(X, C and L-Band) Radar Backscatter Signatures to Bio-Physical Variables (Lai) Over Corn and Soybean Fields
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Overview of Sensors for Applications
OVERVIEW OF SENSORS FOR APPLICATIONS Deepak Putrevu Head, MTDD/AMHTDG EM SPECTRUM Visible 0.4-0.7μm Near infrared (NIR) 0.7-1.5μm Optical Infrared Shortwave infrared (SWIR) 1.5-3.0μm Mid-wave infrared (MWIR) 3.0-8.0μm (OIR) Region Longwave IR(LWIR)/Thermal IR(TIR) 8.0-15μm Far infrared (FIR) Beyond15μm Gamma Rays X Rays UV Visible NIR SWIR Thermal IR Microwave P-band: ~0.25 – 1 GHz Microwave Region L-band: 1 -2 GHz S-band: 2-4 GHz •Sensors are 24x365 C-band: 4-8 GHz •Signal data characteristics X-band: 8-12 GHz unique to the microwave region of the EM spectrum Ku-band: 12-18 GHz K-band: 18-26 GHz •Response is primarily governed by geometric Ka-band: 26-40 GHz structures and hence V-band: 40 - 75 GHz complementary to optical W-band: 75-110 GHz imaging mm-wave: 110 – 300GHz Basic Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy and the Earth’s Surface Incident Power reflected, ρP Reflectivity: The fractional part of the radiation, P incident radiation that is reflected by the surface. Power absorbed, αP Absorptivity: the fractional part of the = Power emitted, εP incident radiation that is absorbed by the surface. Power transmitted, τP Emissivity: The ratio of the observed flux emitted by a body or surface to that of a P= Pr + Pt + Pa blackbody under the same condition. 푃 푃 푃 푟 + 푡 + 푎 = 1 푃 푃 푃 Transmissivity: The fractional part of the ρ + τ + α =1 radiation transmitted through the medium. At thermal equilibrium, absorption and emission are the same. -
Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1
Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications .............................................................................. -
A Layman's Interpretation Guide L-Band and C-Band Synthetic
A Layman’s Interpretation Guide to L-band and C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data Version 2.0 15 November, 2018 Table of Contents 1 About this guide .................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Briefly about Synthetic Aperture Radar ......................................................................................... 2 2.1 The radar wavelength .................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Polarisation ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Radar backscatter ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 Sigma-nought .................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.3.2 Gamma-nought ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Backscatter mechanisms .............................................................................................................. 4 2.4.1 Direct backscatter ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4.2 Forward scattering ...................................................................................................................................... -
Potential of Different Optical and SAR Data in Forest and Land Cover Classification to Support REDD+ MRV
remote sensing Article Potential of Different Optical and SAR Data in Forest and Land Cover Classification to Support REDD+ MRV Laura Sirro 1,*, Tuomas Häme 1, Yrjö Rauste 1, Jorma Kilpi 1 ID , Jarno Hämäläinen 2, Katja Gunia 2, Bernardus de Jong 3 and Fernando Paz Pellat 4 1 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, VTT FI-02044, Finland; tuomas.hame@vtt.fi (T.H.); yrjo.rauste@vtt.fi (Y.R.); jorma.kilpi@vtt.fi (J.K.) 2 Arbonaut Ltd., Kaislakatu 2, Joensuu FI-80130, Finland; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (K.G.) 3 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Parque Industrial Lerma, Campeche, Campeche CP 24500, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco 56230, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: laura.sirro@vtt.fi; Tel.: +358-40-538-7769 Received: 9 May 2018; Accepted: 11 June 2018; Published: 14 June 2018 Abstract: The applicability of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for land cover classification to support REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) MRV (measuring, reporting and verification) services was tested on a tropical to sub-tropical test site. The 100 km by 100 km test site was situated in the State of Chiapas in Mexico. Land cover classifications were computed using RapidEye and Landsat TM optical satellite images and ALOS PALSAR L-band and Envisat ASAR C-band images. Identical sample plot data from Kompsat-2 imagery of one-metre spatial resolution were used for the accuracy assessment. -
