L- and X-Band Like- and Cross-Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar for Investigating ! Urban Environments
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Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications .............................................................................. -
A Layman's Interpretation Guide L-Band and C-Band Synthetic
A Layman’s Interpretation Guide to L-band and C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data Version 2.0 15 November, 2018 Table of Contents 1 About this guide .................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Briefly about Synthetic Aperture Radar ......................................................................................... 2 2.1 The radar wavelength .................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Polarisation ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Radar backscatter ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 Sigma-nought .................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.3.2 Gamma-nought ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Backscatter mechanisms .............................................................................................................. 4 2.4.1 Direct backscatter ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4.2 Forward scattering ...................................................................................................................................... -
Potential of Different Optical and SAR Data in Forest and Land Cover Classification to Support REDD+ MRV
remote sensing Article Potential of Different Optical and SAR Data in Forest and Land Cover Classification to Support REDD+ MRV Laura Sirro 1,*, Tuomas Häme 1, Yrjö Rauste 1, Jorma Kilpi 1 ID , Jarno Hämäläinen 2, Katja Gunia 2, Bernardus de Jong 3 and Fernando Paz Pellat 4 1 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT FI-02044, Finland; tuomas.hame@vtt.fi (T.H.); yrjo.rauste@vtt.fi (Y.R.); jorma.kilpi@vtt.fi (J.K.) 2 Arbonaut Ltd., Kaislakatu 2, Joensuu FI-80130, Finland; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (K.G.) 3 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Parque Industrial Lerma, Campeche, Campeche CP 24500, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: laura.sirro@vtt.fi; Tel.: +358-40-538-7769 Received: 9 May 2018; Accepted: 11 June 2018; Published: 14 June 2018 Abstract: The applicability of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for land cover classification to support REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) MRV (measuring, reporting and verification) services was tested on a tropical to sub-tropical test site. The 100 km by 100 km test site was situated in the State of Chiapas in Mexico. Land cover classifications were computed using RapidEye and Landsat TM optical satellite images and ALOS PALSAR L-band and Envisat ASAR C-band images. Identical sample plot data from Kompsat-2 imagery of one-metre spatial resolution were used for the accuracy assessment. -
Soil Dielectric Characterization at L-Band Microwave Frequencies
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-291 Preprint. Discussion started: 10 July 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Soil dielectric characterization at L-band microwave frequencies during freeze-thaw transitions Alex Mavrovic1-2, Renato Pardo Lara3, Aaron Berg3, François Demontoux4, Alain Royer5- 2, Alexandre Roy1-2 5 1 Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada 2 Centre d’Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada 3 University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada 4 Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France 5 Centre d’Applications et de Recherches en Télédétection, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, 10 J1K 2R1, Canada Correspondence to: Alex Mavrovic ([email protected]) Abstract. Soil microwave permittivity is a crucial parameter in passive microwave retrieval algorithms but remains a challenging variable to measure. To validate and improve satellite microwave data products, 15 precise and reliable estimations of the relative permittivity (ɛr = ɛ/ɛ0 = ɛ’-jɛ’’; unitless) of soils are required, particularly for frozen soils. In this study, permittivity measurements were acquired using two different instruments: the newly designed open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) and the conventional Stevens HydraProbe. Both instruments were used to characterize the permittivity of soil samples undergoing several freeze/thaw cycles in a laboratory environment. The measurements were compared to soil permittivity 20 models. We show that the OECP is a suitable device for measuring frozen (ɛ’frozen = [3.5;6.0], ɛ’’frozen = [0.4;1.2]) and thawed (ɛ’thawed = [6.5;22.8], ɛ’’thawed = [1.4;5.7]) soil microwave permittivity. -
