DOCSLIB.ORG

And Space-Borne C- and L-Band SAR for the Analysis of Soil and Plant Parameters in Agriculture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
And Space-Borne C- and L-Band SAR for the Analysis of Soil and Plant Parameters in Agriculture remote sensing Article The SARSense Campaign: Air- and Space-Borne C- and L-Band SAR for the Analysis of Soil and Plant Parameters in Agriculture David Mengen 1,*, Carsten Montzka 1 , Thomas Jagdhuber 2,3 , Anke Fluhrer 2,3 , Cosimo Brogi 1 , Stephani Baum 4, Dirk Schüttemeyer 5, Bagher Bayat 1 , Heye Bogena 1 , Alex Coccia 6, Gerard Masalias 6, Verena Trinkel 4, Jannis Jakobi 1, François Jonard 1,7 , Yueling Ma 1, Francesco Mattia 8, Davide Palmisano 8 , Uwe Rascher 4 , Giuseppe Satalino 8, Maike Schumacher 9, Christian Koyama 10, Marius Schmidt 1 and Harry Vereecken 1 1 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio-and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), 52428 Jülich, Germany; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (B.B.); [email protected] (H.B.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (F.J.); [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (H.V.) 2 German Aerospace Center, Microwaves and Radar Institute, 82234 Wessling, Germany; [email protected] (T.J.); [email protected] (A.F.) 3 Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany 4 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Plant Sciences (IBG-2), 52428 Jülich, Germany; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (V.T.); [email protected] (U.R.) 5 Mission Science Division, European Space Agency, 2201 Noordwijk, The Netherlands; [email protected] 6 Metasensing BV, 2201 Noordwijk, The Netherlands; [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (G.M.) 7 Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Citation: Mengen, D.; Montzka, C.; 8 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Jagdhuber, T.; Fluhrer, A.; Brogi, C.; 70126 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (D.P.); [email protected] (G.S.) Baum, S.; Schüttemeyer, D.; Bayat, B.; 9 Geodesy and Surveying, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; [email protected] Bogena, H.; Coccia, A.; et al. The 10 School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan; [email protected] SARSense Campaign: Air- and * Correspondence: [email protected] Space-Borne C- and L-Band SAR for the Analysis of Soil and Plant Abstract: With the upcoming L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite mission Radar Ob- Parameters in Agriculture. Remote serving System for Europe L-band SAR (ROSE-L) and its integration into existing C-band satellite Sens. 2021, 13, 825. https://doi.org/ missions such as Sentinel-1, multi-frequency SAR observations with high temporal and spatial reso- 10.3390/rs13040825 lution will become available. The SARSense campaign was conducted between June and August Received: 25 January 2021 2019 to investigate the potential for estimating soil and plant parameters at the agricultural test site in Accepted: 18 February 2021 Selhausen (Germany). It included C- and L-band air- and space-borne observations accompanied by Published: 23 February 2021 extensive in situ soil and plant sampling as well as unmanned aerial system (UAS) based multispec- tral and thermal infrared measurements. In this regard, we introduce a new publicly available SAR Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral data set and present the first analysis of C- and L-band co- and cross-polarized backscattering signals with regard to jurisdictional claims in regarding their sensitivity to soil and plant parameters. Results indicate that a multi-frequency published maps and institutional affil- approach is relevant to disentangle soil and plant contributions to the SAR signal and to identify iations. specific scattering mechanisms associated with the characteristics of different crop type, especially for root crops and cereals. Keywords: ROSE-L; soil moisture; plant parameters; L-band; C-band; SAR; airborne campaign Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and 1. Introduction conditions of the Creative Commons With the increasing impact of human activities and the effects of climate change on Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// hydrological systems worldwide, appropriate and adapted management and mitigation creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ concepts are required [1–4]. This is particularly true with regard to the goal of using 4.0/). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 825. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040825 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 825 2 of 29 natural resources more effectively and sustainably in the future [5]. Since soil moisture and water-related vegetation conditions are key parameters in this context, they need to be assessed and monitored at both global and local scales. By providing global data with high temporal and spatial resolution, modern Earth Observation (EO) satellites have become a key technology in this field, whose importance will significantly increase in the future [6–8]. Radar Observing System for Europe L-band SAR (ROSE-L), as one of the Copernicus High Priority Candidate satellite missions is foreseen to be able to target the abovemen- tioned objectives. The mission was first agreed on at the European Space Agency (ESA) ministerial conference Space19+ in Seville in November 2019 and was contractually signed by ESA and Thales Alenia Space later in December 2020 as part of the Fourth ESA Coper- nicus Space Component Program. With a scheduled launch in 2028, the two satellites, carrying a quad-polarimetric L-band SAR, are designed for collecting valuable data, espe- cially for various research and applications in the field of soil moisture, land cover mapping, maritime surveillance, and natural and anthropogenic hazards [9]. A third add-on satellite is currently under discussion for bi-static records (ROSE-L+). In synergy with the existing Sentinel-1 A/B SAR mission, ROSE-L will enhance the European radar imaging capacity by increasing the frequency of successive radar data collections. In this regard, it will also enhance the possibilities for using soil and plant parameter retrieval based on change detection methods (e.g., alpha approximation and interferometry methods). Since L-band wavelength is able to penetrate through various media like vegetation or dry snow, it additionally provides unique information that cannot be obtained using higher frequency bands like the Sentinel-1 C-band and vice versa [10–12]. In combination, a quasi multi- band space-borne radar product can be obtained, which is currently only available using individual airborne flight campaigns [9]. The joint NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) satellite mission planned by NASA and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) for 2022 can be seen as a potential precursor, carrying both an L- and S-band SAR [13]. In the course of the planning phase of the ROSE-L satellite mission, the potential of L-band SAR data for the proposed applications and the synergy effects from combining L- and C-band SAR data need to be explored. Such information will help to optimize ROSE-L regarding its synergies with the Sentinel-1 mission as well as with other radar satellite missions, e.g., RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM), NISAR, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS-2/4), Satélite Argentino de Observación con Microondas (SAOCOM), TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X, Paz, and optical satellite missions, e.g., Sentinel-2 and the Landsat series. Various flight campaigns were conducted in the past to unlock the information content of SAR data, particularly for measuring environmental parameters over agricultural and forested areas as • The AgriSAR 2006 campaign was conducted over the Durable Environmental Multidis- ciplinary Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN) agricultural site in Germany recorded C- and L-band SAR observations and multispectral images in preparation of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite missions [14]. • TropiSAR 2009 campaign was conducted over Nouragues, Paracou in French Guiana, with simultaneous P- and L-band SAR data recording, evaluating the potential of SAR for estimation of biomass over tropical forests [15]. • The Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) flight campaign was conducted between 2012 and 2015 using P-band SAR for polarimetric measurements over major North American biomes, especially focusing on root-zone soil moisture [16]. • The NASA-ISRO Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) flight campaign in 2019 was conducted over different biomes in North America, investigating the potential of L- and S-band for environmental monitoring in the context of the upcoming NISAR satellite mission [17]. • The UAVSAR AM-PM campaign in 2019 was conducted over different biomes in the Southeastern United States in preparation for the upcoming NISAR satellite mission, using L-band SAR with alternating morning and evening acquisition times [18]. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 825 3 of 29 Soil moisture, being one of the key parameters within the hydrological cycle, is of high interest for a wide range of research, e.g., for weather and climate research, hydrological modeling, and water resources management [19–21]. In addition, as soil moisture directly affects agricultural production, e.g., by water stress and irrigation demand, it is a crucial parameter for agricultural management decisions and practices at a local scale [22]. As polarimetric SAR data is capable of estimating soil moisture for various environmental and vegetation conditions, the potential of this technology has already been assessed, and various methods are currently employed for soil moisture retrieval [22–24]. The SAR backscatter coefficient sigma nought (s0) is directly proportional to the effective scattering area of an illuminated surface, and is affected both by surface parameters, e.g., soil moisture content (mv), soil texture, surface roughness, and vegetation cover, as well as observation system (instrument) parameters, e.g., frequency, polarization, and incidence angle (θ)[25–30].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download The