L- and X-Band Like- and Cross-Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar for Investigating ! Urban Environments
BARRYN. HMCK* Regional Remote Sensing Facility Nairobi, Kenya L- and X-Band Like- and Cross-Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar for Investigating ! Urban Environments The X-band like-polarized data were the most useful, the L-band cross- polarized data were the least useful, and the texture calculations used in this study did not contribute toward urban cover type delineations. 1982) and texture analysis (Fasler, 1980); and for different environments, i.e., geology (Ford, 1980), HE EXAMINATION of radar data for the mapping agriculture (Ulaby and Bare, 1980), land use (Hen- T and analysis of Earth surface features has con- derson, 1979), and urban (Bryan, 1979). The pur- siderably increased in the last few years. Much of pose of this study was to examine two synthetic ap- this increase is a function of the recent availability erture radar (SAR)bands, L-band and X-band, at both of these data. The increase is also due to the aware- like- and cross-polarizations in order to assess their ness that radar has unique attributes, such as its all- usefulness for urban land-cover delineations. Rather weather and night and day capabilities, which may than a visual analysis of images as has been done make it a very useful tool for resource inventory and previously with similar data, this study examined ABSTRACT:Four synthetic aperture airborne radar data sets, L- and x-band like- and cross-polarizations, were spatially registered to a common map base for a portion of the Los Angeles basin. Texture calculations for the four SAR data sets were also obtained. -
Soil Dielectric Characterization at L-Band Microwave Frequencies
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-291 Preprint. Discussion started: 10 July 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Soil dielectric characterization at L-band microwave frequencies during freeze-thaw transitions Alex Mavrovic1-2, Renato Pardo Lara3, Aaron Berg3, François Demontoux4, Alain Royer5- 2, Alexandre Roy1-2 5 1 Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada 2 Centre d’Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada 3 University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada 4 Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France 5 Centre d’Applications et de Recherches en Télédétection, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, 10 J1K 2R1, Canada Correspondence to: Alex Mavrovic ([email protected]) Abstract. Soil microwave permittivity is a crucial parameter in passive microwave retrieval algorithms but remains a challenging variable to measure. To validate and improve satellite microwave data products, 15 precise and reliable estimations of the relative permittivity (ɛr = ɛ/ɛ0 = ɛ’-jɛ’’; unitless) of soils are required, particularly for frozen soils. In this study, permittivity measurements were acquired using two different instruments: the newly designed open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) and the conventional Stevens HydraProbe. Both instruments were used to characterize the permittivity of soil samples undergoing several freeze/thaw cycles in a laboratory environment. The measurements were compared to soil permittivity 20 models. We show that the OECP is a suitable device for measuring frozen (ɛ’frozen = [3.5;6.0], ɛ’’frozen = [0.4;1.2]) and thawed (ɛ’thawed = [6.5;22.8], ɛ’’thawed = [1.4;5.7]) soil microwave permittivity. -
Federal Communications Commission FCC 20-158
Federal Communications Commission FCC 20-158 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Amendment of Parts 2 and 25 of the Commission’s ) IB Docket No. 20-330 Rules to Enable GSO Fixed-Satellite Service ) (Space-to-Earth) Operations in the 17.3-17.8 GHz ) RM-11839 (terminated) Band, to Modernize Certain Rules Applicable to ) 17/24 GHz BSS Space Stations, and to Establish ) Off-Axis Uplink Power Limits for Extended Ka- ) Band FSS Operations. ) NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING Adopted: November 18, 2020 Released: November 19, 2020 Comment Date: 30 days after date of publication in the Federal Register Reply Comment Date: 45 days after date of publication in the Federal Register By the Commission: Chairman Pai issuing a statement. TABLE OF CONTENTS Heading Paragraph # I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 II. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 A. Current Allocations and Use of the 17.3-17.8 GHz Band ................................................................ 4 B. SES Americom Petition for Rulemaking ......................................................................................... 7 III. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 12 A. Proposed GSO FSS Allocation in -