Spectrum-Secure Communications for Autonomous Uas/Uav Platforms
SPECTRUM‐SECURE COMMUNICATIONS FOR AUTONOMOUS UAS/UAV PLATFORMS Andrew L. Drozd ANDRO Computational Solutions, LLC Advanced Applied Technology Division Rome, NY 26 October 2015 Secure UAS Communications Panel 1 Unclassified // Distribution A: Unlimited Distribution Topics • ANDRO Technology Summary • Background of key technical issues related to UAS/UAV spectrum, safety, security and airspace integration . Potential spectrum contention and management issues Frequencies Used for Remote Control A Typical UAV Link UAS Integration to NAS . Spectrum, Security and RTCA‐228 Relevant Issues • Conclusion 2 ANDRO Technology / Application Spaces C2 (Cross‐layer RF Cyber‐Spectrum RF Resource Exploitation Management & Communications / Cyber Security) (Wireless Anti‐ EMI Avoidance Dynamic Spectrum Hacking) (Coexistence) Access/Sharing Spectrum Pre‐test M&S Detect & Avoid (Spectral Contention) Cyber‐Spectrum Exploitation / Secure Wireless Comms / Cognitive Radio Networking / 3 Trusted Routing Technologies for Autonomous Systems (RF sensor‐edge processing) BACKGROUND • ANDRO has access to AFRL’s Stockbridge Controllable Contested Environment Facility and Griffiss FAA UAS Test Site Rome, NY for communications up/down‐link experiments with large or small UAS/UAV platforms. • Member of Northeast UAS Airspace Integration Research Alliance (NUAIR). • Our overall focus is on assessing, pre‐certifying or assuring the following for C2/CDL, payload data link (VDL) and other future RF comms technologies: – RF spectrum collision/contention – Coexistence – Cyber -
Ultra-Wideband WDM Optical Network Optimization
hv photonics Article Ultra-Wideband WDM Optical Network Optimization Stanisław Kozdrowski 1,* , Mateusz Zotkiewicz˙ 1 and Sławomir Sujecki 2,3 1 Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 George Green Institute, the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; [email protected] 3 Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 21 January 2020 Abstract: Ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks enable operators to use more effectively the bandwidth offered by a single fiber pair and thus make significant savings, both in operational and capital expenditures. The main objective of this study is to minimize optical node resources, such as transponders, multiplexers and wavelength selective switches, needed to provide and maintain high quality of network services, in ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks, at low cost. A model based on integer programming is proposed, which includes a detailed description of optical network nodal resources. The developed optimization tools are used to study the ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed network performance when compared with the traditional C-band wavelength division multiplexed networks. The analysis is carried out for realistic networks of different dimensions and traffic demand sets. Keywords: ultra-Wideband WDM system design; optical network optimization; CDC-F technology; optical node model; network congestion; Linear Programming (LP); Integer Programming (IP) 1. Introduction Optical networks based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that operate within the C-band are near the limit of their capacity. -
Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-Band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest
remote sensing Article Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest Maurizio Santoro 1,* , Oliver Cartus 1, Johan E. S. Fransson 2 and Urs Wegmüller 1 1 Gamma Remote Sensing, Worbstrasse 225, 3073 Gümligen, Switzerland 2 Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-31-9517005 Received: 28 May 2019; Accepted: 28 June 2019; Published: 2 July 2019 Abstract: The simultaneous availability of observations from space by remote sensing platforms operating at multiple frequencies in the microwave domain suggests investigating their complementarity in thematic mapping and retrieval of biophysical parameters. In particular, there is an interest to understand whether the wealth of short wavelength Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter observations at X-, C-, and L-band from currently operating spaceborne missions can improve the retrieval of forest stem volume, i.e., above-ground biomass, in the boreal zone with respect to a single frequency band. To this scope, repeated observations from TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 from the test sites of Remningstorp and Krycklan, Sweden, have been analyzed and used to estimate stem volume with a retrieval framework based on the Water Cloud Model. Individual estimates of stem volume were then combined linearly to form single-frequency and multi-frequency estimates. The retrieval was assessed at large 0.5 ha forest inventory plots (Remningstorp) and small 0.03 ha forest inventory plots (Krycklan). The relationship between SAR backscatter and stem volume differed depending on forest structure and environmental conditions, in particular at X- and C-band. -
