From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 233

Alexandre Planas i Ballet Xavier Torrebadella i Flix INSTITUT DEL CENTRE D’ALT RENDIMENT AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY Graduate in the Sciences of Physical Activity and Degree in Physical Education from the Sport, graduate in the Philosophy and Science of University of Barcelona and Doctorate from Education and Specialist Technician in Athletics. He the University of Lleida. Athlete, trainer and has won a number of literary prizes including the Vila delegate of the Athletics section in the Sícoris de Lloret Poetry Award (2015) and the Mirall review Club, Lleida (1972-1992). Lecturer at the Poetry Award (2017) and has also published Irrealitats, a collection Institut Centre d’Alt Rendiment Esportiu, Sant Cugat del Vallès, of verse (AdiA Edicions, 2016). Lecturer in Physical Activity Teaching and Associate Lecturer at the Faculty of Science, Barcelona Methodology at the Institut del Centre d’Alt Rendiment, Sant Cugat. Autonomous University. From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running A history of running as physical exercise and foot races in

Introduction the foundations for a long period that was Key words: cós, cursa de la to conclude with the nationalisation of a cordera, traditional sports, eople have reused and large part of Catalan society. The revival foot races reinterpreted historical of language and customs fostered by these Paraules clau: cos, cursa de la elements which are deeply writers was the beginning of an ideologi- cordera, esports tradicionals, pedestrisme rooted in their own culture, cal development reaffirming the national Palabras clave: cos, carrera together with contribu- identity of the Catalan people. The process de la cordera, deportes tions from other cultures of defining the cultural sense of Catalonia tradicionales, pedestrismo and even features which are pure invention, as a people has been strongly influenced toP build a sense of national identity. and in some cases hindered by dominant external cultural traditions, such as the In Catalonia this process, the Renaixença, Andalusian ideology and Spanish purist began in 1833 with Carles Bonaventura attitudes prevalent in the late nineteenth Aribau as the leading figure in founding the and early twentieth century, the military movement. Working with Joaquim Rubió dictatorships of the twentieth century, and i Ors (“Lo Gayté del Llobregat”), he laid cultural globalisation since the 1960s. For