Spectrum-Secure Communications for Autonomous Uas/Uav Platforms
SPECTRUM‐SECURE COMMUNICATIONS FOR AUTONOMOUS UAS/UAV PLATFORMS Andrew L. Drozd ANDRO Computational Solutions, LLC Advanced Applied Technology Division Rome, NY 26 October 2015 Secure UAS Communications Panel 1 Unclassified // Distribution A: Unlimited Distribution Topics • ANDRO Technology Summary • Background of key technical issues related to UAS/UAV spectrum, safety, security and airspace integration . Potential spectrum contention and management issues Frequencies Used for Remote Control A Typical UAV Link UAS Integration to NAS . Spectrum, Security and RTCA‐228 Relevant Issues • Conclusion 2 ANDRO Technology / Application Spaces C2 (Cross‐layer RF Cyber‐Spectrum RF Resource Exploitation Management & Communications / Cyber Security) (Wireless Anti‐ EMI Avoidance Dynamic Spectrum Hacking) (Coexistence) Access/Sharing Spectrum Pre‐test M&S Detect & Avoid (Spectral Contention) Cyber‐Spectrum Exploitation / Secure Wireless Comms / Cognitive Radio Networking / 3 Trusted Routing Technologies for Autonomous Systems (RF sensor‐edge processing) BACKGROUND • ANDRO has access to AFRL’s Stockbridge Controllable Contested Environment Facility and Griffiss FAA UAS Test Site Rome, NY for communications up/down‐link experiments with large or small UAS/UAV platforms. • Member of Northeast UAS Airspace Integration Research Alliance (NUAIR). • Our overall focus is on assessing, pre‐certifying or assuring the following for C2/CDL, payload data link (VDL) and other future RF comms technologies: – RF spectrum collision/contention – Coexistence – Cyber -
Position Paper on Interference with Satellite Communications
Position Paper on Interference in C-band by Terrestrial Wireless Applications to Satellite Applications Adopted by International Associations of the Satellite Communications Industry Position Statement: National administrations should recognize the potential for massive disruptions to C band satellite communications, radar systems and domestic microwave links, if spectrum is inappropriately allocated to, and frequencies inappropriately assigned for, terrestrial wireless applications in the C- band (specifically 3.4 – 4.2 GHz). Executive summary: Satellite communications technology in the C band is used for broadcasting television signals, Internet delivery, data communication, voice telephony and aviation systems. The satellite systems that operate in the 3.4-4.2 GHz band (C band) are suffering substantial interference, to the point of system failure, in places where national administrations are allowing Broadband Wireless Access systems like wi-fi and wi-max to share the same spectrum bands already being used to provide satellite services. The same will happen if 3G and the planned 4G mobile systems (also referred to as IMT systems) are allowed to use the frequencies used in the C band for satellite downlink services as is being contemplated by some administrations in the context of WRC-07 agenda item 1.4. To eliminate this harmful interference, operators of satellite earth stations and users of satellite communications services have united to communicate their positions and technical requirements to national and international telecommunications regulators. Regulators and radio frequency managers need to allocate spectrum in ways that recognize the reality of harmful interference and validate the right of incumbent operators to operate, and their customers to enjoy their services, without disruption by new users. -
Ultra-Wideband WDM Optical Network Optimization
hv photonics Article Ultra-Wideband WDM Optical Network Optimization Stanisław Kozdrowski 1,* , Mateusz Zotkiewicz˙ 1 and Sławomir Sujecki 2,3 1 Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 George Green Institute, the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; [email protected] 3 Telecommunications and Teleinformatics Department, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 December 2019; Accepted: 13 January 2020; Published: 21 January 2020 Abstract: Ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks enable operators to use more effectively the bandwidth offered by a single fiber pair and thus make significant savings, both in operational and capital expenditures. The main objective of this study is to minimize optical node resources, such as transponders, multiplexers and wavelength selective switches, needed to provide and maintain