Vialitehd ® – L-Band HTS RF Over Fiber Link
www.vialite.com +44 (0)1793 784389 [email protected] +1 (855) 4-VIALITE [email protected] ® ViaLiteHD – L-Band HTS RF over Fiber Link 75 Ohm L-Band HTS Standard 0-10 km link 65 dB dynamic range for 500 MHz traffic L-Band HTS (700-2450 MHz) 13/18 V and 22 KHz tone LNB option Blind mate option Standard 5-year warranty ViaLiteHD L-Band HTS fiber optic links have been designed for the broadcast satellite industry to transport RF signals between antennas and control rooms. Due to the very wide dynamic range, the same link can be used in both the transmit and receive paths. This dynamic range allows High Throughput Satellite (HTS) transponder bandwidths of 500, 800 or even 1500 MHz to be transported, as well as multiple standard 36 MHz transponders. The chassis cards are available with the blind mate option, which allows all cables to be connected at the rear of the chassis when installed. It also allows configuration changes to be completed without disturbing the connections and very fast changeover of cards; enabling five 9s reliability. Options include: • 75 Ω electrical connectors: BNC, F-Type and MCX • Optical connectors: SC/APC, LC/APC, FC/APC and E2000/APC • Test ports on Tx and Rx modules • Built-in BiasT for LNB powering through RF connection • LNB control circuit with 13/18 VDC and 22 kHz tone • Blind mate connectivity (SC/APC and BNC) • Serial digital channel to 20 kb/s on same optical path Applications Formats Broadcast facilities 3U Chassis Mobile SNG, military and flyaways 1U Chassis Television Receive-Only (TVRO) Blue OEM and Blue2 Link Fixed satcom earth stations and Teleports Yellow OEM VSAT hubs (IP gateways) Outdoor enclosures Marine antennas Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) Related Products 50 km 1550 nm L-Band HTS Oil and gas platforms 50 Ohm L-Band HTS HTS 100 km+ systems DWDM links ViaLiteHD_L_Band_75_Ohm_Datasheet_HRx-L1_DS_5.docx CR4505 20/07/2020 Due to our policy of continuing product development, these specifications are subject to change and improvement without notice. -
Standard Stars for the Infrared Space Observatory, ISO 1 2 1 3 N.S
PROFILE OF AN ESO KEY PROGRAMME Standard Stars for the Infrared Space Observatory, ISO 1 2 1 3 N.S. VAN DER BUEK , P. BOUCHET , H.J. HABING , M. JOURDAIN OE MUIZON , 1, 5 D. E. BLACKWELL 4, B. GUSTAFSSON , P. L. HAMMERSLEy6, M.F. KESSLER~ T.L. UMS, 9 J. MANFROID , L. METCALFE~ A. SALAMA 7 1Leiden Observatory, the Nether/ands; 2 ESO, La Silla; 3Paris Observatory, France; 4 University ofOxford, Eng/and; 5Uppsa/a Observatory, Sweden; 6/AC, Tenerife, Spain; 7ESA-ESTEC, The Nether/ands; 8/mperia/ College, London, Eng/and; 9/nstitut d'Astrophysique de Liege, Be/gium The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) volves the use both of internal calibra servational programmes, but also es is a European Space Agency (ESA) tion sources and a range of astronomi tablished a collaboration with Black satellite to be launched in 1995. Operat cal reference sources (i. e. stars and as well's group (Oxford) and with Gustafs ing at wavelengths ranging from 2.5 to teroids for the photometrie calibration son's group (Uppsala) to carry out the 200 ~lm (Kessler, 1992), ISO will be a and planetary nebulae or HII regions for theoretical part of the project: determin unique facility with wh ich to explore the the spectroscopic calibration). ing fundamental parameters of the stars universe. Its targets will range from ob A full description of the plans for the and modeling their far-infrared spectra. jects in the solar system, at one ex in-flight calibration of the ISO instru The goal of the working group is to treme, to distant extragalactic sourees, ments can be found in the "ISO In Orbit deliver a database of standard stars and at the other extreme. -
L Band: Harmonization Opportunity in Latam