    Research. Innovation. Sustainability PLANS FOR A NEW WAVE OF EUROPEAN SENTINEL SATELLITES The most ambitious and comprehensive plans ever for the European space sector, were approved at the end of 2019, with a total budget of ¤14.5 billion for the European Space Agency for the next three years – a 20% increase over the previous three-year budget. The decision allows a direct uplift to Europe’s Earth observation capability, expanding Copernicus – the European Union’s flagship Earth observation programme – with a suite of new, high-priority satellite missions. In this explainer we delve into the improvements and what they mean for sustainability and climate science. What is the Copernicus Programme? Copernicus is the European Union’s Earth observation programme, coordinated by the European Commission in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA), EU Member States and other EU Agencies. Established in 2014, it builds on ESA’s Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme. Copernicus encompasses a system of satellites, airborne data, and ground stations supplying global monitoring data and operational services on a free-of-charge basis across six themes: atmosphere, marine, land, climate, emergency response and security. The Sentinel System – new and improved At the centre of the programme sits the Copernicus Space Component, which includes a family of satellites known collectively as Sentinels. These spacecraft provide routine atmospheric, oceanic, cryosphere and land global monitoring data, which are made freely available for Copernicus Services and major research and commercial applications such as precision farming, environmental hazards monitoring, weather forecasting and climate resilience. The soon-to-be-expanded Sentinel system will incorporate six high-priority missions.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
    Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Airborne L-Band Radio Frequency Interference Observations from the SMAPVEX08 Campaign and Associated Flights James Park, Student Member, IEEE, J
    This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING 1 Airborne L-Band Radio Frequency Interference Observations From the SMAPVEX08 Campaign and Associated Flights James Park, Student Member, IEEE, J. T. Johnson, Fellow, IEEE, Ninoslav Majurec, Noppasin Niamsuwan, Member, IEEE, Jeffrey R. Piepmeier, Member, IEEE, Priscilla N. Mohammed, Member, IEEE, Christopher S. Ruf, Fellow, IEEE, Sidharth Misra, Simon H. Yueh, Fellow, IEEE, and Steve J. Dinardo, Member, IEEE Abstract—Statistics of radio frequency interference (RFI) ob- The current experience of significant RFI corruption of the served in the band 1398–1422 MHz during an airborne campaign observations of the SMOS radiometer [8], as well as the up- in the United States are reported for use in analysis and forecasting coming deployment of the Aquarius and SMAP missions [11], of L-band RFI for microwave radiometry. The observations were [12] motivate studies of the properties of the RFI environment conducted from September to October 2008, and included approx- imately 92 h of flight time, of which approximately 20 h of “tran- as well as the performance of a variety of RFI detection and sit” or dedicated RFI observing flights are used in compiling the mitigation approaches. statistics presented. The observations used include outbound and A recent work [7] has reported results from an airborne return flights from Colorado to Maryland, as well as RFI surveys L-band RFI observing system in Europe and Australia. The over large cities. The Passive Active L-Band Sensor (PALS) ra- hardware utilized in [7] was capable of implementing algo- diometer of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory augmented by three rithms for pulsed RFI detection using either a “pulse” or a dedicated RFI observing systems was used in these observations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Layman's Interpretation Guide L-Band and C-Band Synthetic
    A Layman’s Interpretation Guide to L-band and C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data Version 2.0 15 November, 2018 Table of Contents 1 About this guide .................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Briefly about Synthetic Aperture Radar ......................................................................................... 2 2.1 The radar wavelength .................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Polarisation ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Radar backscatter ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 Sigma-nought .................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.3.2 Gamma-nought ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Backscatter mechanisms .............................................................................................................. 4 2.4.1 Direct backscatter ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4.2 Forward scattering ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • DVB-SCENE Issue 21 Lo Res.Indd