In the ethnological heritage of Catalonia Dins el gran conjunt d’elements que Dentro del gran conjunto de elementos physical exercise and sports involving conformen el patrimoni etnològic de que conforman el patrimonio etnológico movement have played an important Catalunya, les expressions vehiculades de Cataluña, las expresiones vehicu- role. In connection with this theme we a l’entorn de l’exercici físic i del joc lades al entorno del ejercicio físico y el have undertaken a historical review of motor són profusament presents arreu. juego motor son profusamente presen- the ancient foot races known as cóssos. Efectuem en aquest context una revisió tes en todas partes. En este contexto, Primary documentary resources and històrica de les curses a peu ancestrals efectuamos una revisión histórica de las other research work lead us to reflect on anomenades cossos. El suport de les carreras ancestrales llamadas cossos. El the loss of Catalan cultural heritage and fonts documentals primàries i d’altres in- soporte de fuentes documentales prima- revise the place of the Catalan running vestigacions ens conviden a reflexionar rias y otras investigaciones nos invitan a tradition in the country’s collective con- sobre la pèrdua del patrimoni cultural reflexionar sobre la pérdida del patrimo- sciousness. català i, alhora, a ressituar la tradició nio cultural catalán y, al mismo tiempo, a catalana del córrer en la consciència resituar la tradición catalana de correr en col·lectiva del país. la conciencia colectiva del país. 234 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42 example, the decline of deports1 or games for Recent studies have catalogued the cóssos by 1 By deports we understand pleasure and physical development (Torre- location: those recorded by Capdevila (2009, traditional open-air games played badella and Planas, 2011) has meant a very 2012) were mainly in L’Urgell while Juli in Catalonia before the arrival of significant loss in our own popular culture. Suau (2013) focuses on the Pla d’Urgell area. competitive physical activities ori- ginating in Anglo-Saxon countries, which reached us in the late nine- Games involve a sense of play and many of Modern sport developed in England as a teenth and early twentieth century the distinctive cultural characteristics of a recreation for middle class society following and which we would call esports. people. As Janer (1982) says, we should not the rise of capitalism, urban growth and the 2 undervalue the paedogogical task of recov- industrial transformation that took place in Cós: “[pl. cóssos] In certain festi- vities a race on foot or horseback ering the popular games of our ancestors the nineteenth century (Elias and Dunning, and other popular games in which and (re)discovering, via them, forgotten 1992). In the case of Catalonia it dated from a prize can be won” (IEC, 1995: customs and symbolic rituals or language the Bourbon restoration and was particularly 510). that has been lost. So, in line with Janer’s significant in late nineteenth century and recommendation, we shall apply a “subver- early twentieth century Barcelona (Lagard- sive” ecological ideology to the recovery of era, 1992; Pujadas, 2010; Torrebadella-Flix, popular culture. Olivera-Betran and M-Bou, 2015). In this process, which Elias and Dunning (1992: The introduction of what we refer to as mod- 34) call “sportization”, we must distinguish ern sport in Catalonia at the beginning of the old physical activities and sports (Lagard- the twentieth century was not only a result era, 1996). Although some of these activities of the social circumstances of the time but or games are absorbed by sportization, as was also influenced by a long tradition of is the case of fencing or pelota, others are participation in games and deports (Brasó excluded from this new area of recreation and Torrebadella, 2015). Artells (1972) (Brasó and Torrebadella, 2015, Capdevila, reports that, as well as the popular games of 2009, 2012). It is thus necessary to distin- the period (skittles, throwing the barra, tag, guish the origins of the old sports races, jumping, hitting targets, pelota, lifting and games from contempo- weights, etc.), “shows of strength were also rary sports (Lagardera, common, in the form of contests between 1996). According to groups. For example, they would see who Bourdieu (1993, could put a sack of corn onto his shoulders 2008), we can most quickly, or who was able to lift a weight identify two or pick something up with his teeth” (Artells, distinct mod- 1992: 28-29). els. Sport has a bourgeois ori- Artells (1972: 30) adds that “These popular gin and grows sports were spontaneous, democratic and in line with the open, requiring no codification or regula- process of civilisa- tion, such as the creation of clubs or associ- tion (Elias), or the ations to which one had to belong in order development of edu- to participate.” cation and trade, which implies a reduction in the 2 One of these deports was the cóssos , ancient levels of violence associated with foot races rooted in the popular culture of traditional physical and recreational pursuits some Catalan towns. As Capdevila says (Elias and Dunning, 1992) while defining a (2007: 286), these races had “a magical and model of social distinction (Veblen, 2008). religious origin, linked to the cycle of nature, like all the rural sporting activities that were In this article we pay special attention to finally replaced by the rise of football after the history of the cóssos to show how the the second decade of the twentieth century”. distinctive features of a people, which were From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 235 once the living expression of its traditions, ago. So much so that we can find evidence of can be erased from cultural memory. Today popular races as early as the fifteenth century. we are recovering some of the traditions Capdevila (2009, 2012) and Suau (2012, (festivities, events, customs, crafts, cuisine, 2013) have identified documented events words, games, etc.) that were on the point in towns in Lleida (1476), and in Bellpuig of being forgotten or disappearing: there is (1558), Vallfogona de Riucorb (1603) and a post-modern revival of popular culture Torà (1644). In 1580 there were foot races which emphasises ethnic experience in the and horse races in Bellpuig, in which the face of globalisation (Capdevila, 2016). In Duke of Cardona gave the prize of a sword this study we shall trace the role of games to the winner of the foot race (Bach, 1972: and deports in our traditions with a view 111). to helping to (re)position the cóssos in our country’s collective consciousness. But the reward most prized by the winners was to take home a lamb. Consequently the The methodology we have applied is based events became known as the “race for the on historiographical techniques using pri- lamb (or lambs)”. The name is still used for mary documentary sources. The findings the cós in Albesa, held every year on August of recent research have also contributed to 16 (Saint Roch’s day), which can be con- the constructivist interpretation and critical sidered the oldest race still taking place in study we present. Catalonia, as there are records of it taking place in 1590. The cós between tradition and renovation Pere Anguera (1992: X), when speaking “The Sant Pere Cós in Plaça Mercadal, ”. Source: 1.000 Sport in Catalonia has been rooted in the about the foot races in the districts of Reus, imatges de la història de Reus activities of the popular classes since long mentions that in 1756 the Municipal Coun- d’Albert Arnavat. (ca. 1920) 236 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42 cil discussed the problems arising from the which has the same meaning as the old Span- 3 In older dictionaries the word races in which chickens, hens and lambs are ish coso in one of its senses, both referring to appears with a grave accent but we given as prizes, with young and old com- a race, something related to running”. shall write it with an acute accent, petitors in scanty clothing that gives rise to as it appears in the Diccionari de l’Institut d’Estudis . “scandal and profanity” and that the tradi- TheDiccionari Català, Valencià Balear gives tion of holding such races remained alive the following information under the entry throughout the nineteenth century and the for cós: “races; action of running or compet- early twentieth century. ing with animals or vehicles to win a prize, especially in a town’s festa major or in neigh- The races were traditionally linked to pagan bourhood festivities. As used in L’Urgell, rituals (which were subsequently transplanted Segarra, Noguera, Segrià, Conca de Barbera, into religious festivities) to mark the conclu- Priorat, Camp de Tarragona, Ribera d’Ebre, sion of the harvest (Capdevila, 2012; Dal- Terra Alta, etc.”. mau and Solé, 1985; Garganté, 2011; Suau, 2012, 2013). Amades (1987: 483) identifies In Lleida the corderes or cóssos take place in the races as a possible survival of the ritual of towns and cities such as Àger, Agramunt, sun worship. As we shall see, the cóssos were Albesa, Alcarràs, Aitona, Arbeca, Balaguer, organised to mark the festa major or a saint’s Bellcaire d’Urgell, Bellpuig, Bovera, - day, thus constituting an opportunity for dans, Corbins, El Poal, Guimerà, Guissona, people to congregate and enjoy themselves. Juneda, La Granadella, Les Borges Blanques, The fittest young men in the locality would Linyola, Lleida, Maials, Maldà, Mollerussa, take part in the races, sometimes with strong Pons, Tàrrega, Vallbona de les Monges, competitors from neighbouring towns and Verdú and Vilanova de Segrià. (Capdevila villages. As Lagardera (1996) says, this type 2012; Suau, 2012, 2013). of event was part of a symbolic and magical ritual, and had, moreover, a clear local nature The statesman Pascual Madoz (1847: 2014) (in a particular community) which could not tells us that “races between men called cosos, be exported to other communities, as was to in which a lamb, chickens or other similar happen subsequently with sports (Bourdieu, prizes are given to the winner” are a regu- 1993, 2008). lar form of entertainment in many towns. These races were not unnoticed by foreign From the nineteenth century onward in Tar- travellers: ragona, Lleida and some parts of Valencia we “Having rested in Lérida for three days, find abundant written documentation of the we left by carriage for Barcelona and after word cós used in the sense of a race between passing through Bell-lloch, Sidamunt and young runners competing for a prize or a Mollerusa we ate in Golmes, which is four jewel. In some dictionaries (Ferrer, 1836; leagues away. The four towns we have just Labernia, 1844; Saura, 1859), we find that named have no outstanding features but the word còs [sic] has the same Latin root as the fact that in Golmes it was a feast day the noun corsus (race) or the verb corso (run), for some religious celebration or other which would correspond to the Spanish coso gathering gave us the opportunity to or cosso. The words cós and coso have been observe some games that attracted our used to describe the place where one runs, attention. The first was la morra, the ori- the street along which people normally go gins of which go back to Roman times. or the square in which bullfights and other The two players have to show their right events take place3. hands at the same time, holding out one or more fingers. The game consists of Bofarull (1880: 143) makes the following guessing the total number of fingers the comment on còs [sic.]: “This word is a con- two players will hold out. Another event traction of cors, an older, more explicit word was the races or cosos. There were races for men and for women, the prize for the men From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 237 being a well fattened lamb. The prize for is in the judicial district of Lérida, Solsona the women was a rooster and two hens, diocesis. (Mellado, 1848: 65) but it was more difficult for them to win it, as they had to run with a pitcher full The traditional roots of the cóssos are also of water on their heads without spilling a expressed by one of the leading figures of the single drop. During this lively gathering Renaixença in Lleida, Lluís Roca Florejachs, we also saw two bouts and several games who presented a poem at the first Jocs Florals with balls and skittles. Golmes has a popu- in Barcelona in 1859, entitled “Los cóssos” lation of three hundred and sixty-two and (Pelay, 1866: 479-481):