high quality of network services, in ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed networks, at low cost. A model based on integer programming is proposed, which includes a detailed description of optical network nodal resources. The developed optimization tools are used to study the ultra-wideband wavelength division multiplexed network performance when compared with the traditional C-band wavelength division multiplexed networks. The analysis is carried out for realistic networks of different dimensions and traffic demand sets. Keywords: ultra-Wideband WDM system design; optical network optimization; CDC-F technology; optical node model; network congestion; Linear Programming (LP); Integer Programming (IP) 1. Introduction Optical networks based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology that operate within the C-band are near the limit of their capacity. -
Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-Band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest
remote sensing Article Complementarity of X-, C-, and L-band SAR Backscatter Observations to Retrieve Forest Stem Volume in Boreal Forest Maurizio Santoro 1,* , Oliver Cartus 1, Johan E. S. Fransson 2 and Urs Wegmüller 1 1 Gamma Remote Sensing, Worbstrasse 225, 3073 Gümligen, Switzerland 2 Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-31-9517005 Received: 28 May 2019; Accepted: 28 June 2019; Published: 2 July 2019 Abstract: The simultaneous availability of observations from space by remote sensing platforms operating at multiple frequencies in the microwave domain suggests investigating their complementarity in thematic mapping and retrieval of biophysical parameters. In particular, there is an interest to understand whether the wealth of short wavelength Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter observations at X-, C-, and L-band from currently operating spaceborne missions can improve the retrieval of forest stem volume, i.e., above-ground biomass, in the boreal zone with respect to a single frequency band. To this scope, repeated observations from TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 from the test sites of Remningstorp and Krycklan, Sweden, have been analyzed and used to estimate stem volume with a retrieval framework based on the Water Cloud Model. Individual estimates of stem volume were then combined linearly to form single-frequency and multi-frequency estimates. The retrieval was assessed at large 0.5 ha forest inventory plots (Remningstorp) and small 0.03 ha forest inventory plots (Krycklan). The relationship between SAR backscatter and stem volume differed depending on forest structure and environmental conditions, in particular at X- and C-band. -
AC/322-D(2019)0034 (INV) Silence Procedure Ends: 29 Aug 2019 14:00
NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to North Macedonia 16 July 2019 DOCUMENT AC/322-D(2019)0034 (INV) Silence Procedure ends: 29 Aug 2019 14:00 CONSULTATION, COMMAND AND CONTROL BOARD (C3B) C3 TAXONOMY BASELINE 3.1 PUBLIQUE Note by the Secretary 1. ACT invited the C3 Board (Enclosure 1), to endorse the Baseline 3.1 of the C3 LECTURE Taxonomy, including the C3 Technical Services Taxonomy. EN 2. The version 3.1, presented at Enclosure 2, addresses the Nations’ concerns MIS - represented during the previous approval process. Therefore, in accordance to the C3B’s mandate, the C3 Taxonomy Baseline 3.1 is now offered to the Nations for approval under silence. 3. If the Action Officer does not hear to the contrary by 14:00hrs on Thursday, 29 August 2019, it will be assumed that Nations have approved the C3 Taxonomy PDN(2019)0013 Baseline 3.1. - 4. To keep track of the correspondence related to this subject, Nations are also kindly requested to courtesy-copy all related communications, via NS WAN, to the C3 Board Secretariat at: “Mailbox NHQC3S-C3B(Secretariat)”, [email protected]. DISCLOSED (Signed) S. NDAGIJIMANA-MUNEZERO PUBLICLY Enclosure 1: ACT/CAPDEV/REQ/TT-1578/Ser:NU:0245, 12 July 2019 Enclosure 2: C3 Taxonomy Baseline 3.1 Action Officer: Lori MacRae (5071) 2 Enclosures Original: English NATO UNCLASSIFIED -1- NHQD136233 ENCLOSURE 1 AC/322-D(2019)0034 (INV) NATO UNCLASSIFIED Releasable to NORTH MACEDONIA NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION a~ NATO ORGANISATION DU TRAITÉ DE L'ATLANTIQUE NORD \j~ OTAN HEADQUARTERS SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER TRANSFORMATION 7857 BLANDY ROAD, SUITE 100 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, 23551-2490 ACT/CAPDEV/REQ/TT-1578/Ser:NU: 0245 TO: See Distribution SUBJECT: C3 TAXONOMY BASELINE 3.1 PUBLIQUE DATE: 12 July 2019 REFERENCE(S): A.