Geraldo Neto Manager, Government Affairs L Band: harmonization opportunity in Latam FORUM AUGUST 2014 1 The 1000x data challenge Richer More devices contentMore video Everything connected Industry preparing for ~2/3 ~25B of mobile traffic connected devices will be video by by 2020 2017 1000x data traffic growth* Sources: Cisco, Feb. ‘13, Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ‘12 2 Addressing increasing connectivity demands Technology and engineering expertise to facilitate present and future wireless services Extreme densification LTE broadcast with small cells Continuous LTE in unlicensed evolution spectrum Device-to-device communications 3 Shifting to an inside-out deployment model 4 Multiple parallel approaches to gaining more spectrum Complementary Licensed Approach License Model—ASA Unlicensed Approach Auctions of cleared Spectrum Authorized Shared Access Dedicated to Wi-Fi & others EXCLUSIVE SHARED SHARED USE EXCLUSIVE USE USE ASA required when spectrum cannot be cleared within a reasonable timeframe, or at all locations 5 Spectrum is the airwaves that all wireless communications travel Maritime Navigational aids AM radio Shortwave radio, VHF television, Mobile, Space and Radio astronomy, navigation (e.g. loran- C) maritime radio radiotelephone FM radio, UHF television, satellite radar landing signals navigational aids GPS communications systems VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF 100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1 m 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm 3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz Increasing wavelength, larger Increasing frequency, -
L-Band Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Microwave Based Temperature and Filtering
remote sensing Article L-Band Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Microwave Based Temperature and Filtering. Towards Model-Independent Climate Data Records Robin van der Schalie 1,*, Mendy van der Vliet 1 , Nemesio Rodríguez-Fernández 2 , Wouter A. Dorigo 3, Tracy Scanlon 3, Wolfgang Preimesberger 3 ,Rémi Madelon 2 and Richard A. M. de Jeu 1 1 Water & Climate, VanderSat B.V., 2011VK Haarlem, The Netherlands; [email protected] (M.v.d.V.); [email protected] (R.A.M.d.J.) 2 CESBIO (Université Toulouse 3, CNES, CNRS, INRAE, IRD), 31400 Toulouse, France; [email protected] (N.R.-F.); [email protected] (R.M.) 3 CLIMERS, TU Wien, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, 1040 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (W.A.D.); [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (W.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The CCI Soil Moisture dataset (CCI SM) is the most extensive climate data record of satellite soil moisture to date. To maximize its function as a climate benchmark, both long-term consistency and (model-) independence are high priorities. Two unique L-band missions integrated into the CCI SM are SMOS and SMAP. However, they lack the high-frequency microwave sensors needed to determine the effective temperature and snow/frozen flagging, and therefore use input from Citation: van der Schalie, R.; van der (varying) land surface models. In this study, the impact of replacing this model input by temperature Vliet, M.; Rodríguez-Fernández, N.; and filtering based on passive microwave observations is evaluated. -
First Demonstration of C + L Band CDC- ROADM with Simple Node Configuration Using Multiband Switching Devices
First demonstration of C + L band CDC- ROADM with simple node configuration using multiband switching devices SHUTO YAMAMOTO1, HIROKI TANIGUCHI1, YOSHIAKI KISAKA1, STEFANO CAMATEL2, YIRAN MA2, DAISUKE OGAWA3, KOICHI HADAMA3, MITSUNORI FUKUTOKU3, TAKASHI GOH4, AND KENYA SUZUKI4* 1NTT Network Innovation Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 1-1 Hikarino-oka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-0847, Japan. 2Finisar Australia, 21 Rosebery Ave, Rosebery NSW 2018, Australia. 3NTT Electronics Corporation, 1-1-32 Shin Urashima Cho, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0031, Japan. 4NTT Device Innovation Center, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan. *[email protected] Abstract: While ultrahigh-baud-rate optical signals are effective for extending the transmission distance of large capacity signals, they also reduce the number of wavelengths that can be arranged in a band because of their wider bandwidth. This reduces the flexibility of optical path configuration in reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexing (ROADM) networks. In colorless, directionless and contentionless (CDC)-ROADM in particular, the effect reduces the add/drop ratio at a node. Multiband ROADM systems are an effective countermeasure for overcoming this issue, but they make the node configuration more complicated and its operation more difficult. In this paper, we analyze the challenges of C + L band CDC-ROADM and show that optical switch devices that operate over multiple bands are effective in meeting them. For this purpose, we built a C + L band CDC-ROADM node based on C + L band wavelength selective switches (WSSs) and multicast switches (MCSs) and confirmed its effectiveness experimentally. In particular, to simplify the node configuration, we propose a reduction in the number of optical amplifiers used for node loss compensation and experimentally verify its feasibility.