The cóssos. Popular festivity. Today, on this special day he can boast about it at the fairs. The steward shouts, people are in formal attire, Such a fine lamb is hard to find. going ahead, the festival has arrived, He who wants to win it spurring his horse on. Our Lady of the Rosary. needs to run hard, Behind him the four runners The plants are coming to life, from the back of the hermitage race off, after dying in the cold; to Plaça de la Creu. in search of victory. The mists have gone, Come on, young men: nothing Clear the way! Clear the way! the sad mists of winter. ventured, Be courageous, boys! Day by day the fine weather nothing gained, the people say. Come on! Come on! Come on! Come gives us greater pleasure; The girls are waiting for you: on! April brought us beautiful flowers, be courageous, boys. Run faster if you can; May is sure to bring us more. Whoever wants more, more must don’t be afraid of the distance! Everything reflects new life; say; Run hard, don’t weaken. everything breathes new pleasure. whoever is able, more must run. However weak your legs feel, The joyful spring rules the world, It’s quarter to eleven, hurry now! don’t give up, keep running! covering it with a rich cloak of Another quarter of an hour and You can sit down afterwards. beauty. you’ll be late. They’re approaching in line, There is a great tumult Four runners are standing ready, they’re coming to the Cross in the streets and squares: all handsome young men: and it’s Pere, today is the feast Jaume, Pere, Pere who arrives first. of Our Lady of the Rosary. Tito and Pep. The lamb! Give it to him! Give it to They take off their espadrilles him! The dawn chorus announced it to run faster. He’s won it, it’s his. in the early hours: They all remove their jackets and Isabel, his fiancé, now the bells ring out caps, is waiting anxiously for him. to proclaim it. for caps and jackets slow them down. He wants to give her The people are restive with joy. Now the four line up; the lamb. Well done! The clock strikes ten. the tumult grows and grows: Let us give them both Time to go! Time to go! The young all the village wants to know our heartfelt congratulations, people how well they will perform. let them live together are getting ready for the race. Some of the girls hurry happily for ever. Come to the hermitage, girls. to see them close up. And may Our Lady of the Rosary Bring roses and carnations. A steward mounts his horse let him always win cóssos on feast Before the races start and goes ahead to clear the way. days. We’ll dance a while for May. The clock strikes eleven The big prize is a lamb, Clear the way! Clear the way, Lluís Roca Florejachs (1859) whoever wins it will be very lucky: everybody! 238 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42

Announcements for these races can be age, will be guiding a plough pulled by 4 Institut d’Estudis Ilerdencs: found in some of the programmes for the two mules”. (Segura, 1890: 266) Programmes for the Festa Major in festa major in Lleida. In 1863/4/5 the Lleida, nineteenth century. In the Costumari català, Joan Amades course for the cordera race began at the 5 Gardeny fountain or munitions dump and describes races for a lamb in Vila d’Àger, La Diario de Lérida (1887) 10 May: 3. Noguera, the site of a very important market ran to Sant Joan Church. We may suppose 6 that these races were held every year, as they in the Middle Ages. During the festivities for “Noticias de Cataluña” (1883) In were firmly rooted in tradition. The pro- Saint Vincent, on January 22, this town was La Vanguardia, 22 June: 4. grammes for 1883 and 1884 still contained the setting for a dance by the winners of the 7 a cordera race4. Cós de la Cordera. It was a jota in which the “Noticias regionales” (1889) In La winners of the race carried their prizes on Vanguardia, 18 March: 2. In 1887, the race for the lamb started in their shoulders: the lamb, the chicken and Rambla de Ferran and went along Blon- the string of onions. del, Sant Antoni and Font del Governador “The band played and accompanied those to Gardeny, returning via Acadèmia, Sant carrying the prizes as far as the square. The Antoni, Major and Paeria, ending in Plaça runners were in shirtsleeves with shorts de Sant Joan5. and kerchiefs round their heads. A pis- tol was fired to start the race. A man on With the growing popularity of races (as we horseback went ahead to clear the route.” shall also see below), some individuals spe- (Amades, 1987, vol. I: 582). cialised in the event, making their stamina another means of subsistence. It became common to see runners (also known as anda- rins) challenge each other at the festa major in large towns. In Valls, the winners had their prizes and the public could bet on the participants6. A news item in La Vanguardia commented that “two famous runners are in Tortosa and will compete with each other, exhibiting their skills to the public by running round Plaza de Alfonso XII 100 times in an hour and a half” 7.