    Edition No.21 March 2007 DVB-SCENE Tune in to Digital Convergence Tune 21 The Standard for the Digital World I want This issue’s highlights > Convergence Utopia > IPTV Analysis & Update my > HDTV Update > Future Focus on DVB-T > DVB-H Interoperability > Introducing DVB-SH > A Look at Latin America > Market Watch IPTV Unique Broadband Systems Ltd. is the world’s leading designer and manufacturer of complete DVB-T/H system solutions for Mobile Media Operators and Broadcasters DVB-H IP Encapsulator DVB-T/H Gateway DVE 6000 DVE 7000 / DVE-R 7000 What makes DVE 6000 the best product on the market today? The DVE 7000 DVB-H Satellite Gateway is the core of highly optimized, efficient and cost effective mobile Dynamic Time SlicingTM Technique delivering DVB-H architecture. A single DVE 7000 device unprecedented bandwidth utilization and processes, distributes and manages global and local network efficiency (Statistical Multiplexing) content grouped in packages to multiple remote SFN DVB-SCENE : 02 Internal SI/PSI table editor, parser, compiler & MFN networks through a satellite link and drasti- and generator (UBS SI/PSI TDL) cally improves satellite link efficiency. The DVE-R 7000 Internal SFN Adapter satellite receiver demultiplexes the content specific to it’s location. Internal stream recorder and player IP DVB-S2 ASI Single compact unit DVE-R 7000 SFN1 DVE 6000 NetManager Application MODULATOR 1 SFN3 SFN2 MODULATOR 3 DVB-T/H Modulator MODULATOR 2 DVM 5000 Fully DVB-H Compliant 30 MHz to 1 GHz RF Output (L-band version available) Web Browser
    [Show full text]
  • Wide-Band, Low-Frequency Pulse Profiles of 100 Radio Pulsars With
    A&A 586, A92 (2016) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201425196 & c ESO 2016 Astrophysics Wide-band, low-frequency pulse profiles of 100 radio pulsars with LOFAR M. Pilia1,2, J. W. T. Hessels1,3,B.W.Stappers4, V. I. Kondratiev1,5,M.Kramer6,4, J. van Leeuwen1,3, P. Weltevrede4, A. G. Lyne4,K.Zagkouris7, T. E. Hassall8,A.V.Bilous9,R.P.Breton8,H.Falcke9,1, J.-M. Grießmeier10,11, E. Keane12,13, A. Karastergiou7 , M. Kuniyoshi14, A. Noutsos6, S. Osłowski15,6, M. Serylak16, C. Sobey1, S. ter Veen9, A. Alexov17, J. Anderson18, A. Asgekar1,19,I.M.Avruch20,21,M.E.Bell22,M.J.Bentum1,23,G.Bernardi24, L. Bîrzan25, A. Bonafede26, F. Breitling27,J.W.Broderick7,8, M. Brüggen26,B.Ciardi28,S.Corbel29,11,E.deGeus1,30, A. de Jong1,A.Deller1,S.Duscha1,J.Eislöffel31,R.A.Fallows1, R. Fender7, C. Ferrari32, W. Frieswijk1, M. A. Garrett1,25,A.W.Gunst1, J. P. Hamaker1, G. Heald1, A. Horneffer6, P. Jonker20, E. Juette33, G. Kuper1, P. Maat1, G. Mann27,S.Markoff3, R. McFadden1, D. McKay-Bukowski34,35, J. C. A. Miller-Jones36, A. Nelles9, H. Paas37, M. Pandey-Pommier38, M. Pietka7,R.Pizzo1,A.G.Polatidis1,W.Reich6, H. Röttgering25, A. Rowlinson22, D. Schwarz15,O.Smirnov39,40, M. Steinmetz27,A.Stewart7, J. D. Swinbank41,M.Tagger10,Y.Tang1, C. Tasse42, S. Thoudam9,M.C.Toribio1,A.J.vanderHorst3,R.Vermeulen1,C.Vocks27, R. J. van Weeren24, R. A. M. J. Wijers3, R. Wijnands3, S. J. Wijnholds1,O.Wucknitz6,andP.Zarka42 (Affiliations can be found after the references) Received 20 October 2014 / Accepted 18 September 2015 ABSTRACT Context.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile TV Technologies Zahid Ghadialy March 2006
    Mobile TV Technologies Zahid Ghadialy March 2006 © 2006 Zahid Ghadialy What is Mobile TV Mobile TV Broadcasting allows the user to watch their favourite TV programs such as dramas, news, music, sports and documentaries on their mobile device. The service works by receiving a specialised digital TV broadcast signal from the air in much the same way as televisions at home will do in future. Channel guides will also be broadcast allowing users to keep abreast of the latest programs on air. It is not the same as a streaming video service over 3G or GPRS, but one which is optimised for longer period TV viewing by large numbers of simultaneous users with high picture quality and low battery power consumption. Mobile TV Technologies BCMCS: BroadCast MultiCast Services (3GPP2) DVB-H: Digital Video Braodcasting-Handheld (ETSI) ISDB-T: Integrated Service Digital Broadcasting – Terrestrial (ARIB) T-DMB: Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (Korean Standard) MediaFLO: Media Forward Link Only (Qualcomm proprietary) MBMS is not Mobile TV MBMS uses existing 3G Spectrum whereas Mobile TV needs new frequency spectrum Channel switching is faster using Mobile TV technologies compared to MBMS Very little number of channels using MBMS are possible as compared to Mobile TV technologies Battery life is much less if MBMS is used as compared to Mobile TV technologies Higher coverage possible with Mobile TV technologies Mobile TV Technologies In Depth Analysis Qualcomm has pulled together The FLO Forum, (Forward Link Only) which is pushing to standardize this Qualcomm’s technology for transmitting multimedia content to mobile devices. MediaFLO Qualcomm proprietary It uses unidirectional COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Its under the process of standardisation Interested parties include LG, Sanyo, Sharp, Huawei In US, MediaFLO will deliver 29 channels on TV channel 55.
