology in its scientific or popular fields during new harmful species. These can no longer "be counted the last twenty years can realize its development and the on the fingers" (Plowright), nor will Bagnall's "dozen in changes in our views that have taken place. Within this over a thousand edible" include all the toxic species. time a number of popular works have appeared, keeping The bibliography, On Mushroom Poisoning, will guide pace with the great volume of general nature literature. Publication 26, Biological Series 5 -- Mushroom Poisoning-Glossary – Page 1 of 35 the reader to the sources found most useful in the New York City and vicinity, 15 in 1906 and 30 cases with preparation of the paper. 12 deaths in 1905. In 1913 there were 26 cases of poisoning in Hartford in a few weeks. In 1900 Gillot A number of factors give my co-toxicology or mushroom found over 200 authentic cases of mushroom poisoning intoxication increasing importance. The daily press mostly in France (123 fatal due to Amanita phalloides) endeavors to keep alive the fear of "mistaking a 3 and Ford added nearly as many more recorded in the toadstool for a mushroom" in its frequent reports of the German, English and French literature since 1900. disastrous consequences of such a blunder if the Sartory, in France, records for the summer of 1912, 249 toadstool is eaten, but the Sunday paper is not so cases of fungus poisoning with 153 deaths. Of these consistent inasmuch as it prints and reprints 1 90% occurred in 15 days . Ford is convinced that the irresponsible articles or quotes unreliable and dangerous majority of cases do not find their way into medical rules and tests to apply, which, if followed, will lead the literature. I do not believe that 10% do. Thus in one man of newspaper education into real danger. The summer there were unreported 2 cases (not fatal) in enormous influx of foreigners from southern Europe, Baltimore, 2 deaths in Cleveland, 9 poisoned in Fostoria, accustomed to seeing in the markets and gathering and Ohio with several deaths, and 10 in Toronto with 2 eating certain species of higher fungi at home, gives us 7 deaths. Murrill estimates the annual deaths in the individuals who mistake some American deleterious United States as probably 50 or more, as many are not species for an edible European one which resembles it. reported. My own records, by no means complete, for These people furnish most of the cases of poisoning southeastern Michigan only, for 10 years show 77 cases which occur in the United States. It is affirmed that with 16 deaths. None reported medically. Most cases nearly all of more than thirty deaths from mushroom undoubtedly escape publicity. poisoning in and near New York City in 1911 occurred among them39.* Through the growth of nature and mycological clubs, the sale and use of the several POISONING BY WHITE-SPORED AGARICS excellent popular books and bulletins, and the offering of wild species for sale in our markets, the use of fungi for AMANITA PHALLOIDES food is rapidly increasing. This necessarily means that a larger number of poisonings of both major and minor (See A. verna, virosa and bisporiger.) importance will come about, since insufficiently trained, Amanita phalloides is by long odds the most important of self-constituted "experts" may blunder or fall into minor all poisonous mushrooms. It is widely distributed, error. Some reasons for even the well trained student common throughout most of the season and often going a bit wrong will appear in other paragraphs. If he exceedingly abundant. It is innocent in appearance, of will but report his error in the manner indicated below delicious taste and of extreme toxicity. In considering it much, or even all, may be forgiven or even approved. we may regard A. verna, A. virosa and A. bisporiger as *For numerical references see bibliography: On Mushroom Poisoning. included under the term "A. phalloides." Bulliard a hundred years ago gave it the common name Mushroom poisoning must have been fairly frequent in "Destroying Angel." It is also known as the Death
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