We have references to the race up to the Serra de Sant Eloi in Tàrrega in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. J. Segura describes it as follows: “Watch them barefoot in shirtsleeves and shorts, with kerchiefs round their heads. Dance of the winners of the Who will win the lamb? From there you The first to reach the square and touch the “cós de la cordera” in Àger can see all the changes of leader in the lamb was the winner. The runner-up was (1987). JOAN AMADES fiercely disputed contest. Now they’re the sotacós and the third to arrive won the going up the slope, their fists clenched, onions. This is the origin of the expression their arms bent at the elbow, pumping “you didn’t even win the onions” referring alternately, their faces yellow and drip- to the person who comes fourth in a race. ping with sweat. It’s not just the prize that drives them on, it’s also glory. The people When the dance finished, the prizes were look at them, applauding them in their offered to members of the public who could moment of triumph. Tomorrow the win- buy them, the money raised being used to ner, just like the Romans in their finest cover the cost of the festivities. At night there From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 239 was a dance, during which the musicians the traditional cóssos will take place, some 8 La Lloca, revista satírica, Tárrega, sang a serenade to each of the winners. In of them using the Middle Ages system”. We 1904, 1: 3. Àger the cordera race still takes place on 15 do not know exactly what the Middle Ages August. system8 meant, although it is known that in one race in the 1920s a young competitor ran La Granadella is another place described, up to Sant Eloi barefoot with a piece of bread where on 15 September (the feast of Saint in his mouth (Torrebadella, 2011: 433). Nicomedes) a race for a lamb took place and sometimes a race for 12 stones. These races in In the 1903 Jocs Florals we find another La Granadella were popular until the end of poem about the popular race “Lo cós de la the 1930s. A runner known as “Cal Cetro” Cordera”. This poem by the poet resident was an outstanding participant. in Maldà, J. Iglésias i Guizard, as part of

The race for the stones consisted of run- Miquel Lladó “Lo Sirera” from ning round a square a certain number of Castelldans, with the lamb he won in Albagès at the Festes times. At one point in the square there was de les Fonts (1886). a heap of stones and runners had to take INSTITUT D’ESTUDIS ILERDENCS one each time they passed until none were left. The winner was the one who had the most stones and had, therefore, run round the square most times. This race also took place in other parts of Catalonia (Amades, 1987; Rocafort, 1991).

Towards the end of the nineteenth century modern sport was beginning to flourish in cities and large towns. In small towns, how- ever, people continued to participate in the traditional local games linked to popular culture and rural life (Amades, 1987; Cap- devila, 2012) that had been passed down over the generations. At the beginning of the twentieth century, therefore, the cóssos were still very popular in Lleida. The most suc- cessful runners included: Miquel Lladó from Castelldans, Francesc Batalla from Vilanova his “Costum de la terra”, won second prize. de Segrià, Bonaventura Tilló from Cal Pitx- ell, Ramon Bellmunt from Cal Matabous, The races were announced in the press. In Joan Morell from Arbeca; Bonaventura Bal- 1906 El Pallaresa (Lleida) refers to races in domà from Roselló; Jaume Florensa from Guissona, Aitona, Alcarràs, Bellpuig and Corbins, and Jaume Gòdia from Alpicat. Pons. The prizes varied and the winner did We find other explicit references to the cós in not always receive a lamb. In 1907 the first Sant Eloi, Tàrrega, in the poem “Santaloy” prize in the race at Alcarràs was a calf, while by Francesc Pera, who described the race the second was a lamb. Moreover, in that as follows in 1901: “Watch how they run period, a new trend emerged in Lleida when up/ poor lads/ come on, quickly/ let them runners began to win cash prizes. In 1906 get by/ the lamb/ is the big prize...” (Cap- we find acós de la cordera in the Camps Elisis devila, 2012: 55-56). Another reference, park. In 1907 some races were held there dated 1902, says that “if it does not rain, with cash prizes, although the lamb and 240 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42

Sant Eloi cós in Tàrrega. 1920s. The runners have a piece of bread in their mouths. PHOTOGRAPH GUMERSINDO PASCUAL. PRIVATE COLLECTION OF PACO PASCUAL