    [Show full text]
  • An Elementary Approach Towards Satellite Communication
    AN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TOWARDS SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Prof. Dr. Hari Krishnan GOPAKUMAR Prof. Dr. Ashok JAMMI AN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TOWARDS SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Prof. Dr. Hari Krishnan GOPAKUMAR Prof. Dr. Ashok JAMMI AN ELEMENTARY APPROACH TOWARDS SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WRITERS Prof. Dr. Hari Krishnan GOPAKUMAR Prof. Dr. Ashok JAMMI Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc. Co. Publications: 06/2021 APRIL-2021 Publisher Certificate No: 36934 E-ISBN: 978-605-7594-89-1 Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc. Co. Publications All kinds of publication rights of this scientific book belong to GÜVEN PLUS GROUP CONSULTANCY INC. CO. PUBLICATIONS. Without the written permission of the publisher, the whole or part of the book cannot be printed, broadcast, reproduced or distributed electronically, mechanically or by photocopying. The responsibility for all information and content in this Book, visuals, graphics, direct quotations and responsibility for ethics / institutional permission belongs to the respective authors. In case of any legal negativity, the institutions that support the preparation of the book, especially GÜVEN PLUS GROUP CONSULTANCY INC. CO. PUBLISHING, the institution (s) responsible for the editing and design of the book, and the book editors and other person (s) do not accept any “material and moral” liability and legal responsibility and cannot be taken under legal obligation. We reserve our rights in this respect as GÜVEN GROUP CONSULTANCY “PUBLISHING” INC. CO. in material and moral aspects. In any legal problem/situation TURKEY/ISTANBUL courts are authorized. This work, prepared and published by Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc. Co., has ISO: 10002: 2014- 14001: 2004-9001: 2008-18001: 2007 certificates. This work is a branded work by the TPI “Turkish Patent Institute” with the registration number “Güven Plus Group Consultancy Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential of Different Optical and SAR Data in Forest and Land Cover Classification to Support REDD+ MRV
    remote sensing Article Potential of Different Optical and SAR Data in Forest and Land Cover Classification to Support REDD+ MRV Laura Sirro 1,*, Tuomas Häme 1, Yrjö Rauste 1, Jorma Kilpi 1 ID , Jarno Hämäläinen 2, Katja Gunia 2, Bernardus de Jong 3 and Fernando Paz Pellat 4 1 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT FI-02044, Finland; tuomas.hame@vtt.fi (T.H.); yrjo.rauste@vtt.fi (Y.R.); jorma.kilpi@vtt.fi (J.K.) 2 Arbonaut Ltd., Kaislakatu 2, Joensuu FI-80130, Finland; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (K.G.) 3 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Parque Industrial Lerma, Campeche, Campeche CP 24500, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: laura.sirro@vtt.fi; Tel.: +358-40-538-7769 Received: 9 May 2018; Accepted: 11 June 2018; Published: 14 June 2018 Abstract: The applicability of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for land cover classification to support REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) MRV (measuring, reporting and verification) services was tested on a tropical to sub-tropical test site. The 100 km by 100 km test site was situated in the State of Chiapas in Mexico. Land cover classifications were computed using RapidEye and Landsat TM optical satellite images and ALOS PALSAR L-band and Envisat ASAR C-band images. Identical sample plot data from Kompsat-2 imagery of one-metre spatial resolution were used for the accuracy assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • An Operational Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions Monitoring & Verification Support Capacity