the chickens were also awarded. The 5 km As soon as the race began, Prat took the 9 lead, impressing everyone with his strong, El Ideal (1907) 14 and 15 May; El provincial race was won by Bonaventura Pallaresa (1907) 14 May. Tilló from Arbeca, followed by Francesc elegant style. By the end of the race he had built up a lead of two minutes over 10 Batalla from Vilanova de Segrià. The win- Cursa pedestre: “A sport consis- ner received fifty pesetas and the runner up the second to finish and was universally ting of walking or running” (IEC, twenty. Other races were organised for local acclaimed for his speed. 1995: 1374). athletes, members of the military and run- We offer our congratulations to this 11 friendly sportsman, whose fine perfor- Cros: “Athletic race on an uneven ners aged under 15. Other novelty events marked course in open country” were also included, such as the sack race and mance was a pleasure for lovers of athletics (IEC, 1995: 528) 9 to behold.” (Editorial, 1912: 2) the pitcher race, over 450 metres. 12 El Pallaresa (1914) 16 May. The foot races (curses pedestres)10 held in the During the festa major in Lleida in 1914 Pere Prat ran against Bonaventura Tilló, probably 13 counties of Lleida had a considerable repu- “En Lérida” (1915) In El Mundo the best of the Lleida runners. Prat won all tation, leading some of the finest Catalan Deportivo, 15 May: 4. “Ferias y the races plus the high jump12. The follow- Fiestas de Lérida” (1915) In El athletes to take part. They included Pere Pallaresa, 15 September 1915. ing year the events in the Camps Elisis had Prat, undoubtedly the first star of Cata- become an “Olympic celebration”, which lan athletics, champion of Catalonia in also served to publicise the newly created long-distance and cros11 from 1911 to 1917 Catalan Athletics Federation. As well as the and Spanish cross-country champion in usual races, other events were included (races 1916 and 1917. over 100 m, 800 m and 10,000 m, 200 m Pere Prat, the champion Catalan runner, hurdles, high jump, long jump, shot put and honoured us by taking part in the cós de la discus). The 10 km race was again won by cordera event held in Balaguer each year Pere Prat, second place going to Bonaventura during the Sant Crist festivities. Tilló13. He is a magnificent figure, tall and admi- rably proportioned with a bull’s neck In Tàrrega, in the 1924 Sant Eloi cós, the and deep chest. The other competitors lamb, i.e. the first prize, was won by the dis- included some very good runners but he tinguished FC Barcelona runner Ramón eclipsed them all. Bellmunt from Arbeca, second place going From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 241 to Joan Morell, also from Arbeca. In 1932 Physical demonstrations, challenges and this traditional race was still being held and wagers related to walkers were very popular even inspired the occasional verse: “The run- during the nineteenth century. On occasion ner from Preixana; the runner from Cedó; walkers even challenged the best horsemen, and others who never missed a cós in the festa their exploits usually being recorded in the major” (Torrebadella, 2011: 433). press. El Áncora on 25 February 1854 listed some of the achievements of Catalan walk- During the first third of the twentieth cen- ers, in connection with the journey from Vic tury, in some towns, such as Lleida and Tàr- to Barcelona completed by a young walker rega, there was a progressive sportization of in five and a half hours. the cóssos, evidenced by the presence of expe- rienced athletes who took part with a view In the 1880s some walkers used their skills to winning money. Some towns stopped professionally and went from town to town holding traditional races but others tried to publicly challenging any young runner who preserve them. The cóssos continued to be dared to bet against them. Barcelona was popular but over time, especially with the a focal point for for most of these walkers. success of football from the 1920s on, the They included Bargossi, the famous Italian number declined. walker, known as the “locomotive” because of his ability to keep running over long From cursa pedestre to cross distances. He is said to have beaten all his country challengers and his skills were compared We now move to Barcelona, the first place in with the achievements of other Spanish Catalonia to host modern sports and the first walkers. On 29 October 1882 Bargossi races for athletes, which would subsequently arrived in Barcelona with a view to offering spread throughout the country. However, we various displays in the bull-ring. The first also find a long tradition of foot races here. was on the day he arrived. He offered a prize The participants were the andarins, the pop- to anyone who could run round the ring ular name used in Spain for people charged more times than he did in one hour. He ran with taking personal letters or packages from against a young fisherman who, although one place to another, covering long distances he did not beat the Italian, ran round the on foot. The andarins knew the region well ring 125 times (Bargossi managed 139 and used mountain paths and passes where despite the fact that he had walked there only a man on foot could get through. With from Sabadell only a few hours earlier). In the growth of the railways, carriage services the second race, on 1 November, he ran and the national post, these walkers gradu- against a man riding a horse, spurred on ally lost their occupation. by a bet of 2,000 reales. The winner would be whoever ran round the ring most times In nineteenth century Barcelona we find in two hours. The horse could not com- records of some of these individuals, who plete the two hours and stopped after an went to the city to take part in races and win hour and a quarter, having completed 123 money. On 14 September 1837 the Diario circuits (Bargossi himself ran two more) de Barcelona announced that: (Torrebadella and Arrechea, 2015). This “At half past four this afternoon Francisco outstanding athlete was also remembered Bonilla will set off from one end of the for his races against the Aragonese runner Paseo de Gracia, running to the other Mariano Bielsa (nicknamed “Chistavín”) end and back four times. He is informing (Adell, 1998). the public so that they can witness his speed and agility. He is not being paid to In La Vanguardia for 17 November 1882 run but will be grateful for any donations we see that the “running craze” was in the spectators care to make.” news, as two Catalan walkers, Josep Biosca 242 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42 and Pascual Ruano, waiters at busy cafés “Next Sunday at four p.m. two runners, in the Rambla, planned to run a long race one French and the other Spanish, will with a view to emulating the achievements be racing against each other. The first is of Chistavín. Josep Biosca, from Fonollosa M. Davy, who was challenged to a race in El Bages, challenged Pascual Ruano to by Pedro Orcal, from Aragon, almost as run a straight 2-kilometre race for a bet of soon as he set foot in the city. 23 pesetas. On the day of the race a large The competitors will run laps along Calle crowd had assembled on the Rambla, some de Cortes between Plaza de Tetuán and of them betting on the runners. Biosca, “27 Paseo de Gracia. The race will continue for years old, single, tall, dark, neither handsome three hours without stopping, from four nor ugly to be honest” won by over 30 metres p.m. until seven. The amount wagered (Editorial, 1882: 1). by the athletes is 1,000 pesetas and the winner will be the runner who has com- These races took place frequently and were pleted the most laps within the time limit. very popular, attracting large crowds, who (Editorial, 1892: 2) laid bets on the participants. Their success also led to their inclusion in the programme The spectacle of the cursa pedestre continued of festivities for the Universal Exhibition almost to the end of the nineteenth century, in 1888. One such race was on Saturday 1 when the movement to regenerate physical September in the Parc de la Ciutadella, with education changed the orientation of these

the participation of “famous national and events with the formation of the first gym- Reproduction of advertisement (1883). Reto. La Vanguardia (22 foreign runners” (Editorial, 1888: 3). nastics associations and the development of November 1883) contemporary sport. Towards the end of the In the press of the time we find references to nineteenth century gymnasiums and sports some runners from other regions who came associations in the city tried to modernise to Barcelona to compete with local athletes. foot races, emulating those organised by They included Pere Orcal Monsech. athletics associations in England and France. “On Sunday there will be a race between Alberto Maluquer (1916) offers some details walkers. regarding these early modern races held in Pedro Orcal Monsech from Caspe Barcelona: challenges his fellow countrymen to “The first race of which we have any complete the following course in 25 record was organised in Barcelona on minutes: Ronda de San Pablo, Ronda 9 December 1898 by Jaime Vila, an de San Antonio, Ronda de la Universi- instructor at the “Tolosa” gymnasium, dad, Ronda de San Pedro and back to who was distinguished in many areas. To the start. The race will begin at 6 p.m.” demonstrate the value of his training he (Editorial, 1890: 2) prepared his pupils Julián García, Ismael Alegría and Eusebio García (the cur- Pere Orcal was the best runner in Barcelona rent master of arms), who, together with for a decade, taking on all the runners who fencing instructor Eduardo Alessón and visited the city. One of them was the French Jaime Vila himself ran from the gym- runner M. Davy. nasium in Calle Duque de la Victoria From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 243

to Sarriá and back, a distance of about As Alejandro Barba (ca 1912: 85) says in the 14 kilometres, at 5 in the morning, tak- early twentieth century: “In Barcelona foot ing only 55 minutes and experiencing races found a first class centre of organisation, so little fatigue that after breakfast they some highly successful events being held there”. went for a cycle ride.” (Maluquer, 1916: In these early years football clubs and gym- 15-16) nastics associations organised a good number of races of different kinds. But it was not On 10 December 1899, as reported by until 1907 that foot races became serious Alberto Maluquer (1916), an 800-metre events with a high level of participation. That race (organised by the “Los Deportes” year the famous El race association) was held as part of a sports was held in Parc de la Ciutadella (Artemán, festival in Carrer de la Indústria, opposite 1907). the “Blau” factory. A total of 8 runners took part, including Juan Gamper, who We should mention here the exploit of had recently founded Barcelona Football Bonaventura Tilló, at the age of 25, who Club. Albert Serra, sports editor of La Van- expressly walked from Arbeca to Barcelona guardia wrote a report on the race declaring to take part. He arrived just as the 10,666- that this sport was “almost new” in Spain metre race was about to start. Tired from the (Serra, 1899: 3). In the same year the fort- long journey, he was unable to perform as he nightly journal Los Deportes included an would have wished and he finished fourth item saying that Barcelona Football Club behind three excellent French runners. After planned to organise all kinds of contests the race Tilló, who ran barefoot, challenged and athletic events including cross-country French champion Bouchard, who had won and other foot races (Los Deportes, 1899). the race, to run against him the following The Club can thus be considered as a major day for a 400-peseta wager but the runner contributor to the birth and growth of Cat- from Arbeca lost again. Nevertheless, El alan athletics. Mundo Deportivo said that Tilló had clearly won a “moral victory” as “he had no previous Albert Serra outlined the popularity foot knowledge of the terrain, knew nothing about races were gaining among English and French sportsmen. The purpose of empha- Bonaventura Tilló i Bellmunt, sising this point was none other than to the runner from Arbecas. encourage people to take part in races, after SANTI TORRAS I TILLÓ those organised by the Spanish Federation (1898-1909) and AC and Barcelona FC, “whose members include some very good runners, as we shall see in the first festivities organised by these sports associ- ations” (Serra, 1900: 3).

As we can see, these races were considered “sport”, a word whose meaning was clarified by Josep Elias (1900: 2): “We may say that SPORT, a word used widely today although many people do not know what it means, refers to any exercise in the open air. The term comes from English, as a variation of “disport”, which in turn comes from the old French, and indeed old Catalan, “deport” meaning “enjoyment”. 244 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42 training methods and reached the finish with- in the Eco d’Sports newspaper and the event 14 “Pedestrismo” (1915) in La out any signs of fatigue only a few seconds after took place at the Parc d’Esports cycle track, Vanguardia, 26 April: 4. “Pedes- his famous foreign rivals” (Artemán, 1907: 2). where competitors had to complete 163 laps. trismo” (1915) in La Vanguardia, Only four runners took part: Juan Santos, 12 March: 5. Tilló was the first Spanish runner to finish Conrad Miquel, Robert Boix and Francesc 15 in a field of 67, an impressive performance, Túnica (Editorial, 1910: 2). “Pedestrismo” (1915) in La Van- guardia, 19 February: 6. as his rivals had excellent previous form and were considered professionals. The winner, We already find references to cross-country 16 “Records espanyoles” (1915) in La Luis Bouchard, aged 24, was the French races in El Mundo Deportivo in 1910 (10 Vanguardia, 19 September: 5. Cross Country champion, the second to February and 5 May). One was organised by arrive, L. Orphee, aged 28, had won the the Athletics Section of Club Natació Barce- marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens, lona and another by the French Patrie Club while the third to finish, E. Neveu, aged 26, and Hoquei Club. We find the following was champion of France in 1901, 1902 and comment about the increasing popularity of 1906. Tilló finished two minutes ahead of cross-country: “As can be clearly seen, there is the Fonoll brothers, the best runners from rapidly growing enthusiasm for cross-country, Barcelona, who finished fifth and sixth. Sev- a sport that is arousing great interest in major enth to finish was José Tovar from Madrid, cities abroad” (Traceur, 1910). champion of the races organised by the Spanish Gymnastics Federation (Artemán, On 20 December 1914 the first ascent of 1907). In the light of this performance, Tilló, the Mola de Sant Llorenç del Munt took a farm worker who enjoyed taking part in place, a cross-country race that became one cóssos, can be considered the best Spanish of the most popular events of the time. It runner of 1907. was organised by the Centre Excursionista de Catalunya, the Centre Excursionista de In Barcelona a person who “seems to have and the Centre Excursionista de come from Arbeca” is someone who is out of Sabadell (Co de Triola, 1914). The race was touch with reality and some people associate held every year until 1922. the origins of this saying with the exploits of Bonaventura Tilló, an unknown runner In 1915, the formation of the Catalan Ath- from the west of Catalonia who suddenly letics Federation, promoted by the union appeared in Barcelona and took on the best of sports journalists and supported by the athletes of the time. Acadèmia d’Higiene de Catalunya changed the scenario of races (Santacana and Pujadas, Enthusiasm for foot races was the main rea- 2012). The Federation associated physical son for the creation in 1909 of the “Solé education with racial regeneration, a very Pedestre Club” (Editorial, 1909: 4). The fashionable idea at the time, and supported club had been born in association with the the development of popular physical culture “Solé” gymnasium, whose owner, Manuel (Cabot, 1915: 178; Nogareda, 1925). Solé, was its president. The head trainer was Manuel Casí, who organised sessions every In this period Pere Prat ran against the clock evening in the Parc de la Ciutadella (Serra, to set records14 but he also took advantage 1909: 8). The Solé Pedestre Club very soon of opportunities to take on any rivals who began to organise a large number of races challenged him15. In September 1915 Prat and supported many of the sports events held the Spanish records for 800 metres that were being held. (2’14”), 1500 metres (4’31”) and 5000 metres (16’19”)16. On 30 January 1910 the first Spanish Mar- athon took place in Barcelona. Juan Santos With the creation of the Commonwealth issued an invitation for runners to take part of Catalonia (1914-1923), presided over From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 245