    CO emissions Monitoring & Verification Support Capacity emissions Monitoring & Verification 2 An Operational Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions An Operational Anthropogenic CO2 Monitoring & Verification Support Capacity Space CO2 TF-B report European Commission Directorate-General for Communication Publications 1049 Brussels BELGIUM Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 ISBN 978-92-79-72101-4 doi 10.2760/08644 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON ELEMENTAL CHLORINE-FREE BLEACHED PAPER (ECF) EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Directorate I — Space Policy, Copernicus and Defence Unit I.2 — Copernicus Contacts: Bernard Pinty & Hugo Zunker E-mails: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels An Operational Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions Monitoring & Verification Support Capacity Baseline Requirements, Model Components and Functional Architecture Report from the CO₂ Monitoring Task Force - sub-task B Cite as: Pinty B., G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Dowell, H. Zunker, T. Brunhes, P. Ciais, D. Dee, H. Denier van der Gon, H. Dolman, M. Drinkwater, R. Engelen, M. Heimann, K. Holmlund, R. Husband, A. Kentarchos, Y. Meijer, P. Palmer and M. Scholze (2017) An Operational Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions Monitoring & Verification Support capacity - Baseline Requirements, Model Components and Functional Architecture, doi: 10.2760/39384, European Commission Joint Research Centre, EUR 28736 EN.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Tv: a Technical and Economic Comparison Of
    MOBILE TV: A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF BROADCAST, MULTICAST AND UNICAST ALTERNATIVES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR CABLE Michael Eagles, UPC Broadband Tim Burke, Liberty Global Inc. Abstract We provide a toolkit for the MSO to assess the technical options and the economics of each. The growth of mobile user terminals suitable for multi-media consumption, combined Mobile TV is not a "one-size-fits-all" with emerging mobile multi-media applications opportunity; the implications for cable depend on and the increasing capacities of wireless several factors including regional and regulatory technology, provide a case for understanding variations and the competitive situation. facilities-based mobile broadcast, multicast and unicast technologies as a complement to fixed In this paper, we consider the drivers for mobile line broadcast video. TV, compare the mobile TV alternatives and assess the mobile TV business model. In developing a view of mobile TV as a compliment to cable broadcast video; this paper EVALUATING THE DRIVERS FOR MOBILE considers the drivers for future facilities-based TV mobile TV technology, alternative mobile TV distribution platforms, and, compares the Technology drivers for adoption of facilities- economics for the delivery of mobile TV based mobile TV that will be considered include: services. Innovation in mobile TV user terminals - the We develop a taxonomy to compare the feature evolution and growth in mobile TV alternatives, and explore broadcast technologies user terminals, availability of chipsets and such as DVB-H, DVH-SH and MediaFLO, handsets, and compression algorithms, multicast technologies such as out-of-band and Availability of spectrum - the state of mobile in-band MBMS, and unicast or streaming broadcast standardization, licensing and platforms.
    [Show full text]
  • VHF and L-Band Scintillation Characteristics Over an Indian Low Latitude Station, Waltair (17.7◦ N, 83.3◦ E)
    Annales Geophysicae, 23, 2457–2464, 2005 SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2005-23-2457 Annales © European Geosciences Union 2005 Geophysicae VHF and L-band scintillation characteristics over an Indian low latitude station, Waltair (17.7◦ N, 83.3◦ E) P. V. S. Rama Rao, S. Tulasi Ram, K. Niranjan, D. S. V. V. D. Prasad, S. Gopi Krishna, and N. K. M. Lakshmi Space Physics Laboratories, Department of Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530 003, India Received: 30 April 2005 – Revised: 6 August 2005 – Accepted: 10 August 2005 – Published: 14 October 2005 Abstract. Characteristics of simultaneous VHF (244 MHz) tures in the Range-Time-Intensity (RTI) images of HF radars, and L-band (1.5 GHz) scintillations recorded at a low- intensity bite-outs in airglow intensity measurements and latitude station, Waltair (17.7◦ N, 83.3◦ E), during the low scintillations on amplitude, as well as the phase of VHF and sunspot activity year of March 2004 to March 2005, sug- UHF signals from satellites, and are commonly referred to as gest that the occurrence of scintillations is mainly due to two Equatorial Spread-F irregularities (ESF). The ESF is mostly types, namely the Plasma Bubble Induced (PBI), which max- confined to the equatorial belt of ±20◦ magnetic latitudes, imizes during the post sunset hours of winter and equinoctial encompassing the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) re- months, and the Bottom Side Sinusoidal (BSS) type, which gion. maximizes during the post-midnight hours of the summer Woodman and Lahoz (1976) classified the irregularities solstice
    [Show full text]