The first ascent to La Mola at Sant Llorenç del Munt became one of the first athletic events in El Vallès. STADIUM (20 NOVEMBER 1915)

by Prat de la Riba and later by Puig i Cad- (A. A., 1916). The following year, also in 17 afalch, sport received strong support from Madrid, he won the title again. “Pedestrismo. Cross- Country Vallmitjana” (1916) in Stadium, 15 the pro-Catalan representatives of the Lliga January: 38. Regionalista. Sport became the expression In December of the same year, the Cen- of the symbolic capital of a progressive, tre Excursionista de Catalunya organised a modern, civilised country, with economic, race from Argentona to (Co de social and cultural growth that looked to Triola, 1916). With this race and the ascent Europe (Pujadas and Santacana, 1995). In to La Mola the CEC gave new impetus to the construction of this ideological frame- its mountain sports section. From then on work, it was difficult to strike the right bal- sports associations organised races of many ance between tradition and renovation. kinds. With clear political connotations, the In the case of races two models coexisted: racing section of the Centre Autonomista the cóssos, the popular model established organised the Copa Autonomia de Pedes- by national tradition, and cross-country running, the foreign bourgeois version strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon cus- toms, which looked to Europe and favoured modernisation.

On 19 December 1915 the sports section of the CADCI organised the Copa Autonomia de Pedestrisme (Editorial, 1915). Soon after this, on 9 January 1916, the first champi- onship of Catalonia was held (now called “cross-country”), a 10-kilometre race in Vallvidrera, which was won by Pere Prat in a field of 58 runners17. A month later, on 6 Pere Prat was trained by February 1916 the first Spanish cross-coun- Francesc Antoni Trabal try championship was held in Madrid, Pere i Sans and was signed up by FC Barcelona. Stadium Prat, who was running for the Catalan Ath- (31 March 1917). letics Federation, again being the winner BIBLIOTECA DE CATALUNYA 246 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42 trisme (Editorial, 1918). At that time the which is still held, was the Jean Bouin race, 18 “Atletismo. Rosario Reventos ven- Commonwealth of Catalonia was engaged organised on 1 February 1920 by El Sport cedera del primer Cross-Country in a dispute with the government of Spain newspaper. The following year the race was femenino” (1933) In La Vanguar- over increasing its powers of self-govern- organised with the support of the Catalan dia, 14 November: 17. ment. Athletics Federation and subsequent edi- tions by other sports publications such as In the 1920s awareness grew of the threat of La Jornada Deportiva, DíaGráfico and Gráf- professionalism. Josep Antoni Trabal, direc- ic-Sport, until it was finally taken over by El tor of the Jornada Deportiva and Pere Prat’s Mundo Deportivo, which still organises it trainer, saw sport as a means to achieve the today (Pujadas, 2012). physical and moral regeneration of young people but also warned that financial inter- In the 1930s sport with popular roots grew ests could lead sport towards professional- and diversified. The participants reflected ism. Trabal (1921: 7) said that “any sport the ideological and social conflicts of the era that becomes a profession stops being a and one could see runners representing the sport, because professionalism and offices Bloc Obrer i Camperol wearing the ham- mean subordination and sport is, above all, mer and sickle and athletes with the estelada a school of discipline based on freedom, a flag representing Catalan independence. A means of enjoyment, an instrument for racial particularly notable feature of the period was regeneration”. the incorporation of women in sport. In the case of athletics it was largely promoted by In the 1920s Catalan athletics was indeed the publicity issued all over Catalonia by the shaken by professional sport. Medals were no Club Femení i d’Esports de Barcelona (Jus- longer important and people spoke of a crisis tribó, 2015; Real, 1998). On 12 November in athletics. The rivalry between clubs was so 1933 the first women’s cross-country race in intense that some paid money to sign up sup- Spain took place in Torre Baró, Moncada 18 posedly amateur runners (Berenguer, 1926; with seven participants . Clark, 1926; Meléndez; Sabater, 1926). The accusations of payments to leading Cata- We can thus see how the traditional cursa lan runners and money paid for signings by pedestre was transformed or disappeared clubs like FC Barcelona, led to a crisis within because of the nature of the new athletic the Federation (J. T., 1926; Trabal, 1926a, 1926b). events introduced by sports associations,

Arrival of Miquel Palau in the The Catalan Athletics Federation (1926) Jean Bouin race 1926. Source: suspended the membership of these run- Mundo Gráfico (6 January 1926). ners. The crisis involving the clubs and (BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DE ESPAÑA) paid signings came to be considered as the “corruption” of sport. The fact that certain clubs tried to attract the best Catalan athletes was considered disloyal to the smaller clubs that had trained them. The monopolistic position of a single club was seen as a deadly attack on the sport, as it undermined the illusions of clubs with limited resources that sacrificed themselves morally and economi- cally (Sabater, 1926).

In the 1920s cross-country races were a great success and spread throughout Cat- alonia. The most popular event, and one From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 247 which developed international modern sport runners. Examples include the race at Call- in Catalonia. detenes, which is the oldest in Catalonia, dating back to 1951, followed by the Sant From dictatorship to popular races Sebastià race in Sabadell (1962) and events as a revival of democratic sport in Granollers (1964), Manresa (1965), Santa Popular sport is only possible in a context Coloma de Gramenet (1970) and Mataró of democratic freedom. This was not the (1970). case in the Franco era, when censorship and repression were always present. The Franco During these years the modern cross-coun- government never encouraged popular sport try event coexisted with the cóssos, which and limited participation by the public. Even survived in Lleida, with the participation so, cross-country races continued to take of leading athletes from Aragon, Lleida and place under the supervision of the sports other parts of Catalonia, who could win federations and other institutions belonging attractive prizes, now in the form of cash. to the regime such as the Frente de Juventudes The coexistence of cross-country and cóssos and Educación y Descanso. continued almost to the end of the 1990s.

Returning to Lleida, we find a number of The democratic nature of popular urban runners who were internationally success- races was not restored until the transition to ful, including Jaume Florensa de Corbins, democracy, with the support of local coun- Ventura Baldomà de Roselló and Luis García cils, neighbourhood associations and groups (Capdevila, 2012; Torrebadella, 2003), who of athletes (Abadia, 2014). Towards the end also took part in the races for a lamb, which of the 1970s jogging made its appearance, still persisted (Suau, 2013). In Lleida Luis an activity associated with the growing pop- García (nicknamed “Paganini”) became a ularity of urban races (Abadia, 2011) and leading trainer and, together with other top also linked to the individual enjoyment of Catalan former athletes and coaches, con- leisure through healthy physical exercise, tributed to the growth of cross-country in separate from activities organised by sports the 1970s and 1980s. During these decades, associations (Puig, 1981). The development the official cross-country races organised of such races was boosted by the work of by the Catalan Athletics Federation drew the Comissió de Marathon de Catalunya the best Catalan and Spanish long-distance and Ramon Oliu’s book L’essència del Cór-

The first cross-country championship of Catalonia in 1934, won by Joaquima Andreu of the Sarrià Esportiu club. Crónica (March 1934). TORRENS (BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DE ESPAÑA) 248 Miscel·lània Revista d’Etnologia de Catalunya December 2017 Núm. 42 rer (1979). From the 1980s popular races once again and we use the English word 19 Carme Valero from Sabadell won returned to the streets and were used by “running” to refer to it. It is a fashion cre- the same championship in 1976 the public as a symbol of freedom and to ated by the systemic nature of neo-capitalist and 1977. express a wide range of ideologies (Abadia, globalisation. In recent years participation 2014). These years also coincided with a in races has grown rapidly throughout the high point in the history of cross-country in Principality. They are more popular than ever Catalonia, with the appearance of promising and there are races of many kinds: extreme young athletes like Jordi García and Pere events, solidarity races, races for everyone, Casacuberta, junior champions in the World events with a gastronomical theme, etc., Cross-country Championship, in 1980 and every municipality having its own race. 1984, respectively19. Lastly, there are some races that reconstruct old traditions for commercial purposes or Even so, the popular races that are held in to attract tourists. Barcelona now, such as the traditional Cursa de la Mercè, the Cursa del Corte Inglés and The ecology of language is also that of the the Cursa de Bombers, which began as an region, its customs and national roots. Why expression of freedom and personal auton- should we lose words, replacing them by omy, as Lagardera (1996) says, have been others of foreign origin, when the Diccionari completely taken over by the dominant logic de la Llengua Catalana still contains tradi- of “sportization”. tional expressions like cós, pedestre and cros, which were previously part of our language At the end of the twentieth century there and are still valid? have thus been races organised by the fed- erations, the cross-country events, and Does this mean that we adopt an activity also popular races for everyone. However, mainly or even exclusively because it comes some cóssos have survived, like the race for from abroad? If the activity is part of our the lamb in Albesa, held every year on 16 own traditions, how is it that we not only August. fail to promote it but abandon it altogether? Why is it that if the same activity comes In conclusion, some critical from another country we adopt it and its comments practice becomes generalised? Could it be We have seen how in many Catalan towns because, when it is presented to us, it has in Lleida and Tarragona races for a lamb, or been manipulated by publicity and this is cóssos, had been very popular events since a concealed strategy for certain economic ancient times during festivities for the local elites to impose their will? patron saint, activities by groups and other celebrations. Subsequently these races were If this were the case, would it not be a mor- marginalised in the process of sportization ally more worthy objective to support and that took place, especially in Barcelona, promote what is already part of our tradi- where it was encouraged by the middle tions? Would this not also help us to establish classes, and they were progressively discon- objective, critical criteria (for example, in tinued. Modern sports, especially football, terms of their benefits for society) for pri- eventually reduced traditional sports to a oritising one sporting activity or another? residual role (Brasó and Torrebadella, 2015, Capdevila, 2009, 2012). These criteria could be economic or ecolog- ical but they could also value activities that During the 1970s the Californian fashion of are part of the country’s tradition, such as slow running reached Catalonia and the loan the cóssos. First cross-country, then jogging words “jogging” and “footing” were used and now running have replaced the tradi- to describe it. Today running is fashionable tional cós. From the cós and cursa pedestre to cross-country and running Miscel·lània 249

Remembering the popular significance of ning without worrying about records, speed, the cóssos, we would be in favour of reviving distance or terrain. n traditional sporting activities, because they constitute a common good and because they are not presented to us by economic elites whose purposes are not immediately obvious to us. Today running has become a business with a wide range of intermediaries.

However, we can still take pleasure in run- ning freely, away from the stress of modern life, running without any obligations, run-

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